Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-hgkh8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-27T13:07:50.633Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Probiotics in poultry: modes of action

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2007

L.Z. Jin
Affiliation:
Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Y.W. Ho
Affiliation:
Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
N. Abdullah
Affiliation:
Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
S. Jalaludin
Affiliation:
Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Get access

Abstract

This paper reviews recent advances on the use and mode of action of probiotics (direct-fed microbials) in poultry. The addition of probiotics to the diet has been found to improve growth performance and feed conversion in broilers, and egg mass, egg weight and egg size in layers. The mode of action of probiotics in poultry includes (i) maintaining normal intestinal microflora by competitive exclusion and antagonism; (ii) altering metabolism by increasing digestive enzyme activity and decreasing bacterial enzyme activity and ammonia production; (iii) improving feed intake and digestion; and (iv) neutralizing enterotoxins and stimulating the immune system.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1997

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abdulrahim, S.M., Haddadin, M.S.Y., Hashlamoun, E.A.R. and Robinson, R.K. (1996) The influence of Lactobacillus acidophilus and bacitracin on layer performance of chickens and cholesterol content of plasma and egg yolk. British Poultry Science 37: 341346Google Scholar
Adams, M.R. and Hall, C.J. (1988) Growth inhibition of food-borne pathogens by lactic and acetic acids and their mixtures. International Journal of Food Science and Technology 23: 287292CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adler, H.E. and Damassa, A.J. (1980) Effect of ingested lactobacilli on Salmonella infantis and E.coli and intestinal flora, pasted vents and chick growth. Avian Diseases 24: 868878CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baba, E., Nagaishi, S., Fukata, T. and Arakawa, A. (1991) The role of intestinal microflora on the prevention of Salmonella colonisation in gnotobiotic chickens. Poultry Science 70: 19021907Google Scholar
Bailey, J.S. (1987) Factors affecting microbial competitive exclusion in poultry. Food Technology 41: 8892Google Scholar
Barefoot, S.F. and Klaenhammer, T.R. (1983) Detection and activity of Lactacin B, a bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 45: 18081815CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barrow, P.A. (1992) Probiotics for chickens. In: Probiotics: the Scientific Basis (Ed. Fuller, R.), Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 225257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrow, P.A., Brooker, B.E., Fuller, R. and Newport, M.J. (1980) The attachment of bacteria to the gastric epithelium of the pig and its importance in the microecology of the intestine. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 48: 147154Google Scholar
Casas, LA., Edens, F.W., Dobrogosz, W.J. and Parkhurst, C.R. (1993) Performance of GAIAfeed and GAIAspray: a Lactobacillus reuteri-based probiotic for poultry. In: Prevention and Control of Potentially Pathogenic Microorganisms in Poultry and Poultry Meat Products. No. 6. Probiotics and Pathogenicity (Eds Jensen, J.F., Hinton, M.H. and Mulder, R.W.A.W.), DLO Centre for Poultry Research Information Series, Beekbergen, The Netherlands, pp. 6371Google Scholar
Chateau, N., Castellanos, I. and Deschamps, A.M. (1993) Distribution of pathogen inhibition in the Lactobacillus isolates of a commercial probiotic consortium. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 74: 3640CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chiang, S.H. and Hsieh, W.M. (1995) Effect of direct-fed microorganisms on broiler growth performance and litter ammonia level. Asian-Australasinn Journal of Animal Science 8: 159162CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cole, C.B., Anderson, P.H., Philips, S.M., Fuller, R. and Hewitt, D. (1984) The effect of yoghurt on the growth, lactose-utilising gut organisms and β-glucuronidase activity of cecal contents of a lactose-fed, lactase-deficient animal. Food Microbiology 1: 217222CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cole, C.B., Fuller, R. and Newport, M.J. (1987) The effect of diluted yoghurt on the gut microbiology and growth of piglets. Food Microbiology 4: 8385Google Scholar
