Hostname: page-component-89b8bd64d-x2lbr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-05-10T23:34:59.623Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

SOLAR OBSERVATORY OR ALLEGORY? CALAKMUL'S GROUP E-TYPE COMPLEX FORM AND FUNCTION

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 December 2017

Anne S. Dowd ,
Anthony F. Aveni  and
Ramón Carrasco
Anne S. Dowd*
Affiliation:
ArchæoLOGIC USA, LLC, Western Division, P.O. Box 4363, Vail, Colorado 81658-4363
Anthony F. Aveni
Affiliation:
Colgate University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, 331 Ho Science Center, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, New York 13346
Ramón Carrasco
Affiliation:
C.R.S.–INAH, Centro INAH Campeche, Calle 59, No. 36, entre Calle 14 y 16, Anexo a la Casa del Teniente del Rey, C.P. 24000, Campeche, México
*
E-mail correspondence to: adowd@archaeologicusa.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Members of the Proyecto Arqueológico de la Biosfera Calakmul under Carrasco's direction excavated the Cenote Style Group E-type complex at the Maya site of Calakmul, Campeche, Mexico. The Cenote Style refers to the plan of the E-Group with a series of three temples built onto a long narrow eastern range structure facing a western structure across a broad central plaza. Architectural data exist to evaluate this standardizing group's utility for observing solar events. Astronomical evidence for the function of this complex is presented and discussed. The overall orientation of Structures IVa, IVb, IVc, and VI is slightly east, 13° of true north, while a pair of doorways in Structure IVc align with the setting sun during the summer solstice point, despite the break in the buildings' floor-plan symmetry this represents.

Information

Type
Special Section: Mesoamerican Cultural Astronomy and the Calendar
Information
Ancient Mesoamerica , Volume 28 , Issue 2 , Fall 2017 , pp. 559 - 583
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

REFERENCES

Aimers, James John 1993 An Hermeneutic Analysis of the Maya E-Group Complex. Unpublished M.A. thesis, Department of Anthropology, Trent University, Peterborough.Google Scholar
Aimers, James John, and Rice, Prudence M. 2006 Astronomy, Ritual, and the Interpretation of Maya “E-Group” Architectural Assemblages. Ancient Mesoamerica 17:79–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrews, George F. 1975 Maya Cities: Placemaking and Urbanization. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Andrews, George F. 1995 Architectural Survey at Calakmul 1994/1995. Unpublished manuscript on file, George F. and Geraldine D. Andrews paper collection, Alexander Architectural Archive, University of Texas Libraries, University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Aveni, Anthony F. 1972 Astronomical Tables Intended for Use in Astro-Archaeological Studies. American Antiquity 37:531–540.Google Scholar
Aveni, Anthony F. 1978 Old and New World Naked-Eye Astronomy. Technology Review 81:60–72.Google Scholar
Aveni, Anthony F. 2001 Skywatchers: A Revised and Updated Version of Skywatchers of Ancient Mexico. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Aveni, Anthony F. 2010 Cosmology and Cultural Landscape: The Late Postclassic Maya of North Yucatan. In Astronomers, Scribes, and Priests: Intellectual Interchange between the Northern Maya Lowlands and Highland Mexico in the Late Preclassic Period, edited by Vail, Gabrielle and Hernández, Christine, pp. 115–134. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Aveni, Anthony F. (editor) 2015 The Measure and Meaning of Time in Mesoamerica and the Andes. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Aveni, Anthony F., and Dowd, Anne S. 2017 E Groups: Astronomy, Alignments, and Maya Cosmology. In Maya E Groups: Calendars, Astronomy, and Urbanism in the Early Lowlands, edited by Freidel, David A., Chase, Arlen F., Dowd, Anne S., and Murdock, Jerry, pp. 75–94. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Aveni, Anthony F., Dowd, Anne S., and Vining, Benjamin 2003 Maya Calendar Reform? Evidence from Orientations of Specialized Architectural Assemblages. Latin American Antiquity 14:159–178.Google Scholar
