On January 27, 2017, President Trump issued an executive order that: (1) prohibited nationals from seven majority-Muslim countries from entering the United States for ninety days; and (2) prohibited individuals from entering into the United States as refugees for 120 days. Courts stayed the order on constitutional and statutory grounds. In response to these stays, President Trump replaced the initial order with a new order that eliminated preferential treatment for refugees fleeing from religious persecution and narrowed the scope of persons prohibited from entering into the United States. Courts again issued stays, holding that the new order violated the Establishment Clause and the Immigration and Nationality Act. The Trump administration appealed, and the Supreme Court agreed to hear the case in October. Along with its grant of certiorari, the Court kept the lower court stays in place except as to people with no connection to the United States either personally or through family.
During the 2016 presidential election, Donald Trump campaigned on a platform of revamping the process and substance of U.S. policy regarding immigrant and nonimmigrant visas. The particulars of his proposals evolved over time. In December 2015, Trump's campaign website called for “a total and complete shutdown of Muslims entering the United States … until our country's representatives can figure out what is going on.”Footnote 1 This proposal remained on the campaign website until February 2017. Trump frequently discussed these views on the air and during stump speeches. During an interview with CNN in March 2016, Trump said that “Islam hates [America],”Footnote 2 and suggested that the United States should not “allow people coming into the country who have this hatred of the United States.”Footnote 3 On Fox News, shortly after a terrorist attack in Brussels, Trump expressed his view that the country was “having problems with the Muslims.”Footnote 4 These “problems,” according to Trump, justified implementation of a more rigorous vetting process for entry into the United States:
The time is overdue to develop a new screening test for the threats we face today. In addition to screening out all members or sympathizers of terrorist groups, we must also screen out any who have hostile attitudes towards our country or its principles—or who believe that Sharia law should supplant American law.Footnote 5
As the campaign continued, Trump began to suggest that his revision of U.S. policy on immigration and refugee admissions would focus on specific geographic areas. In response to Republican criticism of his previous call for barring Muslims from entering the country, Trump said: we “call it territories. OK? We're gonna do territories.”Footnote 6 Trump's later commentary suggested that the new focus on geographical territories expanded the breadth of his initial proposal to prohibit Muslims from entering the country:
I actually don't think [focusing on territories instead of religion is] a rollback. In fact, you could say it's an expansion. I'm looking now at territories. People were so upset when I used the word Muslim. Oh, you can't use the word Muslim. Remember this. And I'm okay with that, because I'm talking territory instead of Muslim.Footnote 7
Trump further elaborated on his proposal during one of the presidential debates, when he explained that “[t]he Muslim ban is something that in some form has morphed into an extreme vetting from certain areas of the world.”Footnote 8
One week after his inauguration in January 2017, President Trump exercised his power pursuant to Section 212(f) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) to issue an executive order implementing his “extreme vetting” proposal. Section 212(f) provides:
Whenever the President finds that the entry of any aliens or of any class of aliens into the United States would be detrimental to the interests of the United States, he may by proclamation, and for such period as he shall deem necessary, suspend the entry of all aliens or any class of aliens as immigrants or nonimmigrants, or impose on the entry of aliens any restrictions he may deem to be appropriate.Footnote 9
The order, which took immediate effect, contained three key provisions that banned immigrants and nonimmigrants from certain countries from entering the United for ninety days,Footnote 10 suspended the U.S. Refugee Admissions Program for 120 days,Footnote 11 and imposed a variety of reporting and vetting requirements.Footnote 12
Section 1 of the executive order noted that “the visa-issuance process plays a crucial role in detecting individuals with terrorist ties and stopping them from entering the United States.”Footnote 13 The text continues:
In order to protect Americans, the United States must ensure that those admitted to this country do not bear hostile attitudes toward it and its founding principles. The United States cannot, and should not, admit those who do not support the Constitution, or those who would place violent ideologies over American law. In addition, the United States should not admit those who engage in acts of bigotry or hatred (including “honor” killings, other forms of violence against women, or the persecution of those who practice religions different from their own) or those who would oppress Americans of any race, gender, or sexual orientation.Footnote 14
