In the Bhagavad Gita, the hero Arjuna is in a bad situation in that he is required to fight an army composed partly of his mentors, relatives and friends. He has a panic attack and becomes depressed. Krishna advises him to fight, but he will not take Krishna’s advice. After 16 chapters of dialogue, Krishna appears to him in his divine form whereupon Arjuna submits to Krishna, and proceeds to fight bravely in the battle.

In the Book of Job, the protagonist is in a bad situation because Satan has killed off his ten children and brought other misfortunes on him. Job becomes depressed and expresses anger at God for treating him unjustly. God then speaks to Job and shows himself, whereupon Job submits to God and his children are restored to him.

These two stories illustrate how submission to a deity may alleviate depression. The story of Job is also of interest because it can be read in two ways. He can be depressed in response to real misfortune, or his misfortunes may be delusional. In favour of the latter, less popular, view is the fact that his comforters do not offer condolence on the deaths of his children and that his children are restored in exactly the same ratio as they were before, suggesting recovery from delusion rather than new births. The speeches of Job’s comforters are of interest as examples of how not to comfort the depressed patient.

Arjuna’s panic attack is the first description of this pathology in the literature. In Stephen Mitchell’s translation:

The speeches of the two gods are probably the finest examples of verbal dominance displays in the literature. Even so, they are not effective in inducing submission, which requires the actual sight of the god in both cases.