Introduction

Figure 1.

Location of Ceibal in relation to other Preclassic Maya sites.

Recent excavations of residential groups outside the ceremonial epicentre of Ceibal, Guatemala, have revealed new insights into Maya social organisation during the Preclassic (c. 1000–50 BC) and Protoclassic (c. 50 BC–AD 250) periods. Many scholars have focused on the peripheries of Maya centres to understand dynamic relationships among different segments of society (e.g. Reference Yaeger and SmithYaeger 2003). The study of ritual practice is key, as ritual creates a sense of group cohesion while facilitating the development of social hierarchies (Reference Turner and TurnerTurner 1969, 1974; Reference BellBell 1992). Research conducted in Ceibal’s core indicates that ritual was integral to early community building (Inomata et al. 2013). Evidence from outlying groups furthermore suggests that peripheral populations had intimate knowledge of Ceibal’s public rituals and played an active role in shaping the community.

Ceibal is a lowland Maya centre located along the Río Pasión in the Department of Petén, Guatemala (Figure 1). Ceibal was occupied between 1000 BC and AD 950, and appears to have been an important centre during the Preclassic and Terminal Classic (c. AD 830–950) periods. The site was first excavated by Reference AdamsAdams (1963) and then by the Harvard Seibal Archaeological Project in the 1960s (Willey et al. 1975). During the Harvard project, Reference TourtellotTourtellot (1988) conducted a survey of the site’s peripheries. Since 2005, the Ceibal-Petexbatún Archaeological Project, directed by Takeshi Inomata and Daniela Triadan, has continued excavations in the site centre (Group A) to investigate the site’s early foundation and its relationship to non-Maya societies during the Preclassic period (Inomata et al. 2013).

Figure 2.

Map of Ceibal and residential groups excavated during 2012 and 2013.

More recently, building on Tourtellot’s research, we have begun systematic and extensive excavations of various residential groups outside Group A (Figure 2). One of our goals is to understand how the relationships between Ceibal’s core and periphery were maintained and negotiated through time. Like most Maya polities, the centralised control of economic activities at Ceibal appears to have been limited (e.g. Reference Rice, Brumfiel and EarleRice 1987; Reference Demarest, Demarest and ConradDemarest 1992; Reference TriadanTriadan 2000; cf. Chase & Reference Chase and ChaseChase 2001). Rather, research suggests that populations were integrated through a common ideology that was centred on elites and royals who assumed the role of religious specialists in the epicentre (Reference Ringle, Grove and JoyceRingle 1999; Reference InomataInomata 2006). This ideology was expressed in public rituals carried out in the Central Plaza. Our data indicate that outlying populations actively participated in the process of creating and sustaining these ritual practices.

This report focuses on findings from the Karinel Group and the Amoch Group, where we recovered evidence of rituals similar to those carried out in Ceibal’s public centre. The Karinel Group (Platform 47-Base) is a large residential platform located 160m west of the Central Plaza. The Amoch Group (Str. 1, Str. 2 and Unit 4E-14) is a minor temple group located 250m north-west of Group A (see Figure 2).

Early Middle Preclassic Period: Burial 132

The Karinel Group was occupied by about 850 BC, during the Real-Xe 2 ceramic phase (Reference SabloffSabloff 1975; Inomata et al. 2013). One of the most interesting discoveries in 2012 was a large burial that contained Real-Xe 3 (c. 800–700 BC) vessels (Figure 3). Burial 132 was placed in a bulbous intrusion in the bedrock. It included the skeletons of two adults and seven complete vessels: four plates (types Abelino Red and Yalmanchac Impressed) and three jars (type Palma Daub) (Figure 4). Inside one of the jars were the bones of an infant.

Figure 3.

Burial 132, Karinel Group (photo courtesy of T. Inomata).

Figure 4.

Vessels from Burial 132, Karinel Group (photo by J. MacLellan).

Burial 132 shares some characteristics with Burial 136, a Real-Xe 3 burial of an adult male excavated in the Central Plaza by Flory Pinzón. According to bioarchaeologist Juan Manuel Palomo, one of the adults in Burial 132 and the individual in Burial 136 underwent tabular-erect cranial modification, the style popular among the Olmec (Reference PalomoPalomo 2012: 12–14). Burial 136 contained four ceramic vessels, which were similar to those of Burial 132.

Late Preclassic Period: Burial 147 and Monument 2

Monument 2, a Late Preclassic uncarved limestone altar, was discovered in an excavation on the central axis of Structure 1 in the Amoch Group. It is associated with multiple construction episodes, starting at the beginning of the Cantutse-Chicanel phase (c.400–50 BC), and was eventually incorporated into the façade of a pyramidal structure (Figure 5). The monument was completely covered by another structure at the end of the Late Preclassic.

Figure 5.

Ceibal Monument 2, Amoch Group (photo courtesy of T. Inomata).

Figure 6.

Vessels from Burial 147 (photo courtesy of T. Inomata).

In an intrusion underneath the monument, the residents placed a large Sierra Red vessel with a plate over its mouth (Figure 6). A child burial (Burial 147) was placed inside. Treatment of the remains before deposition is consistent with human sacrifice. This offering closely resembles another excavated by Flory Pinzón in the Central Plaza (Burial 127), and similar large Sierra Red vessels have been documented in ritual contexts elsewhere at Ceibal. Ceramic evidence suggests that the monument was dedicated during the Cantutse-Chicanel 1 phase (c. 400–350 BC).

Protoclassic Period: Cache 159

Figure 7.

Cache 159, Karinel Group (photo courtesy of T. Inomata).

During the early Protoclassic (c. 50 BC–AD 50), the residents of the Karinel Group placed a large rectangular intrusion in front of Structure 47. At the bedrock, they deposited Cache 159: 19 complete bowls (types Achiotes Unslipped and Sierra Red) in two levels, some lip-to-lip, along with small, round, flat stone artefacts (Figure 7). Like the vessels in similar Protoclassic caches in the Central Plaza, the bowls are poorly fired, probably created for ritual deposition. Higher up in the intrusion, we found a burial of a child, apparently deposited as an offering. Based on the similarities between Cache 159 and caches in the Central Plaza, it is likely that the residents of the Karinel Group were involved in Ceibal’s public ceremonies. Cache 159 shows a connection between public and domestic rituals.

Conclusions

Evidence from the Karinel Group and the Amoch Group suggests that during the Preclassic and Protoclassic periods, people residing on the outskirts of the ceremonial epicentre had access to specialised ritual knowledge and performed rituals similar to those carried out in the Central Plaza. These specialists probably participated in the creation of Ceibal’s public rituals, rather than merely emulating them. Although outlying residential groups were sufficiently independent to perform their own large-scale ceremonies, the community was integrated through shared ritual practices, which were centred on elites residing in Group A. Overall, this research indicates that the process of developing such practices was not linear, but rather that religious ideas and practices were fluid and negotiable, particularly in loosely centralised societies.