Collington, G.K., Parker, D.S. and Armstrong, D.G. (1990) The influence of inclusion of either an antibiotic or a probiotic in the diet on the development of digestive enzyme activity in the pig. British Journal of Nutrition 64: 5970CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conway, P.L., Gorbach, S.L. and Goldin, B.R. (1987) Survival of lactic acid bacteria in the human stomach and adhesion to intestinal cells. Journal of Dairy Science 70: 112Google Scholar
Corrier, D.E., Nisbet, D.J., Scanlan, C.M., Tellez, G., Hargis, B.M. and Deloach, J.R. (1994) Inhibition of Salmonella enteritidis cecal and organ colonization in Leghorn chicks by a defined culture of cecal bacteria and dietary lactose. Journal of Food Protection 56: 377381CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corrier, D.E., Nisbet, D.J., Scanlan, C.M., Hollister, A.G. and Deloach, J.R. (1995) Control of Salmonella typhimurium colonization in broiler chicks with a continuous-flow characterized mixed culture of cecal bacteria. Poultry Science 74: 916924CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crawford, J.S. (1979) Probiotics in animal nutrition. Proceedings of 2979 Arkansas Nutrition Conference,Arkansas, USA, pp. 4555Google Scholar
Dahiya, R.S. and Speck, M.L. (1968) Hydrogen peroxide formation by lactobacilli and its effect on Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Dairy Science 51: 15681572Google Scholar
Deklerk, H.C. and Smith, J.A. (1967) Properties of a Lactobacillus fermenti bacteriocin. Journal of General Microbiology 48: 309316CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunham, H.J., Williams, C., Edens, F.W., Casas, LA. and Dobrogosz, W.J. (1993) Lactobacillus reuteri immunomodulation of stressor-associated diseases in newly hatched chickens and turkeys. Poultry Science 72(Suppl. 2): 103Google Scholar
Edens, F.W., Parkhurst, C.R., Casas, I.A. and Dobrogosz, W.J. (1997) Principles of ex ovo competitive exclusion and in ovo administration of Lactobacillus reuteri. Poultry Science 76: 179196CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Francis, C., Janky, D.M., Arafa, A.S. and Harms, R.H. (1978) Interrelationship of Lactobacillus and zinc bacitracin in diets of turkey poults. Poultry Science 57: 16871689CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuller, R. (1973) Ecological studies on the Lactobacillus flora associated with the crop epithelium of the fowl. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 36: 131139CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuller, R. (1977) The importance of lactobacilli in maintaining normal microbial balance in the crop. British Poultry Science 18: 8594CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuller, R. (1978) Epithelial attachment and other factors controlling the colonization of the intestine of the gnotobiotic chicken by lactobacilli. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 45: 389395CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuller, R. (1989) Probiotics in man and animals. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 66: 365378Google Scholar
Gilliland, S.E. and Speck, M.L. (1977) Antagonistic action of Lactobacillus acidophilus toward intestinal and foodborne pathogens in associative cultures. Journal of Food Protection 40: 820823Google Scholar
