Introduction
The term ‘ornamentation’ conjures culturally and artistically specific ideas: filigree swirls, floral or geometric motifs, certain architectural structures, ancient patterns carved in bronze and iron, expressive woven designs, musical figures, elaborate cadenzas and, perhaps above all, ideas of detail. Focus upon Western art music, especially that of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and one soon uncovers more contentious ideas of the ornamental in contrast to the non-ornamental and the structural.Footnote 1 This is not just limited to tonal music of this period, but also expressed in the atonal. In ‘Ornamentation as Gesture in Atonal Music’, Michael Buchler recycles much of the terminology used in Classical-period music, of ornamentation as ‘passing and neighbour tones, suspensions, and incomplete neighbours’.Footnote 2 Although it could be argued that this distinction is useful in applying a very specific harmonic and contrapuntal lens, I struggle with this rigid approach, which strips away the musical materials that, for me, are the most intriguing for their ability to activate, weave and propel material.
Take the painting Sydney Sun (1965) by John Olsen (see Figure 1). It would be absurd to dissociate the lines and coils, splotches and specks, and focus exclusively upon foreground and formal aspects of the work. It is these very components, the use of figures, lines, layers and seemingly kinetic-like details – terms that might equally describe musical ornaments – that give this work its sheer impact and expressivity.Footnote 3 Likewise, I argue that the same sentiments can be used when considering aspects of Baroque ornamentation where the use of appoggiaturas, mordents, trills and other such details are a key structural component of musical progression and identity. Take the opening of François Couperin’s ‘La Française’ from Les Nations.Footnote 4 Here, I perceive the inverted mordents and short trills of the upper voices as a catalyst for the proceeding descending bass line – in essence a vehicle for pitch destabilisation.
Figure 1: John Olsen, Sydney Sun (1965).Footnote 7
The same applies to more contemporary works. In describing Liza Lim’s Weaver of fictions (2007), Tim Rutherford-Johnson categorises an array of elements such as trills, multiphonics, scattershot runs, overblowing, flutter-tonguing and even rhythmic variation as ornamentation that is increasingly foregrounded, later describing these aspects in The Four Seasons (After Cy Twombly (2008) as a vehicle for development.Footnote 5 Of Evan Johnson’s L’art de toucher triptych (2009, 2011, 2021), Johnson writes that these works are ‘made of layers of ornament upon ornament, flowering elaboration upon flowering elaboration upon flowering elaboration, of very simple, trivial musical figures, until they become something else altogether’.Footnote 6 In both examples, the use of figures and activity that could be described as ornamentation are intrinsic to the development and identity of the works.
From this starting point, I will outline my approach to ornamentation, which I see as a multifaceted set of behaviours and activities – one that encompasses a particular set of musical figures or objects, a distinct set of musical behaviours, is analogous with and enhanced by layers and has the ability to foster a relationship with form and structure.Footnote 8 Furthermore, ornamentation can also be used as vehicle for timbre and colouration, associated with specific performance and extended techniques and intrinsically tied to concerns of notation. Each of these – ornamentation as ‘figuration’,Footnote 9 as ‘behaviour’, as ‘a 'heterophony of layers’, as ‘architecture’ – will be exemplified within my recent work, including Passacaglia (2021), Fourteen transcriptions from across the plane (plain) (2023), Tor (2022) and Through Gates Unseen (2023).
Finally, it is worth addressing some key issues surrounding the term ‘ornamentation’. Ornamentation as a term is arguably contentious. It has Western European connotations, a very specific set of musical objects attributed to it and ascribes a sense of the superfluous. The question then arises: should another term be used to describe the type of musical ideas I discuss here? Terms such as figure, fioritura, filigree and embellishment are used to describe not-too-dissimilar ideas, but each has its own set of drawbacks.Footnote 10 Instead, the term ‘ornamentation’ remains one that is familiar, needing little explanation in discussion and, most practically, in rehearsals. Furthermore, by broadening the analysis of ornamentation beyond musicFootnote 11 and the often narrow discourse of Baroque- and early Classical-period music, it is evident that this term remains the most fitting way to describe the types of activities and behaviours to which I am so drawn.Footnote 12
Ornamentation as Figuration
At the local level, the smallest sound unit of ornamentation is figuration. Ornamental figures, or figurative ornamentation, consist of musical objects, micro-details and the smallest motivic elements, often historically, culturally and instrumentally specific. These figures include the countless musical objects contained in treatises on ornamentation during Europe’s late Renaissance, Baroque and early Classical periods, notably those by Guiseppe Tartini,Footnote 13 Jean Rousseau, Monsieur de Saint-Lambert,Footnote 14 François Couperin,Footnote 15 and the multigenerational contributions of Johann Sebastian BachFootnote 16 and Carl Philipp Emanuel BachFootnote 17 and Riccardo RognoniFootnote 18 and Francesco Rognoni.Footnote 19 These vary in their provision of historical contexts, their execution of certain ornaments, their recommended usage, purpose, content, length, stress and explanations of shorthands and symbols. These figures include different types of trills, turns, mordents, slides, appoggiaturas, acciaccaturas and many more.