Aveni, Anthony F., and Hartung, Horst 1986 Maya City Planning and the Calendar. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 76(7):1–87.Google Scholar
Aveni, Anthony F., and Hartung, Horst 1988 Archaeoastronomy and Dynastic History at Tikal. New Directions in American Archaeoastronomy, edited by Aveni, Anthony F., pp. 1–16. British Archaeological Reports (BAR) International Series 454. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aveni, Anthony F., and Hartung, Horst 1989 Uaxactún, Guatemala, Group E and Similar Assemblages: An Archaeoastronomical Reconsideration. In World Archaeoastronomy: Selected Papers from the 2nd Oxford International Conference on Archaeoastronomy held at Merida, Yucatan, Mexico, 13–17 January 1986, edited by Aveni, Anthony F., pp. 441–461. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Aveni, Anthrony F., and Hotaling, Lorren D. 1994 Monumental Inscriptions and the Observational Basis of Maya Planetary Astronomy. Archaeoastronomy 19:S21–S54.Google Scholar
Aveni, Anthony F., Milbrath, Susan, and Peraza, Carlos 2004 Chichén Itzá’s Legacy in Astronomically Oriented Architecture at Mayapán. RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics 45:123–43.Google Scholar
Aylesworth, Grant R. 2004 Astronomical Interpretations of Ancient Maya E-Group Architectural Complexes. Archaeoastronomy 18:34–66.Google Scholar
Barnes, William L. 2015 Divine Reckoning: The Calendrical Ground of Mexican Dynastic Imagery. In The Measure and Meaning of Time in Mesoamerica and the Andes, edited by Aveni, Anthony F., pp. 183–209. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Baron, Joanne Parsley 2013 Patrons of La Corona: Deities and Power in a Classic Maya Community . Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Bassie-Sweet, Karen 2008 Maya Sacred Geography and the Creator Deities. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Baudez, Claude-François 1994 Maya Sculpture of Copán. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Blom, Frans 1924 Report on the Ruins of Uaxactún and Other Ruins in the Department of Petén, Guatemala. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Guatemala Expedition, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Blom, Frans 1926 El observatorio más antiguo del continente Americano. Anales de la Sociedad de Geografía e Historia 2:335–338.Google Scholar
Braswell, Geoffrey E. 2014 The Ancient Maya of Mexico: Reinterpreting the Past of the Northern Maya Lowlands. Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
Braswell, Geoffrey E., Gunn, Joel D., Domínguez Carrasco, Maria del Rosario, Folan, William J., Fletcher, Lorraine Anne, Morales, Abel Lopez, and Glascock, Michael D. 2004 Defining the Terminal Classic at Calakmul. In The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation, edited by Demarest, Arthur A., Rice, Prudence M., and Rice, Don S., pp. 162–194. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Braswell, Geoffrey E. and Gibbs, Sherry A. 2006 In the Land of the Avocado: Recent Archaeological Investigations at Pusilha, Toledo District, Belize. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 3:271–286.Google Scholar
Bricker, Harvey M., and Bricker, Victoria R. 2011 Astronomy in the Maya Codices. American Philosophical Society Memoirs, Vol. 265. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Carrasco Vargas, Ramón 1996 Arqueología de una “superpotencia” Calakmul, Campeche. Arqueología Mexicana 3:46–51.Google Scholar
Carrasco Vargas, Ramón 1998 Metropolis of Calakmul Campeche. In Maya, edited by Schmidt, Peter, de la Garza, Mercedes, and Nalda, Enrique, pp. 372–385. Rizzoli International, New York.Google Scholar
