Hostname: page-component-77f85d65b8-g98kq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-04-17T18:12:50.208Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A review of the occurrence of Corbicula in the Pleistocene of North-West Europe

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 April 2016

T. Meijer  and
R.C. Preece
T. Meijer*
Affiliation:
Netherlands Institute for Applied Geoscience TNO, P.O. Box 80015, 3508 TA UTRECHT, the Netherlands; e-mail: t.meijer@nitg.tno.nl
R.C. Preece
Affiliation:
Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CAMBRIDGE CB2 3 EJ, United Kingdom; e-mail: rcp1001@cus.cam.ac.uk
*
1 Corresponding author.

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the 'Save PDF' action button.

Shells belonging to the bivalve genus Corbicula occur commonly in Pleistocene interglacial deposits in NW Europe. These have usually been identified as C. fluminalis, a modern species described from the Euphrates river, although the veracity of this specific attribution remains equivocal. Corbicula has nowadays a southern distribution, and laboratory studies indicate that it is thermophilous. It is also tolerant of brackish water, one of several attributes that make this an effective colonizer.

In NW Europe, Corbicula is known from the Lower Pleistocene but is absent from the Cromerian Complex, occuring again in the three interglacials following the Anglian/Elsterian. It appears to be unknown from the last interglacial, except as derived fossils.

Keywords

CorbiculaecologyEnglandRhineScheldtThamesthe Netherlands

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
Netherlands Journal of Geosciences , Volume 79 , Issue 2-3 , August 2000 , pp. 241 - 255
Copyright
Copyright © Stichting Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 2000

References

Allen, T., 1977. Interglacial sea-level change: evidence for brackish water sedimentation at Purfleet, Essex. Quaternary Newsletter 22: 1–3.Google Scholar
Baden-Powell, D.F.W., 1934. On the marine gravels at March, Cambridgeshire. Geological Magazine 71: 193–219.Google Scholar
Bates, M.R., 1993. Preliminary amino acid epimerization age estimates from the Maastricht-Belvédère and Wageningen-Fransche Kamp sites in The Netherlands (a short note). Mededelingen Rijks Geologische Dienst 47: 47–49.Google Scholar
Bell, A., 1871. Contributions to the Crag fauna. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 7: 351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennema, J. & Pons, L.J., 1952. Donken, fluviatiel laagterras en Eemzee-afzettingen in het Westelijk gebied van de grote rivieren. Boor en Spade 5: 126–137.Google Scholar
Blanken, E., 1990. Corbicula fluminalis Müller, 1774 nieuw in Nederland. Correspondentieblad van de Nederlandse MalacologischeVereniging 252: 631–632.Google Scholar
Bowen, D.Q., Hughes, S., Sykes, G.A. & Miller, G.H., 1989. Land sea correlations in the Pleistocene based on isoleucine epimerization in non-marine molluscs. Nature 340: 49–51.Google Scholar
Bridgland, D.R., 1994. Quaternary of the Thames. Geological Conservation Review Series 7. Chapman & Hall (London): 441 pp.Google Scholar
Bridgland, D.R., 1995. The Quaternary sequence of the eastern Thames basin: problems of correlation. In: Bridgland, D.R., Allen, P. & Haggart, B.A. (eds.): The Quaternary of the lower reaches of the Thames. Quaternary Research Association Field Guide: 35–52.Google Scholar
Bridgland, D.R., Preece, R.C., Roe, H.M., Tipping, R.M., Coope, G.R., Field, M.H., Robinson, J.E., Schreve, D.C. & Crowe, K. (submitted). Middle Pleistocene interglacial deposits at Barling, Essex, UK: evidence for a longer chronology for the Thames terrace sequence. Journal of Quaternary Science.Google Scholar