Section 3 prohibited certain immigrants and nonimmigrants from entering the United States for ninety days. The order described the prohibition as a temporary pause to allow the Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation with the Secretary of State and the Director of National Intelligence, to “immediately conduct a review to determine the information needed from any country to adjudicate any visa, admission, or other benefit under the INA (adjudications) in order to determine that the individual seeking the benefit is who the individual claims to be and is not a security or public-safety threat.”Footnote 15 To “temporarily reduce investigative burdens on relevant agencies” during the pendency of this review, the order suspended “entry into the United States” for “immigrants and nonimmigrants”—excluding “foreign nationals traveling on diplomatic visas, North Atlantic Treaty Organization visas, C-2 visas for travel to the United Nations, and G-1, G-2, G-3, and G-4 visas”—from seven countries: Iraq, Syria, Sudan, Iran, Somalia, Libya, and Yemen.Footnote 16 The order also authorized the Secretaries of State and Homeland Security to waive the suspension “on a case-by-case basis, and when in the national interest,” and to “issue visas or other immigration benefits to nationals of countries for which visas and benefits are otherwise blocked.”Footnote 17 President Trump issued the temporary ban based on his determination that continued access to the United States for citizens of these countries “would be detrimental to the interests of the United States.”Footnote 18
Section 5 of the executive order related to the United States Refugee Admissions Program. The order immediately “suspend[ed] the U.S. Refugee Admissions Program (USRAP) for 120 days,” during which time the president ordered that
the Secretary of State, in conjunction with the Secretary of Homeland Security and in consultation with the Director of National Intelligence, shall review the USRAP application and adjudication process to determine what additional procedures should be taken to ensure that those approved for refugee admission do not pose a threat to the security and welfare of the United States, and shall implement such additional procedures.Footnote 19
The order provided that 120 days after the date of the order, “the Secretary of State shall resume USRAP admissions only for nationals of countries for which the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the Director of National Intelligence have jointly determined that such additional procedures are adequate to ensure the security and welfare of the United States.”Footnote 20
Section 5 also provided that once the refugee program re-opened, it would be administration policy to: prioritize admission of refugees who were subject to religious persecution, but only if they belonged to a minority religion within the country of origin;Footnote 21 prohibit Syrian nationals from entering as refugees until “such time as [the president] determine[s] that sufficient changes have been made to the USRAP to ensure that admission of Syrian refugees is consistent with the national interest”;Footnote 22 and cap the total number of refugees allowed per year at 50,000.Footnote 23 As with Section 3, the order created a waiver process:
[T]he Secretaries of State and Homeland Security may jointly determine to admit individuals to the United States as refugees on a case-by-case basis, in their discretion, but only so long as they determine that the admission of such individuals as refugees is in the national interest—including when the person is a religious minority in his country of nationality facing religious persecution, when admitting the person would enable the United States to conform its conduct to a preexisting international agreement, or when the person is already in transit and denying admission would cause undue hardship—and it would not pose a risk to the security or welfare of the United States.Footnote 24
During the announcement of the new executive order, Trump observed: “This is the ‘Protection of the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States.’ We all know what that means.”Footnote 25 The next day, Rudy Giuliani—a former advisor to President Trump—gave the media some additional information regarding Trump's proposal: “I'll tell you the whole history of it. So when [the president] first announced it, he said ‘Muslim ban.’ He called me up. He said, ‘Put a commission together. Show me the right way to do it legally.’”Footnote 26 Giuliani advised Trump to “focus[] on, instead of religion, danger—the areas of the world that create danger for us.”Footnote 27
Within days, both individual and state plaintiffs filed lawsuits to challenge the executive order.Footnote 28 Chief among their arguments was a claim that the order violated the Establishment Clause. The plaintiffs relied on statements made by Trump—over the course of his candidacy and during his time in office—to argue that the government “intended to disfavor Islam and favor Christianity.”Footnote 29 They observed that Section 3 suspended entry into the United States from seven majority-Muslim countries, and that Sections 5(b) and 5(e) operated in conjunction to permit entry by Christian refugees but not Muslim refugees.Footnote 30 Section 5(b) provides:
Upon the resumption of USRAP admissions, the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security, is further directed to make changes, to the extent permitted by law, to prioritize refugee claims made by individuals on the basis of religious-based persecution, provided that the religion of the individual is a minority religion in the individual's country of nationality.Footnote 31