Figurative ornamentation is not just limited to Western classical music. In Celtic pipe music there are a number of ornamental figures, which amongst other uses, are required to obtain certain notes, registers and note combinations. These include slides, cuts, taps, rolls, crans, shivers and backstitching.Footnote 20 In Ottoman music, the term ‘ornamentation’ is used to describe the many actions a musician may take, according to style and instrumentation, where the ‘note’ is generally considered only a tool.Footnote 21 Specific to the type of ‘makam’ and ‘seyir’ used,Footnote 22 musicians master characteristic melodic phrases called ‘çeşni-s’ which are highly ornamental, with microtonal variations, glissandi, various grace notes, trills and repeated notes.Footnote 23 Arabic improvisatory music includes ornamental figures that modulate pitch and rhythm, contain melodic additions and subtractions and include instrumentally specific embellishments, such as the ‘Tarkib’ and ‘Tad’if.’Footnote 24 I posit that all these diverse musical objects and techniques exemplify the idea of ornamentation as figuration. However, although these figures are a component of local-level activity they can also convey the musical essence of the work, functioning as vehicles for progression and development, spinning out material and providing implications for larger formal-level activity. I am particularly drawn to this idea, and resonate with Al Faruqī’s remark about Arabic music: ‘Ornament […] is not an adjunct to a particular tune or to specific tones of that tune. It is itself the melodic substance …’.Footnote 25
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The use of ornamental figurations as material, to propel motion, activate or prologue pitch, layer details and as a vehicle for development, is a core component of my works. Figure 2 illustrates a table of notated symbols that are common throughout many of my recent works.Footnote 26 These are a subset of ornamental figurations that can be expressed through a familiar notational symbol or shorthand that is repeatable and partially formulaic. Those on the left (a) are likely to be recognisable by most Western classical musicians. These include trills (including those with suffixes and prefixes), turns, mordents, grace notes, tremolos and vibrato. The figurations on the right (b), illustrate the less familiar types of material that could also be described as ornamentation, including trills between finger pressures, scratch tone re-articulations, erratic vibrato, flared beams, overblowing and various scrubbing motions. What unifies both the more familiar Baroque ornaments and those on the right is their shared musical behaviour; they articulate, activate and detail a given musical parameter and are used to propel material forwards.
Figure 2: Typical ornamental figurations that, as symbol or shorthand, represent formulaic and/or repeatable figurations in my music.
Not all ornamental figurations in my work are exclusively notated like this, however; many are composed out and, more commonly, altered, warped and manipulated. These figures often act as a vehicle for development and emphasise different pitch-based centres. In bar 10 of the recorder cadenza in Tor (see Example 1), a written-out figure resembling a turn is found in the middle of the 11:8 rhythmic group, functioning as an accentuation of pitch G. Meandering around this pitch point, but notably not voicing it, a pedal G is established two octaves below, anchoring the glissando. This is followed by another meander around G, in the 7:4 rhythmic group, and another pedal G, now doubled by the voice (square notehead), before the upper voice frees itself of this pitch-based constriction.
Example 1: Jakob Bragg, Tor, bar 10, cadenza.
In Passacaglia, the trill functions as a vehicle for both shifting the pitch band and propelling activity. Example 2 shows the opening of Passacaglia, with a semitone trill sliding upwards then downwards, settling on a single pitch (bar 1). In bar 2 this tightening within the trill is distilled into short-burst trills, contracting from a larger initial interval, before finally an expanding trill begins in the following bar. This prepares bar 4, where a triple-stop, over an interval of a 13th, is followed by a double-stop of almost three octaves (note the natural harmonic). The effect is of highly mobile activity, flickering within a constrained pitch-band, that expands and contracts in regular cycles; in other words, it breathes.