Briggs, D.J., Coope, G.R. & Gilbertson, D.D., 1985. The chronology and environmental framework of early Man in the Upper Thames Valley: a new model. British Archaeological Report, British Series 137: 176 pp.Google Scholar
Britton, J.C. & Morton, B., 1979. Corbicula in North America: the evidence reviewed and evaluated, pp 249-287. In: Britton, J.C. (ed.): Proceedings of the First International Corbicula symposium (Texas Christian University Research Foundation, Fort Worth, Texas, U.S.A.): 313 pp.Google Scholar
Britton, J.C. & Morton, B., 1986. Polymorphism in Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae) from North America. Malacological Review 19: 1–43.Google Scholar
Buckingham, C.M., Roe, D.A. & Scott, K., 1996. A preliminary report on the Stanton Harcourt Channel Deposits (Oxfordshire, England); geological context, vertebrate remains and palaeolithic stone artefacts. Journal of Quaternary Science 11: 397–415.3.0.CO;2-M>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connolly, M., 1930. Descriptions of new molluscs from Central Africa with notes on other species. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 19: 37–48.Google Scholar
De Breuck, W., De Moor, G. & Marechal, R., 1970. Lifhostratigrafie van de Kwartaire sedimenten in het Oostelijk kustgebied (België). NatuurwetenschappelijkTijdschrift 51(1969): 125–137.Google Scholar
De Gans, W. & De Groot, T. 1995a. Oude Leede (Pleistocene and early Holocene fluvial systems). In: Schirmer, W. (ed.): Quaternary field trips in Central Europe, 1: Regional field trips, INQUA, XIV International Congress, Berlin. F., Pfeil (München): 553–554.Google Scholar
De Gans, W. & De Groot, T., 1995b. Hook of Holland (Reworked Pleistocene marine deposits). In: Schirmer, W. (ed.): Quaternary field trips in Central Europe, 1: Regional field trips, INQUA, XIV International Congress, Berlin. F., Pfeil (München): 554–555.Google Scholar
Den Hartog, C., Van den Brink, F.W.B. & Van der Velde, G., 1992. Why was the invasion of the river Rhine by Corophium curvispinum and Corbicula species so successful? Journal of Natural History 26: 1121–1129.Google Scholar
De Jong, J., 1988. Palynological investigation of the Zuurland-2 borehole, The Netherlands (an interim report). Mededelingen van de Werkgroep voor Tertiaire en Kwartaire Geologie 25: 31–38.Google Scholar
De Jong, J. & Zagwijn, W.H., 1983. De vegetatiegeschiedenis van ’s-Gravenhage en omgeving. Mededelingen Rijks Geologische Dienst 37: 44–62 Google Scholar
De Moor, G., 1975. De afzetting van Dendermonde en haar betekenis voor de jong-kwartaire evolutie van de Vlaamse Vallei. NatuurwetenschappelijkTijdschrift 56: 45–75.Google Scholar
De Moor, G. & Heyse, I., 1975. Litostratigrafie van de kwartaire afzettingen in de overgangszone tussen de kustvlakte en de Vlaamse Vallei in Noordwest-België. NatuurwetenschappelijkTijdschrift 56: 85–109.Google Scholar
Dollfus, G.-F, 1884. Le terrain Quaternaire d’Ostende et le Corbicula fluminalis (Müller species). Mémoires de la Société royale de Malacologie de la Belgique 19: 29 pp.Google Scholar
Ellis, A.E., 1978. British freshwater bivalve molluscs. Synopses of the British fauna (New Series) 11. Linnean Society of London / Academic Press: 109 pp.Google Scholar
Gardner, E.W., 1932. Some lacustrine Mollusca from the Faiyum Depression. A study in variation. Mémoires de l’Institut d’Egypt (Le Caire) 18, XVI: 1–114.Google Scholar
Gibbard, P.L., 1994. Pleistocene history of the Lower Thames Valley. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge): 221 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibbard, P.L., 1995. Palaeogeographical evolution of the Lower Thames Valley. In: Bridgland, D.R., Allen, P. & Haggart, B.A. (eds.): The Quaternary of the lower reaches of the Thames. Quaternary Research Association Field Guide: 5–34.Google Scholar