Carrasco Vargas, Ramón 1999 Actividad ritual y objetos de poder en la estructura IV de Calakmul, Campeche. In Land of the Turkey and the Deer, edited by Gubler, Ruth, pp. 69–84. Labyrinthos, Lancaster.Google Scholar
Carrasco Vargas, Ramón, and Baqueiro, María Cordeiro 2012 The Murals of Chiik Nahb Structure Sub 104, Calakmul, Mexico. In Maya Archaeology 2, edited by Golden, Charles, Houston, Stephen, and Skidmore, Joel, pp. 8–59. Precolumbia Mesoweb Press, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Carrasco Vargas, Ramón, and González, Marines Colon 2005 El reino de Kaan y la antigua ciudad del Calakmul. Arqueología Mexicana 13:40–47.Google Scholar
Carrasco Vargas, Ramón, and Boucher, Sylviane 1994 Calakmul: Espacios sagrados y objetos de poder. Arqueología Mexicana 2:32–38.Google Scholar
Carrasco Vargas, Ramón, Boucher, Sylviane, Dowd, Anne S., Paul, Armando, González G., Emyly, and García, María Elena 1994 Informe preliminair del Proyecto Arqueológico de la Biosfera de Calakmul. Unpublished manuscript on file at the Consejo de Arqueología, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mérida.Google Scholar
Carrasco Vargas, Ramón, Boucher, Sylviane, Dowd, Anne S., Paul, Armando, González G., Emyly, and García, María Elena 1995 Informe sobre el Proyecto Arqueológico de la Biosfera Calakmul. Unpublished manuscript on file at the Consejo de Arqueología, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mérida.Google Scholar
Carrasco Vargas, Ramón, Vázquez López, Verónica A., and Martin, Simon 2009 Daily Life of the Ancient Maya Recorded on Murals at Calakmul, Mexico. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106:19245–19249.Google Scholar
Chase, Arlen F. 1983 A Contextual Consideration of the Tayasal-Paxcaman Zone, El Petén, Guatemala. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Chase, Arlen F., and Chase, Diane Z. 1995 External Impetus, Internal Synthesis, and Standardization: E-Group Assemblages and the Crystallization of Classic Maya Society in the Southern Lowlands. Acta Mesoamerica 8:87–101.Google Scholar
Chase, Diane Z., and Chase, Arlen F. 1982 Yucatec Influence in Terminal Classic Northern Belize. American Antiquity 47:596–614.Google Scholar
Chase, Diane Z., and Chase, Arlen F. 2015 The Materialization of Time in the Maya Archaeological Record. Paper presented at the 3rd Santa Fe Institute Working Group, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Coe, Michael D. 1973 The Maya Scribe and His World. The Grolier Club, New York.Google Scholar
Coggins, Clemency 1980 The Shape of Time: Some Political Implications of a Four-part Figure. American Antiquity 45:727–739.Google Scholar
Coltman, Jeremy D. 2015 In the Realm of the Witz’: Animate Rivers and Rulership among the Classic Maya. The PARI Journal 15(3):15–30.Google Scholar
Domínguez Carrasco, María del Rosario 1992 El recinto superior del Edificio VII de Calakmul, Campeche: Una interpretación diacrónica de su desarrollo desde el punto de vista de la arquitectura y el material cerámico . Licenciatura thesis, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Domínguez Carrasco, María del Rosario 1994 Calakmul, Campeche: Un anális de la cerámica. Colección Arqueología, Vol. 4. Centro de Investigaciones Históricas y Sociales, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Campeche.Google Scholar
Domínguez Carrasco, María del Rosario, Reents-Budet, Dorie, Bishop, Ronald L., and Folan, William J. 1998 La cerámica de Calakmúl: Un análisis químico y sociopolítico. Los investigadores de la cultura maya 6:361–375.Google Scholar
Domínguez Carrasco, María del Rosario, and Gallegos Gómora, Miriam Judith 1989–1990 Informe del trabajo del Proyecto Calakmul, 1984: Estructura VII. Información 14:56–84.Google Scholar
Dowd, Anne S. 1992 Sculptured Benches in Monumental Architecture at Copan, Honduras. Unpublished M.A. thesis, Department of Anthropology, Brown University, Providence.Google Scholar