Section 5(e), for its part, authorized the Secretaries of State and Homeland Security to grant admission to refugees from the seven majority-Muslim countries notwithstanding Section 3 “so long as they determine that the admission of such individuals as refugees is in the national interest—including when the person is a religious minority in his country of nationality facing religious persecution … .”Footnote 32 Plaintiffs argued that these provisions effectuated President Trump's “intent to enact policies that exclude Muslims from entering the United States and favor Christians seeking to enter the United States”Footnote 33 by “discriminat[ing] between ‘minority religions' and majority religions, [and by] explicitly granting official preference to foreign adherents of minority faiths in the refugee-application process.”Footnote 34
Some litigants raised procedural due process challenges,Footnote 35 citing reports that enforcement agencies were denying entry even to lawful permanent residents.Footnote 36 Litigants argued that barring lawful permanent residents from reentering the United States violated the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause by taking away rights without sufficient notice or opportunity to be heard.Footnote 37 On February 1, White House legal counsel—after acknowledging “reasonable uncertainty” concerning the scope of the Order—clarified that the Order did not “apply to lawful permanent residents of the United States.”Footnote 38 This clarification came after then DHS Secretary John Kelly announced:
In applying the provisions of the president's executive order, I hereby deem the entry of lawful permanent residents to be in the national interest. Accordingly, absent the receipt of significant derogatory information indicating a serious threat to public safety and welfare, lawful permanent resident status will be a dispositive factor in our case-by-case determinations.Footnote 39
Other plaintiffs argued that the order violated the Equal Protection Clause.Footnote 40 Like the Establishment Clause claims, these arguments relied in part on “statements made by [Donald Trump] concerning [the] intent and application” of the Order.Footnote 41 These litigants asserted that the Order “target[ed] individuals for discriminatory treatment based on their country of origin and/or religion, without lawful justification.”Footnote 42
Some challenges to the order relied on statutory claims.Footnote 43 Title 8 U.S.C. § 1152(a)(1) provides that “no person shall receive any preference or priority or be discriminated against in the issuance of an immigrant visa because of the person's race, sex, nationality, place of birth, or place of residence.”Footnote 44 Plaintiffs making this argument suggested that the mandate to “suspend entry into the United States” for ninety days should be construed, in effect, as a suspension of the “issuance of visas” under § 1152(a)(1).Footnote 45 These plaintiffs then alleged that the executive order violated this provision by singling out nationals of seven countries for disfavored treatment.Footnote 46
Finally, some challengers argued that the executive order violated international law.Footnote 47 The United Nations Convention Against Torture—which the United States ratified in 1994Footnote 48 —prohibits states parties from involuntarily returning “a person to another State where there are substantial grounds for believing that he would be in danger of being subjected to torture.”Footnote 49 In a filing in the Western District of Washington, one group of plaintiffs argued that:
The Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act of 1998, 8 U.S.C. § 1231 note, implements the United Nations Convention Against Torture, which the United States ratified in 1994. Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. B, title XXII, § 2242. Under the Convention Against Torture, the United States may not involuntarily return any person to a country where there are substantial grounds for believing the person would be in danger of being subjected to torture … . As implemented, the executive order suspends all immigrant and nonimmigrant entry into Washington by individuals from seven countries and forecloses their ability to apply for relief under the Convention Against Torture.Footnote 50
These plaintiffs did not include this claim in their second amended complaint.Footnote 51
Most discussion of the executive order's international law ramifications has appeared in amicus briefs filed in the various cases.Footnote 52 In addition to raising Convention Against Torture claims, amici have argued that the executive order might violate the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (CCPR). Specifically, one group of amici claimed:
The substantive rights guaranteed by the CCPR, which must be protected without discrimination based on religion or national origin under article 2, include the protection of the family. Article 23 provides in relevant part: “The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State.” The [Human Rights Council] has interpreted this right to include living together, which in turn obligates the state to adopt appropriate measures “to ensure the unity or reunification of families, particularly when their members are separated for political, economic or similar reasons.”