Gittenberger, E., Janssen, A.W., Kuijper, W.J., Kuiper, J.G.J., Meijer, T., Van der Velde, G. & De Vries, J.N., 1998. De Nederlandse zoetwatermollusken. Recente en fossiele weekdieren uit zoet en brak water. Nederlandse Fauna 2. Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum Naturalis, KNNV Uitgeverij & EIS-Nederland (Leiden): 288 pp.Google Scholar
Halet, F., 1933. Sur la présence de couches à Corbicula fluminalis Müller aux environs de Saint-Denis-Westrem. Bulletin de la Société belge de Géologie, de Paléontologie et d’Hydrologie, 43: 111–116.Google Scholar
Hinton, M.A.C. & Kennard, A.S., 1900. Contributions to the Pleistocene geology of the Thames Valley. I. The Grays Thurrock area, part 1. Essex Naturalist 11: 336–370.Google Scholar
Hollin, J.T., 1977. Thames interglacial sites, Ipswichian sea levels and Antarctic ice surges. Boreas 6: 33–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howlett, D. & Baker, R., 1999. Corbicula fluminea (Müller): new to U.K. Journal of Conchology 36: 83.Google Scholar
Janssen, A.W., 1965. Mollusca uit de Pleistocene ontsluiting te Zelzate. Mededelingen van de Werkgroep voor Tertiaire en Kwartaire Geologie 2: 24–37.Google Scholar
Janssen, A.W., Peeters, G.A. & Van der Slik, L., 1984. De fossiele schelpen van de Nederlandse stranden en zeegaten, tweede serie, 8 (slot). Basteria 48: 89–220.Google Scholar
Johansen, A.C., 1904. Om den fossile kvartaere molluskfauna i Danmark og dens relationer til forandringer i klimaet. Land- og ferskvandsmolluskfaunaen (Kobenhavn) I-IV: 1–136.Google Scholar
Keen, D.H., 1990. Significance of the record provided by Pleistocene fluvial deposits and their included molluscan faunas for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction and stratigraphy: case study from the English Midlands. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 80: 25–34.Google Scholar
Kennard, A.S. & Woodward, B.B., 1919. The non-marine Mollusca of the Cambridgeshire gravels. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 75: 229–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennard, A.S. & Woodward, B.B., 1922. The post-Pliocene non-marine Mollusca of the East of England. Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association 33: 104–142.Google Scholar
Kennard, A.S. & Woodward, B.B., 1924. Appendix III. The Pleistocene non-marine Mollusca pp 170-175. In: Sandford, K.S.: The river gravels of the Oxford district. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 80: 113–179.Google Scholar
Kennard, A.S. & Woodward, B.B., 1926. Note on O.F. Müller’s types of Tellina fluminalis, fluminea and fluviatilis . Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 17: 100–101.Google Scholar
Kerney, M.P., 1959. Pleistocene non-marine Mollusca of the English interglacial deposits. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis University of London: 403 pp.Google Scholar
Kerney, M.P., 1971. Interglacial deposits at Barnfield pit, Swanscombe, and their molluscan fauna. Journal of the Geological Society of London 127: 69–93.Google Scholar
Kinzelbach, R., 1991. Die Körbchenmuscheln Corbicula fluminalis, Corbicula fluminea und Corbicula fluviatilis in Europa (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae). Mainzer Naturwissenschaftliches Archiv 29: 215–228.Google Scholar
Laville, A., 1898. Le gisement Chelléo-Moustiérien à Corbicules de Cergy. Bulletin de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris 9: 57–70.Google Scholar
Lorié, J., 1913. Beschrijving van eenige nieuwe grondboringen, VI-II. Mededeelingen omtrent de geologie van Nederland, verzameld door de commissie voor het geologisch onderzoek, no. 38. Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam 17: 3–65.Google Scholar