Dowd, Anne S. 2015a Maya Architectural Hierophanies. In Cosmology, Calendars, and Horizon-based Astronomy in Ancient Mesoamerica, edited by Dowd, Anne S. and Milbrath, Susan, pp. 37–75. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Dowd, Anne S. 2017 More Than Smoke and Mirrors: Maya Temple Precincts and the Emergence of Religious Institutions in Mesoamerica. In Maya E Groups: Calendars, Astronomy, and Urbanism in the Early Lowlands, edited by Freidel, David A., Chase, Arlen F., Dowd, Anne S., and Murdock, Jerry, pp. 517–577. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Dowd, Anne S. (editor) 2015b Cosmovision in New World Ritual Landscapes (Special Section). Cambridge Archaeological Journal 25:211–297.Google Scholar
Dowd, Anne S., and Aveni, Anthony F. 1998 The Maya Space-Time Continuum: Calakmul's Group E-type Complex. Paper presented at the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Seattle.Google Scholar
Dowd, Anne S., Aveni, Anthony F., and Vargas, Ramón Carrasco 1995 Solar Observatory or Allegory? Calakmul's Group E-Type Complex. Paper presented at the 60th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Minneapolis.Google Scholar
Dowd, Anne S., and Milbrath, Susan (editors) 2015 Cosmology, Calendars, and Horizon-based Astronomy in Ancient Mesoamerica. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Doyle, James A. 2012 Regroup on “E-Groups”: Monumentality and Early Centers in the Middle Preclassic Maya Lowlands. Latin American Antiquity 23:355–379.Google Scholar
Doyle, James A. 2013 The First Maya “Collapse”: The End of the Preclassic Period at El Palmar, Péten, Guatemala . Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Brown University, Providence.Google Scholar
Drew, David 1999 The Lost Chronicles of the Maya Kings. University of California Press, Oakland.Google Scholar
Eberl, Markus 2015 “To Put in Order”: Classic Maya Concepts of Time and Space. In The Measure and Meaning of Time in Mesoamerica and the Andes, edited by Aveni, Anthony F., pp. 79–104. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Edmonson, Munro 1986 Heaven Born Merida and Its Destiny: The Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Estrada-Belli, Francisco 2006 Lightning Sky, Rain, and the Maize God: The Ideology of Preclassic Rulers at Cival, Peten, Guatemala. Ancient Mesoamerica 17:57–78.Google Scholar
Estrada-Belli, Francisco 2017 The History, Function, and Meaning of Preclassic E Groups in the Cival Region. In Maya E Groups: Calendars, Astronomy, and Urbanism in the Early Lowlands, edited by Freidel, David A., Chase, Arlen F., Dowd, Anne S., and Murdock, Jerry, pp. 293–327. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Fialko, Vilma C. 1987[1985] Tikal, Mundo Perdido: Identificación de un complejo con implicación astronómica. In Memorias del Primer Coloquio Internacional de Mayaistas, pp. 143–164. Centro de Estudios Mayas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Fialko, Vilma C. 1988 Mundo Perdido, Tikal: un exemplo de complejos de commemoración astronómica. Mayab 4:13–21.Google Scholar
Fletcher, Lorraine Anne, Hau, Jacinto May, Florey Folan, Lynda Mary, and Folan, William J. 1989 Una sobrevista del patron de asentamiento de Calakmul, Campeche, Mexico. In Homenaje a Román Piña Chán, edited by Moll, Roberto García and Cook, Angel García, pp. 73–93. Colección Cientifica, Vol. 187. Serie Arqueología, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Folan, William J. 1989a Proyecto Calakmul. In Boletín del Consejo Nacional de Arqueología Nacional de Arqueología, pp. 41–43. INAH, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Folan, William J. 1989b Proyecto Santa Rosa Xtampak. In Boletín del Consejo Nacional de Arqueología Nacional de Arqueología, pp. 44–46. INAH, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Folan, William J. 1992 Calakmul, Campeche: A Centralized Urban Administrative Center in the Northern Petén. World Archaeology 24:158–168.Google Scholar