Gleeson, T.M., Stavric, S. and Blanchfield, B. (1989) Protection of chicks against Salmonella infection with a mixture of pure cultures of intestinal bacteria. Avian Diseases 33: 636642CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldin, B.R. and Gorbach, S.L. (1977) Alterations in fecal microflora enzymes related to diet, age, Lactobacillus supplements, and dimethylhydrazine. Cancer 40: 242124263.0.CO;2-I>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldin, B.R. and Gorbach, S.L. (1984) Alterations of the intestinal microflora by diet, oral antibiotic, and Lactobacillus: decreased production of free amines from aromatic nitro compounds, azo dyes, and glucuronides. Journal of National Cancer Institute 73: 689695Google ScholarPubMed
Goodling, A.C., Cerniglia, G.J. and Hebert, J.A. (1987) Production performance of White Leghorn layers fed Lactobacillus fermentation products. Poultry Science 66: 480486CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Han, I.K., Lee, S.C., Lee, J.H., Lee, K.K. and Lee, J.C. (1984) Studies on the growth promoting effects of probiotics. 1. The effects of Lactobacillus sporogenes on the growing performance and the changes in microbial flora of the feces and intestinal contents of the broiler chicks. Korean Journal of Animal Science 26: 150157Google Scholar
Havenaar, R., Brink, B.T., Huis Veld, J.H.H. and Fuller, R. (1992) Selection of strains for probiotics use. In: Probiotics: The Scientific Basis (Ed. Fuller, R.), Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 209224CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hejlicek, K., Soukupova, A. and Moltasova, M. (1995) Salmonellosis in 1-day-old chicks caused by Salmonella enteritidis. Veterinarstvi 45: 1618Google Scholar
Herrick, J.B. (1972) Therapeutic nutrition using Lactobacillus species. Veterinary Medicine and Small Animal Clinic 67: 1249Google Scholar
Impey, C.S., Mead, G.C. and George, S.M. (1982) Competitive exclusion of salmonellae from the chick caecum using a defined mixture of bacterial isolates from the caecal microflora of an adult bird. Journal of Hygiene 89: 479490CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jernigan, M.A., Miles, R.D. and Arafa, A.S. (1985) Probiotics in poultry nutrition – a review. World's Poultry Science Journal 41: 99107Google Scholar
Jin, L. Z., Ho, Y. W., Abdullah, N. and Jalaludin, S. (1996a) Influence of dried Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacilli cultures on intestinal microflora and performance in broilers. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 9: 397404Google Scholar
Jin, L. Z., Ho, Y. W., Abdullah, N., and Jalaludin, S. (1996b). Effects of Luctobacillus cultures on the digestive enzymes in chicken intestine. Proceedings of the 8th Animal Science Congress of the Asia-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies,Tokyo/Chiba, Japan, pp. 224225Google Scholar
Jin, L. Z., Ho, Y. W., Abdullah, N., Ali, A. M. and Jalaludin, S. (1996c) Antagonistic effects of intestinal Lactobacillus isolates on pathogens of chicken. Letters in Applied Microbiology 23: 6771CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jin, L. Z., Ho, Y. W., Ali, A. M., Abdullah, N. and Jalaludin, S. (1996d) Effect of adherent Lactobacillus spp. on in vitro adherence of salmonellae to the intestinal epithelial cells of chickens. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 81: 201206CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jin, L. Z., Ho, Y. W., Ali, A. M., Abdullah, N., Ong, B. K. and Jalaludin, S. (1996e) Adhesion of Lactobacillus isolates to intestinal epithelial cells of chicken. Letters in Applied Microbiology 22: 229232CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jin, L. Z., Ho, Y. W., Abdullah, N. and Jalaludin, S. (1997a) Growth performance, intestinal microflora populations and serum cholesterol of broilers fed diets containing Lactobacillus cultures. Poultry Science (submitted)Google Scholar
Jin, L. Z., Ho, Y. W., Abdullah, N., Ali, A. M. and Jalaludin, S. (1997b) Effects of adherent Lactobacillus cultures on growth, weight of organs and intestinal microflora and VFAs in broilers. Animal Feed Science and Technology (in press).Google Scholar
Jin, L. Z., Ho, Y. W., Abdullah, N., Kudo, H. and Jalaludin, S. (1997c) Studies on the intestinal microflora of chicken under tropical condition. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science (in press)Google Scholar