Restrictions on travel and entry caused by the EO that impose disparate and unreasonable burdens on the exercise of this right violate CCPR article 2 … . [T]he CCPR's nondiscrimination principles and protections for family life should be considered by courts in interpreting government measures affecting family unification. This treaty-based protection for family life is consistent with Supreme Court jurisprudence respecting the role of due process of law in governmental decisions affecting family unity.Footnote 53
According to this brief, the executive order threatened to violate these principles of public international law by preventing persons with family members in the United States from being reunited.Footnote 54
Other amicus arguments have suggested that the executive order violated the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination:
The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (“CERD”) also bars discrimination based on national origin. The United States has been a party to the CERD since 1994. Under article 2, paragraph (1)(a), each state party commits to refraining from and prohibiting all forms of racial discrimination, and each further undertakes “to engage in no act or practice of racial discrimination … and to ensure that all public authorities and public institutions, national or local, shall act in conformity with this obligation.” CERD defines “racial discrimination” to include distinctions and restrictions based on national origin. With regard to immigration practices, CERD makes clear that states are free to adopt only such “nationality, citizenship or naturalization” policies that “do not discriminate against any particular nationality.” Like the nondiscrimination provisions of CCPR article 26, CERD article 2 does not limit its application to citizens or resident noncitizens … . Article 4 of CERD further provides that state parties “[s]hall not permit public authorities or public institutions, national or local, to promote or incite racial discrimination,” which (as noted) includes discrimination based on national origin. The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, the body of independent experts appointed to monitor CERD's implementation, interprets article 4 to require states to combat speech stigmatizing or stereotyping noncitizens generally, immigrants, refugees, and asylum seekers, with statements by high-ranking officials causing “particular concern.”Footnote 55
The amici urged the court to consider “[t]he legality of the EO in this case, and the proper interpretation of the statutes and constitutional provisions cited by the parties” with the international law “proscriptions in mind.”Footnote 56
In response to these suits, some district courts began issuing temporary restraining orders and preliminary injunctions—relying on a mix of statutory and constitutional grounds—that prevented enforcement agencies from detaining and deporting individuals during the pendency of the litigation.Footnote 57 The temporary restraining order in Washington v. Trump, in the Western District of Washington, was notable for its nationwide scope.Footnote 58 Although the district court did not specify which of the plaintiff's claims were likely to succeed, the court enjoined enforcement of “Section 3(c) …, Section 5(a) … [and] Section 5(b) of the Executive Order”; “proceeding with any action that prioritizes the refugee claims of certain religious minorities”; and enforcement of “Section 5(c) … [and] Section 5(e) of the Executive Order to the extent Section 5(e) purports to prioritize refugee claims of certain religious minorities.”Footnote 59
The temporary restraining order in Washington v. Trump was upheld on appeal. In a per curiam decision, the Ninth Circuit held that “[t]he Government has not shown that the Executive Order provides what due process requires, such as notice and a hearing prior to restricting an individual's ability to travel.”Footnote 60 For that reason, the court “conclude[d] that the Government has failed to establish that it will likely succeed on its due process argument in this appeal.”Footnote 61 Addressing the Plaintiffs' Equal Protection and Establishment Clause claims, the court said:
The States' claims raise serious allegations and present significant constitutional questions. In light of the sensitive interests involved, the pace of the current emergency proceedings, and our conclusion that the Government has not met its burden of showing likelihood of success on appeal on its arguments with respect to the due process claim, we reserve consideration of these claims until the merits of this appeal have been fully briefed.Footnote 62
The anticipated consideration of these claims never took place, because on March 6—twenty-six days after the Ninth Circuit's decision—President Trump rescinded his initial executive order and issued a second one.Footnote 63
The introduction to this second executive order explained that it was issued to address “judicial concerns” about the first order as well as to “clarif[y] or refine[] the approach” of the first.Footnote 64 Like the first order, the second order imposed a “temporary pause on the entry of nationals from Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen, subject to categorical exceptions and case-by-case waivers.”Footnote 65 The new order also retained the first order's data collection requirements.Footnote 66