Folan, William J., Morales Lopez, Abel, González, Raymundo, Florey, Lynda, and Domínguez Carrasco, Maria del Rosario 2001 Reconocimiento de los sitios arqueologicos de Oxpemul, El Laberinto, Pared de los Reyes, San Felipe, Flor de Cacao y Uxul en el Petén campechano. Los investigadores de la cultura maya 9:239–266.Google Scholar
Folan, William J., Marcus, Joyce, Pincemin, Sophia, Domínguez Carrasco, María del Rosario, Fletcher, Lorraine Anne, and López, Abel Morales 1995 Calakmul: New Data from an Ancient Capital in Campeche, Mexico. Latin American Antiquity 6:310–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Förstemann, Ernst 1880 Die Maya Handschrift der Königlichen öffentlichen Bibliothek zu Dresden. Mit 74 Tafeln in Chromo-Lightdruck. Verlag der A. Naumannschen Lichtdruckeret, Leipzig.Google Scholar
Freidel, David A. 2016 Broken Stones and Living Memories. Paper presented at the 4th Santa Fe Institute Working Group, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Freidel, David A., Chase, Arlen F., Dowd, Anne S., and Murdock, Jerry (editors) 2017 Maya E Groups: Calendars, Astronomy, and Urbanism in the Early Lowlands. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Galindo Trejo, José 1994 Arqueoastronomía en la América Antigua. Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología and Editorial Equipo Sirius, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Gendrop, Paul 1983 Los estilos Río Bec, Chenes y Puuc en la arquitectura maya. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Girard, Rafael 1966 Los Mayas. LibroMex, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Graham, John A. 1990 Monumental Sculpture and Hieroglyphic Inscriptions. In Excavations at Seibal, Department of Petén, Guatemala, edited by Willey, Gordon R., pp. 1–79. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Graham, John A., and Williams, Howel 1971 VI. Two Unusual Maya Stelae. Electronic document, http://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/arf013-007.pdf, accessed October 28, 2016.Google Scholar
Grube, Nikolai, and Martin, Simon 2001 The Dynastic History of the Maya. In Maya: Divine Kings of the Rain Forest, edited by Grube, Nikolai, pp. 148–171. Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft, Cologne.Google Scholar
Guderjan, Thomas H. 2006 E-Groups, Pseudo E-Groups, and the Development of the Classic Maya Identity in the Eastern Petén. Ancient Mesoamerica 17:1–8.Google Scholar
Hartmann, William K. 1985 Astronomy: The Cosmic Journey. Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc., Belmont.Google Scholar
Hruby, Zachary X., Braswell, Geoffrey E., and Mazariegos, Oswaldo Chinchilla 2014 The Technology of Maya Civilization: Political Economy and Beyond in Lithic Studies. Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
Inomata, Takeshi, Triadan, Daniela, Aoyama, Kazuo, Castillo, Victor, and Yonenobu, Hitoshi 2013 Early Ceremonial Constructions at Ceibal, Guatemala, and the Origins of Lowland Maya Civilization. Science 340:467–471.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH) 2016 El INAH reporta descubrimientos en la Plaza de la Luna de Teotihuacan. Dirección de Medios de Comunicación, Boletín 119:1–3.Google Scholar
Kováč, Milan 2011 Hiatus en el fin de Preclásico y retorno de lo reyes, Uaxactun, Guatemala. Contributions to New World Archaeology 3:49–63.Google Scholar
Krupp, E. C. 1997 Skywatchers, Shamans, and Kings: Astronomy and the Archaeology of Power. John Wiley and Sons, New York.Google Scholar
de Landa, Diego 1978 Yucatan Before and After the Conquest. Translated by Gates, William. Dover Publications, New York.Google Scholar
Laporte, Juan Pedro 2003 Architectural Aspects of Interaction Between Tikal and Teotihuacan During the Early Classic Period. In The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction, edited by Braswell, Geoffrey, pp. 199–216. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Laporte, Juan Pedro, and Fialko C, Vilma. 1990 New Perspectives on Old Problems: Dynastic References for the Early Classic at Tikal. In Vision and Revision in Maya Studies, edited by Clancy, Flora S. and Harrison, Peter D., pp. 33–66. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Laporte, Juan Pedro, and Fialko C, Vilma. 1995 Re-encuentro con el Mundo Perdido, Tikal, Guatemala. Ancient Mesoamerica 6:41–94.Google Scholar
