Redemptio Captivorum

doi:10.1017/9781009603638.012

Chapter 8 - Redemptio Captivorum

The Ransom of War Prisoners in Late Antiquity

from Part II - War and Agency

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 09 January 2026

Rita Lizzi Testa

Edited by

Susanna Elm and

Kristina Sessa

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Susanna Elm: Affiliation:
University of California, Berkeley
Kristina Sessa: Affiliation:
Ohio State University

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Summary

In Rome, being taken as a prisoner of war had dramatic repercussions for the condition of the individual and their family. Captured citizens became a slave to the enemy, or servus hostium, and were excluded from the body politic. However, they could regain freedom and civil rights through redemption. Initially, that was the responsibility of their family, but over time laws regulated the ransoming of prisoners of war, and other actors became involved. This chapter first reviews the Republican Age and the High Empire before addressing the ransoming of captives in Late Antiquity. It discusses individuals and large groups, with ransom paid by families, the emperor, or by bishops. It shows that social status determined the fate of women. According to Justinian’s Digest, a woman freed by a victorious army was considered free or married, and not a slave. According to Ulpian, that principle also applied when a woman was redeemed (redempta) rather than freed.

Keywords

Keywords: prisoners of war captive women slave traders prisoners’ destiny bishops Christian charity legislative imposition

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Type: Chapter
Information: War and Community in Late Antiquity , pp. 208 - 248

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009603638.012 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2026

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