Example 2: Jakob Bragg, Passacaglia, opening system.
These ornamental figurations – musical objects somewhat familiar, formulaic and here composed out and abstracted – occur throughout many of my works. These ornamental figures are a key aspect of how I develop material, but what follows is a more general overview of ornamentation as a type of activity, shifting the focus away from singular music objects.
Ornamentation as Behaviour
Operating at a higher level within a phrase, subsections, or even at the global level, is ornamentation as behaviour, or behavioural ornamentation, a concept that arose out of a desire to discuss the highly active and detail-orientated materials to which I am drawn and to move away from a narrow focus upon individual figures. I will briefly discuss how I arrived at the characteristics outlined here, because, for all its familiarity as a term, ornamentation conjures many, often contradictory definitions. For example, musical ornamentation has been described in the following way: ‘embellishments... they enliven tones and impart stress and accent’Footnote 27 (C. P. E. Bach); ‘florid … animated air’Footnote 28 (Guiseppe Tartini); ‘fundamentally gestural’Footnote 29 (Michael Buchler); ‘expendable outermost sphere of lightest specific weight …’Footnote 30 (Frederick Neumann); ‘melodic lubricant …’Footnote 31 (Frederick Neumann); ‘timbral modulation … sound takes on a dimension of change and internal complexity’Footnote 32 (Richard Barrett). Some of these imply an underlying structural layer (embellish, gestural, expendable), while others imply a functional layer (animate, lubricate, modulate).
A similarly selective snapshot of ornamentation in design and architecture yields these definitions: ‘artistic expressions’Footnote 33 (Haryanto Simanjuntak, M. Nawawiy Loebis and Dwi Lindarto); ‘geometric, calligraphic and vegetal’Footnote 34 (Lois Ibsen al-Faruqī); ‘emerges from material substrate, inseparable from the object’Footnote 35 (Farshid Moussavi); ‘vines, tendrils, foliate, leaves and stems’Footnote 36 (Mohammad Arif Kamal and Murat Cetin); ‘abstracted plant form … along geometric grid lines’Footnote 37 (Tom Beeby); ‘any remaining straight line dissolved into sweeping scrolls … flirtatious curves and dainty arcs’Footnote 38 (Victoria Charles and Klaus H. Carl). Here, there are suggestions of the organic and the naturalistic (vegetal, vines, scrolls, curves) and others that imply a relationship with form (material substrate, geometric, abstracted plant form). In Louis Sullivan’s Wainwright Building in St Louis, for example, ornamentation is expressed as an accentuation of architectural form, framing and enhancing certain features, utilising floral, vegetal and geometric motifs, an extremity of detail and materials that appear to emerge from the structural whole (see Figure 3).
Figure 3: Wainwright Building, 7th Street and Chestnut Street, St. Louis, MO. (Photograph, Wikimedia Commons, 23 March 2023).
Drawing on these descriptors, reflecting on the diverse musical materials that could be described as ornamental – not just those of Western European music – and considering the types of music behaviours to which I am drawn, I propose the following definitions.
Ornamentation is Transitionary. It often traverses away or toward a new structural level. This could be a transition from one pitch point to another, one rhythmic identity to another, or as in architecture, marking a shift in geometric form.
Ornamentation is Density. It is compact, detailed, often compounded and capable of saturation. Consider an interlocking of vegetal motifs within the visual arts, or musically, a virtuosic cadenza.
Ornamentation is Kinetic. It provides musical energy, momentum, activates pitch, rhythm, timbre and resonance. It is rarely sedentary or static.
Ornamentation is Articulation. It demarks and accentuates features. Consider the role of the acciaccatura within a phrase. The same could be said of other figurations and of ornamental forms within architecture, emphasising attention upon certain features.
Ornamentation is Organic. It often feels naturalistic, spontaneous, improvisatory, appearing to contain materials that meander, swirl and turn.
It is possible that many more adjectives could be used to describe ornamental behaviours, nor need ornamentation encompass all these characteristics. This, however, is the lens that I have developed when I compose, structure and discuss ornamentation and, although it is specific to my practice, I believe it could be useful in broader musical discourse. A graphical representation of these behaviours – transition, density, kinetic energy, articulation and the organic – are found in Figure 4 and Figure 5, which have become pivotal in the way I map and express sketch material.
