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²⁰ The Churchman xix (1 Dec. 1849), 157.

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⁶⁰ McLachlan, , American Boarding Schools, 141, 145, 146, 149, 162;Google ScholarKatz, Michael B., review of James, McLachlan, American Boarding Schools, in Journal of American History l8 (1971), 453;Google ScholarCookson, and Persell, , Preparing for Power, 113.Google ScholarToward the end of his book, in his chapter on Groton, McLachlan remarks that ‘St Paul's maintained a tradition of High Church Episcopalianism’ (p. 268), but he seems to mean nothing more by this statement than that the school's churchmanship – in the narrow sense of liturgical custom - was ‘ high’, i.e. ritualistic, not that its raison d'etre and fundamental ethos were grounded in High Church theology. In his clsapter on St Paul's (pp. 136–57), he repeatedly refers to ‘ the evangelical impulse’ behind the school's founding, the ‘ intense evangelical fervour’ George Shattuck looked for in its first rector, and so forth.Google Scholar

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⁶³ I do not mean to suggest that all Roman Catholics (or Lutherans or Old School Presbyterians) were opposed to all forms of revivalism; see, for example,Google ScholarJay P., Dolan, Catholic Revivalism: the American experience, 1830–1900, Notre Dame 1978.Google Scholar On the parochial schools see Otto F., Kraushaar, American Nonpublic Schools: patterns of diversity, Baltimore 1972;Google ScholarLewis Joseph, Sherrill, Presbyterian Parochial Schools, 1846–1870, 1932, repr. New York 1969;Google ScholarLloyd P., Jorgenson, The State and the Non-Public School, 1825–1925, Columbia, Mo. 1987;Google Scholar and Anson Phelps, Stokes, Church and State in the United Slates, 3 vols, New York 1950, ii. 671–7.Google Scholar

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⁷⁰ It is noteworthy that some of those who began the schools seem to have truly lamented the necessity to attract and teach only boys from wealthy backgrounds. Muhlenberg complained to Whittingham, ‘ I have been obliged to expend myself upon the Children of the Rich none of whom can be expected to serve the Church’, Muhlenberg to Whittingham, 9 Jan. 1844,Google ScholarWhittingham Papers, W. R., Maryland Diocesan Archives, Baltimore. Muhlenberg told Kerfoot that ‘ as long as church schools can receive only the children of the rich, they will be raising crops of weeds’, Muhlenberg to Kerfoot, 28 Jan. 1851, in Harrison, , Life of Kerfoot, i. 136. Kerfoot went so far as to tell his pupils’ parents that ‘we all deeply regret’ having to teach only the children of the rich:Google ScholarJohn B., Kerfoot, An Address to the Parents and Guardians of the Pupils in St James's Hall, New York 1843, 8.Google Scholar

⁷¹ I am grateful to Professor Perko, F. Michael, of Loyola University of Chicago, for this suggestion, proffered in the session on ‘ Religion and Education in Early America’ at the annual meeting of the History of Education Society, Toronto, November 1988.Google Scholar