Joerger, M.C. and Klaenhammer, T.R. (1986) Characterization and purification of helvetin J and evidence for a chromosomally determined bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus helveticus 481. Journal of Bacteriology 167: 439446CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Juven, B.J., Weisslowicz, H. and Harel, S. (1988) Detection of hydrogen peroxide produce by meat lactic starter cultures. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 65: 357360CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalbande, V.H., Gaffar, M.A. and Deshmukh, S.V. (1992) Effect of probiotic and nitrofurin on performance of growing commercial pullets. Indian Journal of Poultry Science 27: 116117Google Scholar
KEMIN INDUSTRIES INC. (1990) Kemin Production Manual, Iowa, USA, pp. 118Google Scholar
Kim, C.J., Namkung, H., An, M.S. and Paik, I.K. (1988) Supplementation of probiotics to the broiler diets containing moldy corn. Korean Journal of Animal Science 30: 542548Google Scholar
Kleeman, E.G. and Klaenhammer, T.R. (1982) Adherence of Lactobacillus species to human fetal intestinal cells. Journal of Dairy Science 65: 20632069Google Scholar
Lee, S.Y. and Lee, B.H. (1990) Esterolytic and lipolytic activities of Lactobacillus casei-subsp-casei LLG. Journal of Food Science 55: 119122Google Scholar
Lepkovsky, S., Wagner, M., Furuta, F., Ozine, K. and Koike, T. (1964) The proteases, amylase and lipase of the pancreas and intestinal contents of germfree and conventional chicken. Poultry Science 43: 722Google Scholar
Lilly, D.M. and Stillwell, R.H. (1965) Probiotics: growth promoting factors produced by microorganisms. Science 147: 747748CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maiolino, R., Fioretti, A., Menna, L.F. and Meo, C. (1992) Research on the efficiency of probiotics in diets for broiler chickens. Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews Series B 62: 482Google Scholar
March, B.E. (1979) The host and its microflora: an ecological unit. Journal of Animal Science 49: 857867Google Scholar
Mead, G.C. and Barrow, P.A. (1990) Salmonella control in poultry by “competitive exclusion” or immunization. Letters in Applied Microbiology 10: 221227CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mead, G.C. and Impey, C.S. (1984) Towards the development of a defined gut-flora treatment for reducing Salmonella camage in turkeys. Turkeys 32: 2933Google Scholar
Mead, G.C. and Impey, C.S. (1986) Current progress in reducing Salmonella colonization of poulm by “competitive exclusion“. Journal of Applied Bacteriology (Symposium supplement) 61: 6775sGoogle Scholar
Meluzzi, A., Franchini, A. and Giordani, G. (1986) Lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria in diets for broiler chickens. Avicoltura 55: 5456Google Scholar
Metchnikoff, E. (1907) Prolongation of Life, G.P. Putnam and Sons, New YorkGoogle Scholar
Miles, R.D. and Bootwalla, S.M. (1991) Direct-fed microbials in animal production. In: Direct-fed Microbials in Animal Production. A Review, National Feed Ingredient Association, West Des Moines, Iowa, USA pp. 117132Google Scholar
Mitchell, I.G. and Kenworthy, R. (1976) Investigations on a metabolite from Lactobacillus bulgaricus which neutralizes the effect of enterotoxin from Escherichia coli pathogenic for pigs. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 41: 163174Google Scholar
Mohan, B., Kadirvel, R., Bhaskaran, M. and Natarajan, A. (1995) Effect of probiotic supplementation on serum/yolk cholesterol and on egg shell thickness in layers. British Poultry Science 36: 799803CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mohan, B., Kadirvel, R., Natarajan, A. and Bhaskaran, M. (1996) Effect of probiotic supplementation on growth, nitrogen utilisation and serum cholesterol in broilers. British Poultry Science 37: 395401CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mohan-KUmar, O.R. and Christopher, K.J. (1988) The role of Lactobacillus sporogenes (probiotic) as feed additive. Poultry Guide 25: 3740Google Scholar
Moon, Y.I. and Kim, Y.K. (1989) Study on the proteolytic action of intracellular protease of Lactobacillus bulgaricus CH-18. Korean journal of Dairy Science 11: 3441Google Scholar