Figure 4: Graphic representation of each of the five behavioural characteristics of ornamentation: transition, density, kinetic energy, articulation and the organic. (Illustration: Jakob Bragg.)
Figure 5: Graphical representation of how the five behavioural characteristics of ornamentation could be expressed in a single illustration. This could represent a single phrase, or equally so, the entire structure of a work. (Illustration, Jakob Bragg.)
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In the opening passage of Passacaglia (see Example 2), all these behavioural aspects of ornamentation are on display. There are transitions between distorted and ordinario tones (indicated by shaded wedges), between bow positions (upper two-line stave) and between different amounts of finger pressure, and a traversing of the underlying pitch ostinato which frames each sub-phrase. There is a density of activity, often stratified across multiple layers. Trills and glissandi, finger manipulation and distortions are superimposed to form a saturation of shifting, flickering and buzzing activities. This density, further amplified by the scrubbing motion of the frame drum, use of trills and dynamics that propel momentum, gives a highly kinetic and energetic impression. The frame drum functions as an articulation of the violin. Sometimes this draws attention to shifts in material, while at other times this accentuates or exaggerates violin gestures, such as the use of superball dovetailing the violin glissandi. Lastly, there is a playful spinning out of material. The pitch-based ostinato functions as a distant grounding, with glissandi, registral shifts, manipulations, varying phrase lengths and rhythmic groups playfully shadowing the Biber Passacaglia from which this work draws, and affording a quasi-improvisatory and virtuosic abstraction of the original.Footnote 39
In Fourteen transcriptions from across the plane (plain) (see Example 3), behavioural ornamentation is taken to another extreme. Dense clusters of meandering pitches, performed as fast as possible, distorted by a ruler placed horizontally across the strings, exemplify density, kinetic energy and the organic. Stripped-down trills and explosive clusters sharply articulate this shifting material as the work traverses register, pitch-bands and various scraping techniques across the strings.
Example 3: Jakob Bragg, Fourteen transcriptions from across the plane (plain), bars 9–13 of transcription 5 from this work use a novel x–y axis notation. The upper stave indicates a ruler to be placed inside the piano, muting the band of strings performed by the left hand in the lower stave.
Ornamentation as a Heterophony of Layers
Operating at a stratified level, both locally and globally, is ornamentation as layered activity. Applicable to both the figurative and behavioural level, this layered approach further amplifies, compounds and even radicalises its constituent parts. This ornamental activity can occur across multiple parameters, often simultaneously, to create a sort of hyper-ornamentation. For example, a glissando within one parameter might be transformed by a glissando in another parameter, or a trill between neighbouring notes could be layered with a trill between finger pressure or mute manipulations.Footnote 40 In both cases, ornamental activity is replicated and enhanced across multiple parameters, instrumental lines or structural layers. Although this activity might manifest as a dense polyphony, my interest is in heterophony, a splicing, a shadowing, a messy call and response between layers.
Defined as the simultaneous variation of a melody or line,Footnote 41 my interest in heterophony arose from a deep love of Ottoman music:Footnote 42 the meandering and highly expressive taksîm,Footnote 43 each performer dovetailing the next, slowly exposing both makam and temperament, leading to a more regimented unison in which instrumentation, ornamentation and imitation contribute to a resultant heterophony.Footnote 44
Affecting parameters from orchestration, timbre and rhythm to performer relationships, my primary focus is on layering that enhances behavioural aspects of ornamentation.Footnote 45 Richard Barrett’s approach to heterophony is relevant here, measuring ‘degrees of focus’ in comparing different musical strands with regard to pitch, duration, timbral resonance and articulation.Footnote 46
I would distinguish a heterophonic approach, whose syntax might be based on something like a degree of relative collinearity between simultaneous lines, or in other words the proximity of their frequencies within a continuum between low and high, from a ‘harmonic’ approach whose syntax ultimately depends on the relations between points along the quantised spectrum of the natural harmonic series, or approximations to it.Footnote 47
Although my interest in layering to amplify and compound ornamental behaviours includes that between different instruments and lines, I am more interested in layering different instrumental parameters,Footnote 48 as in Evan Johnson’s work where manipulations and ornamental figures are interlaced across multiple staves, resulting in a highly active work undergoing constant transformation. In describing his solo bass clarinet work, Supplement (2004/2007), Johnson states that:
In concrete terms, the piece is a study in layered ornamentation, in concentric encrustations of material and of performative states that more often than not conspire to overwhelm and irretrievably distort that which is ornamented. There is too much material, too much reaction to and too much enthusiasm for that material; a basic melodic line is ‘supplemented’ beyond recognition and beyond the capacity of a monophonic instrument to control it.Footnote 49
This layering of ornamentation to overwhelm and distort, in conjunction with my predilection for heterophony and a more behavioural approach, occurs in many of my works. In Tor (2022) there is a dense simultaneous layering of lines, notational detail, orchestration and parameters. Movement IV, ‘Weathered (a)’, illustrates this (Example 4). Emerging from almost molten bass drum and den-den daiko drum music, a wild dialogue commences between the two flutes. Each flute navigates a heterophony of parameters with fingering, embouchure, states of airiness, vocalisations, sung lines, overblowing and flutter-tongue all decoupled.