Maddy, D., Keen, D.H., Bridgland, D.R, & Green, C.P., 1991. A revised model for the Pleistocene development of the River Avon, Warwickshire. Journal of the Geological Society of London 148: 473–484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mania, D., 1973. Paläoökologie, Faunenentwicklung und Stratigraphie des Eiszeitalters im mittleren Elbe-Saalegebiet auf Grund von Molluskengesellschaften. Geologie 21, Beiheft 78/79: 1–175.Google Scholar
Marr, J.E., 1917. Submergence and glacial climates during the accumulation of the Cambridgeshire Pleistocene deposits. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 14: 64–71.Google Scholar
Meijer, T., 1969. Theodoxus danubialis (Pfeiffer 1828) uit de Vlaamse Vallei te Zelzate (België). Mededelingen van de Werkgroep voorTertiaire en Kwartaire Geologie 6: 53–54.Google Scholar
Meijer, T., 1985. The pre-Weichselian non-marine molluscan fauna from Maastricht-Belvédère (Southern Limburg, The Netherlands). Mededelingen Rijks Geologische Dienst 39: 75–103.Google Scholar
Meijer, T., 1987. De Molluskenfauna van het Waalien in Nederland. Correspondentieblad van de Nederlandse Malacologische Vereniging 236: 276–279 + 237: 288–297.Google Scholar
Meijer, T., 1988a. Mollusca from the borehole Zuurland-2 at Brielle, The Netherlands (an interim report). Mededelingen van de Werkgroep voorTertiaire en Kwartaire Geologie 25: 49–60.Google Scholar
Meijer, T., 1988b. Fossiele zoetwaternerieten uit het Nederlandse Kwartair en enkele opmerkingen over het voorkomen van deze groep in het Kwartair van Noordwest Europa. De Kreukel, Jubileumnummer: 89–108.Google Scholar
Meijer, T., 1990. Notes on Quaternary freshwater Mollusca of the Netherlands, with descriptions of some new species. Mededelingen van de Werkgroep voorTertiaire en Kwartaire Geologie 26: 145–181.Google Scholar
Meijer, T., 1991. Molluscan investigation of ice-pushed Pleistocene deposits nearWageningen, The Netherlands. Mededelingen Rijks Geologische Dienst 46: 55–64.Google Scholar
Meijer, T. & Cleveringa, P. (in prep.). Aminostratigraphy of Middle and Late Pleistocene deposits in the Netherlands. Quaternary Science Reviews.Google Scholar
Meijer, T. & Preece, R.C., 1995. Malacological evidence relating to the insularity of the British Isles during the Quaternary. In: Preece, R.C. (ed.): Island Britain: a Quaternary perspective. Geological Society Special Publication 96: 89–110.Google Scholar
Meijer, T. & Preece, R.C., 1996. Malacological evidence relating to the stratigraphical position of the Cromerian. In: Turner, C. (ed.): The early Middle Pleistocene of Europe. Balkema (Rotterdam): 53–82.Google Scholar
Mienis, H.K., 1991. Some remarks concerning Asiatic clams invading Europe with a note on sample of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) from Trapani, Sicily. Notiziario SIM 9: 137–139.Google Scholar
Miller, G.H. & Mangerud, J., 1985. Aminostratigraphy of European marine interglacial deposits. Quaternary Science Reviews 4:217–278.Google Scholar
Moolenbeek, R., 1993. Problemen rond de naamgeving van de Aziatische korfmossel, de fijngeribde korfmossel en de toegeknepen korfmossel, ofwel de Corbicula’s in Nederland. Correspondentieblad van de Nederlandse Malacologische Vereniging 270: 19–21.Google Scholar
Moraal, J.M., 1961. Een fossiele zoetwaterschelp van de Zeeuwse stranden. Grondboor en Hamer, Nieuwe Serie 9: 250–253.Google Scholar
Morton, B., 1986. Corbicula in Asia - an updated synthesis. American Malacological Bulletin, Special Edition 2: 113–124.Google Scholar
Mourlon, M., 1909. Découverte d’un dépôt quaternaire campinien avec faune du Mammouth et débris végétaux dans les déblais profonds d’Hofstade, à 1’est Sempst (Brabant Belge). Bulletin de 1’Académie Royale de la Belgique, (Classe des Sciences) 4: 427–434.Google Scholar
