Neurorestoration – A New Synthesis: Repair, Replace, and Optimize

doi:10.1017/9781009597852.006

Chapter 3 - Neurorestoration – A New Synthesis: Repair, Replace, and Optimize

from Section II - Ideas and Concepts in Modern Neurosurgical Innovation

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 29 November 2025

Jack Lo Yu Tung and

Edited by

Rohan Ramakrishna and

Michael L. J. Apuzzo

Show author details

Benjamin Hartley: Affiliation:
Weill Cornell Medical Center
Philip E. Stieg: Affiliation:
Weill Cornell Medical College
Rohan Ramakrishna: Affiliation:
Weill Cornell Medical College
Michael L. J. Apuzzo: Affiliation:
Adjunct of Yale Medical School and Weill Cornell Medical College

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Summary

Functional restoration of the human nervous system remains the “Holy Grail” for the clinical neurosciences. Traditional teachings suggested that the central nervous system, comprised of the brain and spinal cord, was incapable of regeneration or repair, especially in adults. Thus, the entire focus of the clinical neurosciences was aimed at preserving function, with restoration being impractical if not impossible. However, in the past decades, multifaceted proofs of concept in humans are providing convincing evidence that through rapid developments in neuroscience, neural engineering, and functional neuroimaging, neurorestoration will soon be practical even in adults. Here, the authors describe a practical working definition of “neurorestoration” as interwoven concepts of regenerative medicine (repair), neuroprosthetics (replace), and neuromodulation-enhanced learning (optimize). A comprehensive review of the topics covered is certainly well beyond the scope of this discussion.

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Type: Chapter
Information: Neurosurgery
Beyond the Cutting Edge
, pp. 28 - 42

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009597852.006 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2025

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