Example 4: Jakob Bragg, Tor, bars 1–4 of movement IV, ‘Weathered (a)’, Tor.
In bar 1, the bass flute embouchure manipulations shadow the turn-like figure of the fingered pitches. Rhythmically displaced with a short overblowing, the effect of this heterophony is one of liquefied ornamental figurations, blurred and distorted. The piccolo line also closely parrots the bass flute, often less than subtly. Sounding three or four octaves apart, these echoed outbursts run away with fragments of the bass flute before falling silent and picking up again with a new gesture. In bar 3, the piccolo takes the idea of the bass flute F♯ appoggiatura to F♮, compressing it into a demisemiquaver tuplet over two pitches. The act of compression transforms this into a sort of acciaccatura, further distorted by tremolo and an elongated embouchure bend like that of the bass flute below. This act of mimicking and deviation continues over five bars, every time bookended by sustained pitches and often interrupted by the recorder. After three cycles, the two flutes begin to work more harmoniously (bars 12,13 and 15). This behaviour continues into movement V, with both flutes working in conjunction through overblown trills.
In Passacaglia, a heterophonic layering is also established between the two instruments and between multi-stave performer actions on the same instrument. Throughout, there is an exchange between the violin and the frame drum as to who influences whom. Returning to Figure 4, the motions of sliding and scrubbing are evident in both instruments. What is less clear, given the displacement in rhythm between these events, is whether the frame drum glissando is the catalyst for the glissando in the violin or its consequence, dovetailing the end of the violin glissando in bar 5. This elusive relationship between the instruments is a key component of the work, although this heterophonic relationship can also be more direct, as in bar 42 (see Example 5), where the application and release of pressure upon the frame-drum tremolo functions as a delayed mirroring of the violin harmonic glissando.
Example 5: Jakob Bragg, Passacaglia, bars 40–44; a heterophony of layers between instrumental lines and parameters contributes to a highly ornamental sense of activity.
Manipulations across multiple parameters also contribute to a layering that enhances the behavioural aspects of ornamentation. In bar 41, the violin begins a trill between harmonic and half-harmonic pressure, moving down from an indeterminate high pitch to first position. Simultaneously, bow position moves from sul tasto to molto sul pont (indicated by the upper three-line stave) before the trill shifts to one between harmonic and ordinario pressure by bar 42. In addition, a neighbouring open second string is gradually introduced. Ignoring parameters such as dynamics and duration, the performer navigates five states of transition; instigated by the original trill, these are layered, with compounded re-articulated attacks (trills and tremolo) and shifts in timbre contributing a sense of kinetic energy and density, ultimately lending impact to the shift in volume and action of the proceeding bar.
In heterophonic relationships where splicing and shadowing of stratified materials occurs, ornamental behaviours are enhanced. These figurations and broader instrumental lines are compounded, overwhelmed, amplified and distorted.
Ornamentation as Architecture
How can ornamentation manifest at the macro or architectural level?Footnote 50 Figure 6 is a collection of swirling and coiling lines, vertically arranged, some colliding, but most remaining independent. The work is made of a multitude of smaller figurations, from light undulating lines to heavy smeared scratches. The overall impression could be described as states of transition, levels of kinetic energy, a density of turns and swirls, an articulation of verticality and, overall, an organic meandering. These behavioural descriptors of ornamentation can equally be applied at the local and macro level, as instrumental lines or the entire architecture of a work: perhaps a shimmering tremor of highly polyphonic lines, or a dense mapping of independent fingers working their way down a cello fingerboard.