Mouthon, J., 1981. Sur la présence en France et au Portugal de Corbicula (Bivalvia, Corbiculidae) originaire d’Asie. Basteria 45: 109–116.Google Scholar
Müller, O.F., 1774. Vermium terrestrium et fluviatilium, seu animalium Infusoriorum, Helminthicorum et Testaceorum, non marinorum succincta historia 2: XXXVI + 214 pp. (Mavniae et Lipsiae).Google Scholar
Nyst, P.H., 1838. Notice sur une Cyrène et sur une Cancellaire inédites. Bulletin de la Commission Royale d’Histoire/Académie Royale de Belgique 5: 113–116.Google Scholar
Preece, R.C., 1995. Mollusca from interglacial sediments at three critical sites in the Lower Thames. In: Bridgland, D.R., Allen, P. & Haggart, B.A. (eds.): The Quaternary of the lower reaches of the Thames. Quaternary Research Association Field Guide: 53–60.Google Scholar
Preece, R.C., 1999. Mollusca from last interglacial fluvial deposits of the River Thames at Trafalgar Square, London. Journal of Quaternary Science 14: 77–89.3.0.CO;2-U>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roe, H.M., 1997. Shelf database. The Northwest European continental shelf over the past 250.000 years; Contract no: EV5VCT93-0255.Google Scholar
Roe, H.M., 1999. Late Middle Pleistocene sea-level change in the southern North Sea: the record from eastern Essex, UK. Quaternary International 55: 115–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roe, H.M. & Preece, R.C., 1995. A new discovery of the Middle Pleistocene ‘Rhenish’ fauna in Essex. Journal of Conchology 35: 272–273.Google Scholar
Rowe, P.J., Atkinson, T.C. & Turner, C., 1999. U-series dating of Hoxnian interglacial deposits at Marks Tey, Essex, England. Journal of Quaternary Science 14: 693–702.Google Scholar
Ruegg, G.H.J. (ed.), 1991. Geology and archaeology of ice-pushed Pleistocene deposits near Wageningen (The Netherlands). Mededelingen Rijks Geologische Dienst 46: 99 pp.Google Scholar
Ruegg, G.H.J. & Zandstra, J.G. (eds.), 1981. Geology and archaeology of Pleistocene deposits in the ice-pushed ridge near Rhenen and Veenendaal. Mededelingen Rijks Geologische Dienst 35: 163–268.Google Scholar
Sandford, K.S., 1925. The fossil elephants of the Upper Thames Basin. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 81:62–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarntheim, M., Stremme, H.E. & Mangini, A., 1986. The Holstein Interglaciation: time-stratigraphic position and correlation to stable-isotope stratigraphy of deep-sea sediments. Quaternary Research 26: 283–298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlickum, W.R., Puisségur, J.J. & Clair, A., 1978. Die Molluskenfauna der Schichten mit Viviparus burgundinus und Pyrgula nodotiana von Montagny-les-Beaune (Dép. Côte-d’Or). Archiv für Molluskenkunde 109: 1–26.Google Scholar
Schreve, D.C., 1997. Mammalian biostratigraphy of the later Middle Pleistocene in Britain. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis University of London: 776 pp.Google Scholar
Shackleton, N.J. & Opdyke, N. D., 1973. Oxygen isotope and palaeomagnetic stratigraphy of equatorial Pacific core V28-238: oxygen isotope temperatures and ice volume on a 105 year and 106 year scale. Quaternary Research 3: 39–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shotton, F.W., Banham, P.H. & Bishop, W.W., 1977. Glacial-interglacial stratigraphy of the Quaternary in Midland and eastern England. In: Shotton, F.W. (ed.): British Quaternary studies: recent advances. Clarendon Press (Oxford): 267–282.Google Scholar
Spaink, G., 1968. Een bijzondere continentale molluskenfauna uit het Oud Pleistoceen uit een kleigroeve tussen Bavel en Dorst nabij Breda. Correspondentieblad van de Nederlandse MalacologischeVereniging 129: 1382–1384.Google Scholar