Morishita, Y., Mitsuoka, T., Kaneuchi, C., Yamamoto, S. and Ogata, M. (1971) Specific establishment of lactobacilli in the digestive tract of germ-free chickens. Japanese Journal of Microbiology 15: 531538Google Scholar
Mulder, R.W.A.W. (1991) Probiotics as a tool against Salmonella contamination. World Poultry- Misset 7: 67Google Scholar
Muralidhara, K.S., Sheheby, G.G., Elliker, P.R., England, D.C. and Sandine, W.E. (1977) Effect of feeding lactobacilli on the coliform and Lactobacillus flora of intestinal tissue and feces from piglets. Journal of Food Protection 40: 288CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nahashon, S.N., Nakaue, H.S. and Mirosh, L.W. (1992) Effect of direct-fed microbials on nutrient retention and production parameters of laying pullets. Poultry Science 71(Suppl. 1): 111Google Scholar
Nahashon, S.N., Nakaue, H.S. and Mirosh, L.W. (1993) Effect of direct-fed microbials on nutrient retention and production parameters of Single Comb White Leghorn pullets. Poultry Science 72(Suppl. 2): 87Google Scholar
Nahashon, S.N., Nakaue, H.S. and Mirosh, L.W. (1994a) Phytase activity, phosphorus and calcium retention, and performance of Single Comb White Leghorn layers fed diets containing two levels of available phosphorus and supplemented with direct-fed microbials. Poultry Science 73: 15521562CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nahashon, S.N., Nakaue, H.S. and Mirosh, L.W. (1994b) Production variable and nutrient retention in Single Comb White Leghorn laying pullets fed diets supplemented with direct-fed microbials. Poultry Science 73: 16991711CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nahashon, S.N., Nakaue, H.S., Snyder, S.P. and Mirosh, L.W. (1994c) Performance of Single Comb White Leghorn layers fed corn-soybean meal and barley-corn-soybean meal diets supplemented with a direct-fed microbial. Poultry Science 73: 17121723Google Scholar
Nahashon, S.N., Nakaue, H.S. and Mirosh, L.W. (1996a) Nutrient retention and production parameters of Single Comb White Leghorn layers fed diets with varying crude protein levels and supplemented with direct-fed microbials. Animal Feed Science and Technology 61: 1726Google Scholar
Nahashon, S.N., Nakaue, H.S. and Mirosh, L.W. (1996b) Performance of Single Comb White Leghorn layers fed a diet with a live microbial during the growth and egg laying phases. Animal Feed Science and Technology 57: 2538Google Scholar
Nisbet, D.J., Corrier, D.E., Scanlan, C.M., Hollister, A.G., Beier, R.C. and Deloach, J.R. (1993) Effect of a defined continuous-flow derived bacterial culture and dietary lactose on Salmonella colonization in broiler chicks. Avian Diseases 37: 10171025Google Scholar
Nurmi, E. and Rantala, M. (1973) New aspects of Salmonella infection in broiler production. Nature, London 241: 210211CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Owings, W.J., Reynolds, D.L., Hasiak, R.J. and Ferket, P.R. (1990) Influence of dietary supplementation with Streptococcus faecium M-74 on broiler body weight, feed conversion, carcass characteristics and intestinal microbial colonization. Poultry Science 69: 12571264Google Scholar
Oyarzabal, O.A. and Conner, D.E. (1995) In vitro fructooligosaccharide utilization and inhibition of Salmonella spp. by selected bacteria. Poultry Science 74: 14181425Google Scholar
Parker, R.B. (1974) Probiotics, the other half of the antibiotic story. Animal Nutrition and Health 29: 48Google Scholar
Perdigon, G., De Macias, M.E.N., Alvarez, S., Oliver, G. and De Ruiz Holgado, A.A.P. (1986) Effect of perorally administered lactobacilli on macrophage activation in mice. Infection and Immunity 53: 404410CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perdigon, G., Alvarez, S., De Macias, M.E.N., Roux, M.E. and De Ruiz Holgado, A.A.P. (1990) The oral administration of lactic acid bacteria increase the mucosal intestinal immunity in response to enteropathogens. journal of Food Protection 53: 404410Google Scholar