Looper, Matthew G. 2003 The Meaning of the Maya Flapstaff Dance. Glyph Dwellers 7:1–4.Google Scholar
Lounsbury, Floyd G. 1978 Unpublished letters to W. Fash, cf. Structure A, CV-43 bench text, dated 1/14/78, 2/8/78 and 2/20/78. Manuscript on file at the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Lounsbury, Floyd G. 1989 A Palenque King and the Planet Jupiter. In World Archaeoastronomy: Selected Papers from the 2nd Oxford International Conference on Archaeoastronomy held at Merida, Yucatan, Mexico, 13–17 January 1986, edited by Aveni, Anthony F., pp. 246–259. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Love, Bruce 1987 Glyph T93 and Maya “Hand-scattering” Events. Research Reports on Ancient Maya Writing 5:7–16.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1987 The Inscriptions of Calakmul: Royal Marriage at a Maya City in Campeche, México. University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology Technical Report 21. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Martin, Simon 1997 The Painted King List: A Commentary on Codex-style Dynastic Vases. In The Maya Vase Book, Volume 5: A Corpus of Roll-out Photographs, edited by Kerr, Justin, pp. 846–863. Kerr Associates, New York.Google Scholar
Martin, Simon, and Skidmore, Joel 2012 Exploring the 584,286 Correlation between the Maya and European Calendars. The PARI Journal 13(2):3–16.Google Scholar
Martin, Simon, and Grube, Nikolai 2000 Chronicle of Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya. 1st ed. Thames and Hudson, London.Google Scholar
Martin, Simon, and Grube, Nikolai 2003 Maya Superstates. In Secrets of the Maya, edited by Young, Peter and Magazine, Archaeology, pp. 28–32. Hatherleigh Press, London.Google Scholar
Martin, Simon, and Grube, Nikolai 2008 Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya. 2nd ed. Thames and Hudson, London.Google Scholar
Mendez, Alonso, Barnhart, Edwin L., Powell, Christopher, and Karasik, Carol 2005 Astronomical Observations from the Temple of the Sun. Archaeoastronomy 19:44–73.Google Scholar
Milbrath, Susan 1999 Star Gods of the Maya: Astronomy in Art, Folklore, and Calendars. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Milbrath, Susan 2005 The Maya Katun Cycle and the Retrograde Periods of Jupiter and Saturn. Archaeoastronomy 18:81–97.Google Scholar
Monaghan, John 2015 Of Calendars and Computers: Comparing Mesoamerica and Bali. In The Measure and Meaning of Time in Mesoamerica and the Andes, edited by Aveni, Anthony F., pp. 275–288. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Morales Lopez, Abel 1989 Calakmul, Campeche: Informe de la temporada Noviembre de 1988 a Mayo de 1989. Unpublished manuscript on file at the Consejo de Arqueología, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Merida.Google Scholar
Morley, Slyvanus G. 1933 The Calakmul Expedition. In The Culture of the Maya, Being Three Lectures Delivered at the Administration Building of Carnegie Institution of Washington, pp. 30–43. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Supplementary Publication No. 6. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Patrick Encina, Geraldine Ann 2011 El Calendario hñahñu un análisis epistémico y semántico para establecer su estructura. Ra Ximhai: Revista de Sociedad, Cultura y Desarrollo Sustentable 7:41–50.Google Scholar
Patrick Encina, Geraldine Ann 2013 Cuenta Larga en Función del Haab’ y su relación Venus-Luna: aplicación en Chichén Itzá. Revista Digital Universitaria 14:2–16.Google Scholar
Patrick Encina, Geraldine Ann 2016 The Correlation That Works. Electronic document, https://www.academia.edu/29198994/The_Correlation_that_works, accessed October 23, 2016.Google Scholar