The second order differed from the first order in several important respects. First, the new order did not include Iraq on the list of banned countries. Second, the new order was prospective, applying only to persons who “are outside the United States on the effective date of this order … did not have a valid visa at 5:00 p.m., eastern standard time on January 27, 2017 … and do not have a valid visa on the effective date of this order”Footnote 67 and excluding lawful permanent residents entirely.Footnote 68 Third, the new order eliminated preferential treatment on the basis of religious persecution. Fourth, the new order did not categorically bar Syrians from entering the United States as refugees. Finally, the new order contained a specific section discussing how the executive branch would process and resolve waiver requests under Section 2(c)’s ninety-day visa issuance suspension.Footnote 69 The new order authorized “a consular officer, or, as appropriate, the Commissioner, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), or the Commissioner's delegee” to decide whether to grant a waiverFootnote 70 —a power that the first order had vested in the Secretaries of State and Homeland Security. The new order also listed nearly a dozen circumstances where “[c]ase-by-case waivers could be appropriate.”Footnote 71
Former White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer explained that, although the text had been changed, “the principles of the executive order remain[ed] the same.”Footnote 72 President Trump, in addition to stating that the new order imposed “EXTREME VETTING,”Footnote 73 also called it a “watered down, politically correct” version of the “first Travel Ban,”Footnote 74 noting at a rally that “[t]his is a watered-down version of the first one. And let me tell you something. I think we ought to go back to the first one and go all the way, which is what I wanted to do in the first place.”Footnote 75
The plaintiffs challenging the first order amended their complaints to update their constitutional and statutory arguments in light of the second order.Footnote 76 A district court in Maryland issued a nationwide preliminary injunction on March 16 on the grounds that the plaintiffs had established a likelihood of success “on the merits of their Establishment Clause claim.”Footnote 77 The district court reasoned that, despite the changes between the first and second order,
[T]he history of public statements continues to provide a convincing case that the purpose of the Second Executive Order remains the realization of the long-envisioned Muslim ban. The Trump Administration acknowledged that the core substance of the First Executive Order remained intact. Prior to its issuance, on February 16, 2017, Stephen Miller, Senior Policy Advisor to the President, described the forthcoming changes as “mostly minor technical differences,” and stated that the “basic policies are still going to be in effect.”Footnote 78
The district court reached the constitutional question only after finding, regarding the alternative statutory claim, that the plaintiffs had failed to show “a likelihood of success on the merits of the claim that § 1152(a) prevents the President from barring entry to the United States pursuant to § 1182(f), or the issuance of non-immigrant visas, on the basis of nationality.”Footnote 79 On May 25, the Fourth Circuit—sitting en banc—upheld the district court's preliminary injunction.Footnote 80 The court held in an 11–3 decision that the plaintiffs had “more than plausibly alleged that [the second order's] stated national security interest was provided in bad faith, as a pretext for its religious purpose.”Footnote 81 After “look[ing] behind” the second order, the Court concluded:
EO-2 cannot be divorced from the cohesive narrative linking it to the animus that inspired it. In light of this, we find that the reasonable observer would likely conclude that EO-2's primary purpose is to exclude persons from the United States on the basis of their religious beliefs. We therefore find that EO-2 likely fails Lemon’s purpose prong in violation of the Establishment Clause.Footnote 82
The court did not reach the statutory question “[b]ecause the district court enjoined Section 2(c) [of the second order] in its entirety based solely on Plaintiffs' Establishment Clause claim … .”Footnote 83
The next month, the Ninth Circuit upheld a similar nationwide temporary restraining order issued by a district court in Hawai'i. In that case, the district court temporarily prohibited enforcement of the second order on the grounds that plaintiffs had demonstrated “a strong likelihood of success on the merits of their Establishment Clause claim.”Footnote 84 The Ninth Circuit affirmed the temporary restraining order on different grounds,Footnote 85 avoiding the constitutional question entirely and finding instead that President Trump exceeded the statutory authority vested in him by the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA).
The Ninth Circuit began by scrutinizing whether the president properly exercised his power under Section 212(f) of the INA,Footnote 86 which authorizes the president to suspend the entry of certain aliens provided he finds that admitting those aliens would be detrimental to the United States.Footnote 87 The court interpreted the statute to require as a “precondition” that the president “make sufficient findings” justifying a “conclusion that entry of all nationals from the six designated countries, all refugees, and refugees in excess of 50,000 would be harmful to the national interest.”Footnote 88 After reviewing the text of the order, the court held that “[t]here [was] no sufficient finding in EO2 that the entry of the excluded classes would be detrimental to the interests of the United States.”Footnote 89 Next, the court found that, because § 1152(a)’s nondiscrimination provision “cabins the President's authority under [Section 212(f)],”Footnote 90 the executive order violated the INA by “suspending the issuance of immigrant visas and denying entry based on nationality.”Footnote 91