Figure 6: Charcoal Sketch 1 (2023), Jakob Bragg.
These behavioural characteristics of ornamentation are equally useful in rendering details at both the local and the macro, or architectural level. I often create a graphic representation of these behaviours at the architectural level, an abstract, usually hand-drawn sketch that maps ornamentation and provides an important compositional tool for moving between the local and global levels and in excavating notational detail. In certain works, this architectural detail crystallises early on; in others, it remains in a constant state of moulding and manipulation.
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Just as the ideas from other art forms were used to extend my scope of ornamentation as behaviour, the discipline of architecture will be used to focus upon the nature of ornament and form, their potential interrelationship and how this could be translated within music. In architecture, arguments about ornamentation and form vary, from ornament as a distinct aesthetic and symbolic expression, to ornament as intrinsically linked to structure and material.Footnote 51 I am particularly fascinated by Robert Kerr’s satirical remark that architecture is ‘a cloak with which the architect transformed a dull structure into an eloquent “object d’art”’.Footnote 52 Kerr identified four primary approaches:
Structure ornamented: there are decorations, additions, and those made independent to the overall structure.
Structure ornamentalised, or rendered itself ornamental: here, structural elements are arranged to create an ornamental effect.
Ornament structuralised, or rendered itself structural: ornamentation and design is the focus with structure and construction arranged to serve this.
Ornament constructed: here, ornamentation is made material, with concerns surrounding construction and form disregarded or having to be completely reinvented.Footnote 53
The parallels between these descriptions and music are intriguing, and for each description, one could imagine a musical equivalent. Figure 7 illustrates these four approaches, interpreted architecturally on the left and musically on the right.
Figure 7: Architectural and music interpretations of the four approaches to ornament and form. From left to right, top to bottom: structure ornamented, expressed as (a) a column with added ionic decorations and (b) a sustained pitch activated by a trill; structure ornamentalised, expressed as (c) an arrangement of columns, pediment and steps and (d) sections of a work arranged in a tessellated fashion; ornament structuralised, expressed as (e) an urban plan for flared star junction and (f) a musical work that might in its entirety interpret the turn figuration; and ornament constructed, illustrated by (g) Jørn Utzon’s Sydney Opera House, a nestled shell design that required new materials and construction techniques,Footnote 54 alongside (h) a musical work in which gesture and form is entirely derived from a visually abstract sketch. (Illustration: Jakob Bragg.)
Although all four categories play a role in my approach to ornamentation and form in music, I find the second, third and fourth approaches most fascinating, with ‘ornament constructed’ particularly informing my practice. Here, I lean on my drawing and sketching practice to map out form, orchestration, behaviours and activities. I then move between the local level and macro level, allowing creative impulses and mood to twist and bend the model as I excavate details. The focus is on ornamentation as material or, to put it differently, ornamentation manifest as form.
Many works explore a direct relationship between ornamentation and form, including those by Evan Johnson,Footnote 55 Cassandra MillerFootnote 56 and Yu Kuwabara.Footnote 57 Although not explicitly about ornamentation, the textural directness of Franck Bedrossian’s Manifesto (2008) commands an interesting relationship between highly ornate and active lines and the overall architecture of the work.Footnote 58 Figure 8 is a graphical representation of the work, with a focus on perceived texture, intensity and gesture. The directness between line, shading, figure and space is one I replicate in many of my works, but in the reverse order. This was an important step in my thinking about an abstracted and behavioural approach to ornamentation that is realised at the architectural level.
Figure 8: A graphical interpretation of Franck Bedrossian’s work Manifesto (2008). (illustration, Jakob Bragg.)
Reflections
I am deeply interested in how ornamentation can be expressed at the figurative, behavioural, layered and architectural level. In my work, this multifaceted approach to ornamentation is used as compositional material in its own right. Ornamental behaviours of transition, density, kinetic energy, the organic and articulation are used to distort and destabilise, as a vehicle for modulation and as a framework for exploratory play within the compositional process. I have continued to research this relationship in recent works such as Through Gates Unseen (2023), in which musical detail is excavated from an overarching architectural sketch of dense shaded towers, smearing lines and layered chorales. My goal is to link the global and local more closely, so that ornamentation occurs not only within the micro-, phrase- and gestural-level, but also at the architectural level.
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