Sparks, B.W., 1964. The distribution of non-marine Mollusca in the Last interglacial in south-east England. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 36: 7–25.Google Scholar
Sparks, B.W. & West, R.G., 1964. The interglacial deposits at Stutton, Suffolk. Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association 74: 419–432.Google Scholar
Steenhuis, J.F., 1915. Rapport omtrent de geologische resultaten van het geo-hydrologisch onderzoek, verricht ten behoeve van het opmaken der plannen voor de centrale drinkwatervoorziening in Zuidholland, Noordholland en Utrecht (CDV). Bijlage 1: uitgewerkt rapport betreffende de centrale drinkwatervoorziening in Zuidholland, Noordholland en Utrecht. Rijksbureau voor Drinkwatervoorziening (Den Haag) 6: 80 pp.Google Scholar
Steenhuis, J.F., 1919. De geologische bouw en geschiedenis van den ondergrond van het eiland Walcheren. Rapport betreffende een centrale drinkwatervoorziening van het eiland Walcheren, appendix II: 7–68. Internal Report Rijksbureau voor Drinkwatervoorziening (’s-Gravenhage): 68 pp.Google Scholar
Stuart, A.J., 1976. The history of the mammal fauna during the Ipswichian/last interglacial in England. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 276: 221–250.Google Scholar
Sutcliffe, A.J., 1964. The mammalian fauna. In: Ovey, C.D. (ed.): The Swanscombe skull: a survey of research on a Pleistocene site. Royal Anthropological Institute, Occasional Paper 20: 85–111.Google Scholar
Sutcliffe, A.J., 1975. A hazard in the interpretation of glacial-interglacial sequences. Quaternary Newsletter 17: 1–3.Google Scholar
Sutcliffe, A.J., 1976. The British glacial-interglacial sequence - reply to R.G.West. Quaternary Newsletter 18: 1–7.Google Scholar
Sutcliffe, A.J., 1995. Insularity of the British Isles 250 000-30 000 years ago: the mammalian, including human, evidence. In: Preece, R.C. (ed.): Island Britain: a Quaternary perspective. Geological Society Special Publication 96: 127–140.Google Scholar
Tesch, P., 1929a. De stratigrafische grens Plioceen-Plistoceen in Europa. Geologisch-Mijnbouwkundig Genootschap voor Nederland en Kolonien. Verslagen der Geologische Sectie 3: 203–211.Google Scholar
Tesch, P., 1929b. Lijst der land- en zoetwatermolluscen aangetroffen in de Kwartaire lagen in Nederland. Mededelingen. Rijks Geologische Dienst A(3): V + 32 pp.Google Scholar
Tesch, P., 1939. De mariene inschakeling in de ’Hoogterrasafzettingen’ in hetWesten en Noorden van Nederland. Geologie en Mijnbouw 1:9–13.Google Scholar
Tesch, P., 1943. Corbicula fluminalis als gidsfossiel. Jaarverslag Geologische Stichting 1941: 31–33.Google Scholar
Tesch, P., 1944. Nieuwe lijst der Kwartaire land- en zoetwatermollusken in Nederland. Mededelingen. Rijks Geologische Dienst A 10: 24 pp.Google Scholar
Tomlinson, M.E., 1925. River-terraces of the Lower Valley of the Warwickshire Avon. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 81: 137–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, C. & Kerney, M.P., 1971. A note on the age of the freshwater beds of the Clacton Channel. Journal of the Geological Society of London 127: 87–93.Google Scholar
Tzedakis, P.C., Andrieu, V., De Beaulieu, J.-L., Crowhurst, S., Follieri, M., Hooghiemstra, H., Magri, D., Reille, M., Sadori, L., Shackleton, N.J. & Wijmstra, T.A., 1997. Comparison of terrestrial and marine records of changing climate of the last 500,000 years. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 150: 171–176.Google Scholar
Van Damme, D., 1984. The freshwater Mollusca of northern Africa: distribution, biogeography and palaeoecology. Developments in Hydrobiology 25. Dr W. Junk Publishers (Dordrecht): 164 pp.Google Scholar
Van den Berg, M.W., 1996. Fluvial sequences of the Maas: a 10 Ma record of neotectonics and climatic change at various timescales. Ph.D. thesis University Wageningen: 181 pp.Google Scholar