Perdigon, G., Alvarez, S., Rachid, M., Aguero, G. and Gobbato, N. (1995) Immune system stimulation by probiotics. Journal of Dairy Science 78: 15971606Google Scholar
Philips, S.M. and Fuller, R. (1983) The activity of amylase and a trypsin-like protease in the gut contents of germ-free and conventional chickens. British Poultry Science 24: 115121Google Scholar
Pivnick, H. and Nurmi, E. (1982) The Nurmi Concept and Its Role in the Control of Salmonellae in Poultry. In: Developments in Food Microbiology (Ed. Davies, R.), Applied Science Publishers, London pp. 4170Google Scholar
Pollmann, D.S., Danielson, D.M. and Peo, E.R. (1980) Effects of microbial feed additives on performance of starter and growing-finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 51: 577581CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, R.J. and Lee, J.S. (1970) Inhibition of Pseudomonas species by hydrogen peroxide producing lactobacilli. Journal of Milk Food Technology 33: 1318Google Scholar
Qin, Z.R., Fukata, T., Baba, E. and Arakawa, A. (1995) Effect of lactose and Lactobacillus acidophilus on the colonization on Salmonella enteritidis in chicks concurrently infected with Eimeria tenella. Avian Deseases 39: 548553Google Scholar
Reid, G., McGroarty, J.A., Angotti, R. and Cook, R.L. (1988) Lactobacillus inhibitor production against Escherichia coli and coaggregation ability with uropathogens. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 34: 344351CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rettger, L.F. and Chaplin, H.A. (1921) Treatise on the transformation of the intestinal flora with special reference to the implantation of Bacillus acidophilus. Yale University Press, New Haven, ConnecticutGoogle Scholar
Rolfe, R.D. (1991) Population dynamics of the intestinal tract. In: Colonization Control of Human Bacterial Enteropathogens in Poultry (Ed Blankenship, L.C.), Academic Press Inc., San Diego pp. 5975Google Scholar
Schleifer, J.H. (1985) A review of the efficacy and mechanism of competitive exclusion for the control of Salmonella in poultry. World's Poultry Science Journal 41: 7283CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwab, C.G., Moore, J.J., Hoyt, P.M. and Prentice, J.L. (1980) Performance and fecal flora of calves fed nonviable Lactobacillus bulgaricus fermentation product. Journal of Dairy Science 63: 14121423CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shanhani, K.M., Vakil, J.R. and Kilara, A. (1976) Natural antibiotic activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus and L. bulgaricus. 1. Cultural conditions for the production of antibiosis. Cultured Dairy Production Journal 11: 1417Google Scholar
Siddons, R.C. and Coates, M. (1972) The influence of the intestinal microflora on disaccharidase activities in the chick. British Journal of Nutrition 27: 101112CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sissons, J.W. (1989) Potential of probiotic organisms to prevent diarrhea and promote digestion in farm animals: a review. Journal of Food and Agriculture Science 49: 113Google Scholar
Soerjadi, A.S., Rufner, R., Snoeyenbos, G.H. and Weinack, O.M. (1982) Adherence of salmonellae and native gut microflora to the gastrointestinal mucosa of chicks. Avian Diseases 26: 576584Google Scholar
Sorrels, K.M. and Speck, M.L. (1970) Inhibition of Salmonella gallinarum by culture filtrates of Leuconostoc citrovorum. Journal of Dairy Science 59: 338343Google Scholar
Spencer, R.J. and Chesson, A. (1994) The effect of Lactobacillus spp. on the attachment of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli to isolated porcine enterocytes. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 77: 215220Google Scholar
Stavric, S. (1987) Microbial colonization control of chicken intestine using defined cultures. Food Technology 43: 9398Google Scholar
Stavric, S. (1992) Defined cultures and prospects. International Journal of Food Microbiology 55: 245263CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stavric, S. and D'Aoust, J.Y. (1993) Undefined and defined bacterial preparations for the competitive exclusion of Salmonella in poultry – a review. Journal of Food Protection 56: 173180Google Scholar