Pincemin, Sophia, Marcus, Joyce, Folan, Lynda Florey, Folan, William J., Domínguez Carrasco, María del Rosario, and López, Abel Morales 1998 Extending the Calakmul Dynasty Back in Time: A New Stela from a Maya Capital in Campeche, Mexico. Latin American Antiquity 9:310–327.Google Scholar
Powell, Christopher 2009 The Shapes of Sacred Space: A Proposed System of Geometry Used to Layout and Design Maya Architecture and Some Implications Concerning Maya Cosmology. Ph.D. dissertation, Institute for Latin American Studies, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin.Google Scholar
Prager, Christian M., and Braswell, Geoffrey E. 2016 Maya Politics and Ritual: An Important New Hieroglyphic Text on a Carved Jade from Belize. Ancient Mesoamerica 27:1–12.Google Scholar
Reese-Taylor, Kathryn 2017 Founding Landscapes in the Central Karstic Uplands. In Maya E Groups: Calendars, Astronomy, and Urbanism in the Early Lowlands, edited by Freidel, David A., Chase, Arlen F., Dowd, Anne S., and Murdock, Jerry, pp. 480–513. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Ricketson, Oliver G. Jr. 1928 Astronomical Observatories in the Maya Area. Geographical Review 18:215–225.Google Scholar
Ricketson, Oliver G. Jr., and Ricketson, Edith Bayles 1937 Uaxactún, Guatemala Group E–1926–1931. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication No. 477. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Ringle, William M. 2004 On the Political Organization of Chichen Itza. Ancient Mesoamerica 15:167–218.Google Scholar
de Rosny, Leon 1888 Codex Peresianus. Manuscrit hiératique des anciens Indiens de l’Amérique Centrale, conservé a la Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris. Bureau de la Société Américaine, Paris.Google Scholar
Runggaldier, Astrid, Burg, Marieka Brouwer, and Harrison-Buck, Eleanor 2013 Hats Kaab: A Newly Discovered E-Group at the Closing of the 13th Baktun. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 10:65–75.Google Scholar
Ruppert, Karl 1977[1940] A Special Assemblage of Maya Structures. In The Maya and their Neighbors, edited by Hay, Clarence L., pp. 222–231. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Ruppert, Karl, and Denison, John H. Jr. 1943 Archaeological Reconnaissance in Campeche, Quintana Roo, and Petén. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication No. 543. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Saturno, William A., Stuart, David, Aveni, Anthony F., and Rossi, Franco 2012 Ancient Maya Astronomical Tables from Xultun, Guatemala. Science 336:714–717.Google Scholar
Schele, Linda 1977 Palenque, the House of the Dying Sun. In Native American Astronomy, edited by Aveni, A. F., pp. 42–56. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Sharer, Robert J., and Traxler, Loa P. 2006 The Ancient Maya. Stanford University Press, Redwood City.Google Scholar
Smith, A. Ledyard 1982 Excavations at Seibal: Major Architecture and Caches. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 15. Willey, Gordon R., general editor. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Sofaer, Anna, Zinser, Volker, and Sinclair, Rolf M. 1979 A Unique Solar-Marking Construct. Science 206:283–291.Google Scholar
Šprajc, Ivan 2000 Astronomical Alignments at Teotihuacan, Mexico. Latin American Antiquity 11:403–415.Google Scholar
Šprajc, Ivan 2005 More on Mesoamerican Cosmology and City Plans. Latin American Antiquity 16:209–216.Google Scholar
Šprajc, Ivan 2008 Alineamientos astronomicos en la arquitectura. In Reconocimiento arqueologico en el sureste del estado de Campeche, Mexico: 1996–2005, edited by Šprajc, Ivan, pp. 233–242. BAR International Series 1742. Paris Monographs in American Archaeology 19. Archaeopress, Oxford.Google Scholar