Vandenberghe, J., Roebroeks, W. & Van Kolfschoten, Th. (eds.), 1993. Maastricht-Belvédère: stratigraphy, palaeoenvironment and archaeology of the Middle and Late Pleistocene deposits, Part II. Mededelingen Rijks Geologische Dienst 47: 91 pp.Google Scholar
Van der Heide, S., 1957. Correlations of marine horizons in the Middle and Upper Pleistocene of the Netherlands. Geologie en Mijnbouw 19: 272–276.Google Scholar
Van der Sleen, W.G.N., 1912. Bijdrage tot de kennis der chemische samenstelling van het duinwater in verband met de geomineralogische gesteldheid van den bodem. Ph.D. thesis Universiteit Amsterdam: XVI + 157 pp.Google Scholar
Van Kolfschoten, Th, 1981. On the Holsteinian? and Saalian mammal fauna from the ice-pushed ridge near Rhenen (The Netherlands). Mededelingen Rijks Geologische Dienst 35: 223–251.Google Scholar
Van Kolfschoten, T., 1985. The Middle Pleistocene (Saalian) and Late Pleistocene (Weichselian) mammal faunas from Maastricht-Belvédère, (Southern Limburg, The Netherlands). Mededelingen Rijks Geologische Dienst 39: 45–74.Google Scholar
Van Kolfschoten, Th., 1993. The mammal fauna from the interglacial deposits at Maastricht-Belvédère. Mededelingen Rijks Geologische Dienst 47: 51–60.Google Scholar
Van Kolfschoten, Th. & De Boer, P.L. (eds.), 1988. The Zuurland-2 borehole. Mededelingen van de Werkgroep voor Tertiaire en Kwartaire Geologie 25: 106 pp.Google Scholar
Van Kolfschoten, Th. & Roebroeks, W., 1985. Maastricht-Belvédère: stratigraphy, palaeoenvironment and archaeology of the Middle and Late Pleistocene deposits. Mededelingen Rijks Geologische Dienst 39: 1–121.Google Scholar
Van Kolfschoten, Th., Roebroeks, W. & Vandenberghe, J., 1993. The Middle and Late Pleistocene sedimentary and climate sequence at Maastricht-Belvédère: the type locality of the Belvédère interglacial. Mededelingen Rijks Geologische Dienst 47:81–91.Google Scholar
Van Regteren-Altena, C.O., 1937. Bijdrage tot de kennis der subfossiele en recente mollusken, die op de Nederlandse stranden aanspoelen, en hunner verspreiding. Nieuwe Verhandelingen van het Bataafs Genootschap voor Proefondervindelijke Wijsbegeerte, 2e Reeks 10 (3): 184 pp.Google Scholar
Van Rummelen, F.F.F.E., 1970. Blad Schouwen-Duiveland. Toelichting bij de Geologische Kaart van Nederland 1 : 50.000. Rijks Geologische Dienst (Haarlem): 116 pp.Google Scholar
Von Linstow, O., 1922. Beitrag zur Geschichte undVerbreitung von Corbkula fluminalis . Archiv für Molluskenkunde 54: 113–144.Google Scholar
West, R.G., 1969. Pollen analyses from interglacial deposits at Aveley and Grays. Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association 80: 271–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
West, R.G., Sparks, B.W. & Lambert, C.A., 1964. Interglacial deposits at Ilford, Essex. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 247: 185–212.Google Scholar
West, R.G., Knudsen, K.L., Penney, D.N., Preece, R.C. & Robinson, J.E., 1994. Palaeontology and taphonomy of Late Quaternary fossil assemblages at Somersham, Cambridgeshire, UK, and the problem of reworking. Journal of Quaternary Science 9: 357–366.Google Scholar
Wood, , 1834. Lacustrine formations, among the Tertiary Beds [of East Anglia]. Magazine of Natural History 7: 274–275.Google Scholar
Worssam, B.C. & Taylor, J.H., 1969. Geology of the country around Cambridge. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, England & Wales. HMSO (London): 159 pp.Google Scholar
Zagwijn, W.H. & Paepe, R., 1968. Die Stratigraphie der Weichselzeitlichen Ablagerungen der Niederlande und Belgien. Eiszeitalter und Gegenwart 19: 129–146.Google Scholar
Zeuner, F.E., 1959. The Pleistocene period: its climate, chronology and faunal successions. Hutchinson Scientific & Technical (London).Google Scholar