The Trump administration filed petitions for certiorari in both cases and requested a stay of the preliminary injunction in Maryland and the temporary restraining order in Hawai'i. On June 26, the Court agreed to hear the case and—in a per curiam opinion—allowed the March 6 executive order to take partial effect.Footnote 92 Under the Court's decision, the second order may be enforced only against nationals of the six enumerated countries “who lack any bona fide relationship with a person or entity in the United States.”Footnote 93 The Court elaborated on what constitutes a bona fide relationship:
For individuals, a close familial relationship is required. A foreign national who wishes to enter the United States to live with or visit a family member, like Doe's wife or Dr. Elshikh's mother-in-law, clearly has such a relationship. As for entities, the relationship must be formal, documented, and formed in the ordinary course, rather than for the purpose of evading EO–2. The students from the designated countries who have been admitted to the University of Hawaii have such a relationship with an American entity. So too would a worker who accepted an offer of employment from an American company or a lecturer invited to address an American audience. Not so someone who enters into a relationship simply to avoid §2(c): For example, a nonprofit group devoted to immigration issues may not contact foreign nationals from the designated countries, add them to client lists, and then secure their entry by claiming injury from their exclusion.Footnote 94
Two days after the Supreme Court's ruling, the State Department issued a cable to embassies and consulates around the world, updating the scope of the order in light of the “bona fide relationship” requirement.Footnote 95 The cable stated—consistent with the Court's ruling—that the order's “suspension of entry does not apply” to “[a]ny applicant who has a credible claim of a bona fide relationship with a person or entity in the United States.”Footnote 96 For individuals, the order would not apply to those with a “close familial relationship” to a person in the United States.Footnote 97 Importantly, the State Department defined “close family” as a “parent (including parent-in-law), spouse, child, adult son or daughter, son-in-law, daughter-in-law, sibling, whether whole or half.”Footnote 98 But “‘[c]lose family does not include grandparents, grandchildren, aunts, uncles, nieces, nephews, cousins, brothers-laws and sisters-in-law, fiancés, and any other ‘extended’ family members.”Footnote 99 For entities, the State Department clarified that:
A relationship with a “U.S. entity” must be formal, documented, and formed in the ordinary course rather than for the purpose of evading the E.O. A consular officer should not issue a visa unless the officer is satisfied that the applicant's relationship complies with these requirements and was not formed for the purpose of evading the E.O.Footnote 100
The State of Hawai'i—the lead plaintiff in the Ninth Circuit's Hawai'i v. Trump case—filed an emergency motion in federal district court seeking to clarify the scope of the preliminary injunction in light of the Supreme Court's June 26 decision and the State Department's updated interpretation of the executive order.Footnote 101 Hawai'i argued that the government's new interpretation violated the Supreme Court's prohibition against enforcing the ban with respect to persons having “bona fide” connections to the United States.Footnote 102 According to Hawai'i, the Supreme Court's “bona fide relationship” guidance could not be interpreted to exclude “fiancés, grandparents, grandchildren, brothers-in-law, sisters-in-law, aunts, uncles, nieces, nephews, and cousins of persons in the United States.”Footnote 103 Initially, the district court refused to clarify the scope of the Supreme Court's decision:
[T]he parties' disagreements derive neither from this Court's temporary restraining order, this Court's preliminary injunction, nor this Court's amended preliminary injunction, but from the modifications to this Court's injunction ordered by the Supreme Court. Accordingly, the clarification to the modifications that the parties seek should be more appropriately sought in the Supreme Court.Footnote 104
The Ninth Circuit affirmed the district court's order refusing to “clarify” the Supreme Court's decision, but noted that the district court “possess[ed] the ability to interpret and enforce the Supreme Court's order.”Footnote 105
Hawai'i then filed a new emergency motion to “enforce” or “modify”—rather than “clarify”—the preliminary injunction.Footnote 106 The district court partially granted the plaintiff's request.Footnote 107 First, the district court ruled that “the Government's narrowly defined list finds no support in the careful language of the Supreme Court or even in the immigration statutes on which the Government relies.”Footnote 108 The district court modified the injunction to prohibit the government from enforcing the exclusionary provisions of the executive order against: refugees with “a formal assurance from an agency within the United States that the agency will provide, or ensure the provision of, reception and placement services to that refugee”;Footnote 109 refugees “in the U.S. Refugee Admissions Program through the Lautenberg Program”;Footnote 110 and persons with “grandparents, grandchildren, brothers-in-law, sisters-in-law, aunts, uncles, nieces, nephews, [or] cousins … in the United States.”Footnote 111 The district court denied the plaintiff's request to expand the preliminary injunction to cover refugees affiliated with certain refugee admissions organizations.Footnote 112 The government then appealed the district court's modification of the injunction to the Supreme Court.Footnote 113