Šprajc, Ivan 2009 Astronomical and Cosmological Aspects of Maya Architecture and Urbanism. In Cosmology across Cultures, edited by Rubiño-Martín, J. A., Belmonte, José Alberto, Prada, Francisco, and Alberdi, Antxon, pp. 303–314. ASP Conference Series, Vol. 409. Astronomical Society of the Pacific, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Šprajc, Ivan 2013 Equinoxes in Mesoamerican Architectural Alignments: Prehispanic Reality or Modern Myth. In Ancient Cosmologies and Modern Prophets: Proceedings of the 20th Conference of the European Society for Astronomy in Culture, edited by Šprajc, Ivan and Pehani, Peter, pp. 319–337. Anthropological Notebooks, Year 19. Slovene Anthropological Society, Ljubljana.Google Scholar
Šprajc, Ivan 2014 Teotihuacan Architectural Alignments in the Central Maya Lowlands? In Archaeoastronomy and the Maya, edited by Villalobos, Geraldo Aldana y and Barnhart, Edwin L., pp. 41–56. Oxbow Books, Oxford.Google Scholar
Šprajc, Ivan 2016 Astronomy and Power in Mesoamerica. In Astronomy and Power: How Worlds Are Structured, Proceedings of the SEAC 2010 Conference, edited by Rappenglück, Michael A., Rappenglück, Barbara, Campion, Nicholas, and Silva, Fabio, pp. 185–192. BAR International Series 2794. Archaeopress, Oxford.Google Scholar
Šprajc, Ivan, Morales-Aguilar, C., and Hansen, Richard D. 2009 Early Maya Astronomy and Urban Planning at El Mirador, Peten, Guatemala. Anthropological Notebooks 15:79–101.Google Scholar
Šprajc, Ivan, and Grube, Nikolai 2008 Arqueología del sureste de Campeche: una síntesis. In Reconocimiento arqueológico en el sureste del estado de Campeche, México: 1996–2005, edited by Šprajc, Ivan, pp. 263–275. BAR International Series 1742 (Paris Monographs in American Archaeology 19). Archaeopress, Oxford.Google Scholar
Šprajc, Ivan, and Sánchez Nava, Pedro Francisco 2012 Astronomía en la arquitectura de Chichén Itzá: una reevaluación. Estudios de Cultura Maya 41:31–60.Google Scholar
Stanton, Travis W., and Freidel, David 2003 Ideological Lock-In and the Dynamics of Formative Religions in Mesoamerica. Mayeb 16:5–14.Google Scholar
Stuart, David 2011 The Order of Days: The Maya World and the Truth About 2012. Harmony Books, New York.Google Scholar
Stuart, David 2012–2015 Maya Decipherment: Ideas on Ancient Maya Writing and Iconography. Electronic document, https://decipherment.wordpress.com/2012/06/30/notes-on-a-new-text-from-la-corona, accessed October 11, 2013.Google Scholar
Tate, Carolyn 1989 The Use of Astronomy in Political Statements at Yaxchilan, Mexico. In World Archaeoastronomy, edited by Aveni, Anthony F., pp. 416–429. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Tedlock, Barbara 1992 The Road of Light: Theory and Practice of Mayan Skywatching. In The Sky in Maya Literature, edited by Aveni, Anthony F., pp. 18–24. Oxford University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Tomasic, John, Quintanilla, Claudia M., and Barrios, Edy 2005 Excavaciones en el sitio arqueológico Tres Islas, Río Pasión, Petén. In XVIII Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2004, edited by LaPorte, Juan Pedro, Arroyo, Bárbara, and Mejía, Héctor E., pp. 403–412. Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Townsend, Richard F. 1992 The Aztecs. Thames and Hudson, London.Google Scholar
Vail, Gabrielle 2002 Haab’ Rituals in the Maya Codices and the Structure of the Maya Almanacs. Research Reports on Ancient Maya Writing 53:69–116.Google Scholar
Vail, Gabrielle 2013 Códice de Madrid. Publicaciones Mesoamericanas, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Vail, Gabrielle, and Looper, Matthew G. 2013 World Renewal Rituals among the Postclassic Yucatec Maya and Contemporary Ch'orti’ Maya. Estudios de Cultural Maya 45:121–140.Google Scholar
Valdés, Juan Antonio, and Suasnávar, José 1992 La arquitectura maya y sus implicaciones: Consideraciones iniciales sobre la zona de Petexbatún, Petén, Guatemala. Trace 21:9–21.Google Scholar
Vance, Jack 2016 Lost Empire of the Maya. National Geographic 230:76–95.Google Scholar
Zender, Marc 2004 A Study of Classic Maya Priesthood. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary.Google Scholar