Stavric, S., Gleeson, T.M. and Blanchfield, B. (1991) Efficacy of undefined and defined bacterial treatment in competitive exclusion of Salmonella from chicks. In: Colonization Control of Human Bacterial Enteropathogens in Poultry (Ed. Blankenship, L.C.), Academic Press, San Diego pp. 323330Google Scholar
Stavric, S., Gleeson, T.M., Buchanan, B. and Blanchfield, B. (1992) Experience of the use of probiotics for Salmonella control in poultry. Letters in Applied Microbiology 14: 6971Google Scholar
Stuart, R.L., Surprise, H.C. and Davis, L.W. (1978) Response of growing rats to diets supplemented with a liquid nonviable Lactobacillus fermentation product. Journal of Animal Science 47: 322 (abstract)Google Scholar
Suegaza, N., Morotomi, M., Watanabe, T., Kawai, Y. and Mutai, M. (1975) Behavior of microflora in the rat stomach: adhesion of lactobacilli to the keratinized epithelial cells of the rat stomach in vitro. Infection and Immunity 12: 173179CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szylit, O., Champ, M., Ait-ABDElkader, N. and Raibaud, P. (1980) Role of five Lactobacillus strains on carbohydrate degradation in monoxenic chickens. Reproduction, Nutrition, Development 20: 17011706Google Scholar
Tagg, J.R., Dajani, A.S. and Wannamaker, L.W. (1976) Bacteriocins of gram-positive bacteria. Bacteriological Review 40: 722756CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tortuero, F. (1973) Influence of implantation of Lactobacillus acidophilus in chicks on the growth, feed conversion, malabsorption of fats syndrome and intestinal flora. Poultry Science 52: 197203Google Scholar
Tortuero, F. and Fernandez, E. (1995) Effects of inclusion of microbial cultures in barley-based diets fed to laying hens. Animal Feed Science and Technology 53: 255265Google Scholar
Tortuero, F., Rodriguez, L.M. and Barrera, J. (1989) Lactic acid bacteria and beans in the diets for chickens. Archivos de Zootecnia 38: 141, 151165Google Scholar
Tramer, J. (1966) Inhibitory effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Nature (London) 211: 204205Google Scholar
Turnbull, P.C.B. and Richmond, J.E. (1978) A model of Salmonella enteritis: the behavior of Salmonella enteritis in chick intestine studied by light and electron microscopy. British Journal of Experimental Pathology 59: 6475Google Scholar
Upreti, G.C. and Hindsdill, R.D. (1973) Isolation and characterization of a bacteriocin from a homofermentative Lactobacillus. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 4: 487494CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Upreti, G.C. and Hindsdill, R.D. (1975) Production and mode of action of Lactocin 27: Bacteriocin from a homofermentative Lactobacillus. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 7: 139145Google Scholar
Vanbelle, M., Teller, E. and Focant, M. (1990) Probiotics in animal nutrition: a review. Archives of Animal Nutrition (Berlin) 40: 543556Google ScholarPubMed
Vincent, J.G., Veonett, R.C. and Riley, R.G. (1959) Antibacterial activity associated with Lactobacillus acidophilus. Journal of Bacteriology 78: 477484Google Scholar
Watkins, B.A. and Kratzer, F.H. (1983) Effect of oral dosing of Lactobacillus strains on gut colonization and liver biotin in broiler chicks. Poultry Science 62: 20882094Google Scholar
Watkins, B.A. and Miller, B.F. (1983) Competitive gut exclusion of avian pathogens by Lactobacillus acidophilus in gnotobiotic chicks. Poultry Science 62: 17721779Google Scholar
Watkins, B.A., Miller, B.F. and Neil, D.H. (1982) In vivo effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus against pathogenic Escherichia coli in gnotobiotic chicks. Poultry Science 61: 12981308Google Scholar
Wheater, D.M., Hirsch, A. and Mattick, A.T.R. (1952) Possible identity of ‘lactobacillin’ with hydrogen peroxide produced by lactobacilli. Nature 170: 623626CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yeo, J. and Kim, K. (1997) Effect of feeding diets containing an antibiotic, a probiotic or yucca extract on growth and intestinal urease activity in broiler chicks. Poultry Science 76: 381385Google Scholar