1 Proponents of this thesis include both advocates of socioeconomic rights who are critical of neo-liberalism and vice versa. See, for example, Pieterse, M., ‘Beyond the Welfare State: Globalisation of Neo-Liberal Culture and the Constitutional Protection of Social and Economic Rights in South Africa’, (2003) 14 Stellenbosch Law Review 3, at 12Google Scholar; Kirkup, A and Evans, T., ‘The Myth of Western Opposition to Economic, Social and Cultural Rights? A Reply to Whelan and Donnelly’, (2009) 31 Human Rights Quarterly 221, at 235CrossRefGoogle Scholar; R. Plant, The Neo-Liberal State (2010), 116; F. A. Hayek, probably the most influential theorist associated with neo-liberalism, expressly rejected socioeconomic rights as being incompatible with a free society. See Hayek, F. A., Law, Legislation and Liberty, Vol. 2: The Mirage of Social Justice (1976), 101–6Google Scholar. See also R. Nozick, Anarchy, State and Utopia (1974), 238. Nozick is usually classified as a libertarian rather than a neo-liberal. Nevertheless, as Raymond Plant notes, Nozick's theories have been influential in the development of neo-liberalism. See Plant, supra, at 96.

2 F. Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty (1960), 16–17.

3 Nozick, supra note 1, at 238; see generally D. Kelley, A Life of One's Own: Individual Rights and the Welfare State (1998).

4 Hayek, supra note 1, at 103; Sunstein, C. R., ‘Against Positive Rights’, (1993) 2 East European Constitutional Review 35Google Scholar.

5 Pieterse, supra note 1, at 15–19; O’Connell, P., ‘On Reconciling Irreconcilables: Neo-Liberal Globalisation and Human Rights’, (2007) 7 (3)Human Rights Law Review 483CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 501–7.

6 See e.g., The Right to Food, Report by the Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Mr Jean Ziegler (10 January 2002), UN Doc. E/CN.4/2002/58, at para. 110.

7 United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, The Global Social Crisis: Report on the World Social Situation 2011, UN Doc. ST/ESA/334 (2011), at iii; O’Connell, P., ‘Let Them Eat Cake: Socio-Economic Rights in an Age of Austerity’, in Harvey, C., Nolan, A., and O’Connell, R. (eds.), Human Rights and Public Finance (2013) 59, at 60Google Scholar.

8 M. Adouharb and D. Cingranelli, Human Rights and Structural Adjustment (2007), 4–5.

9 Sassoon, A., ‘Hegemony’, in Bottomore, T. (ed.), A Dictionary of Marxist Thought 2nd edn (2006), 230Google Scholar at 230–1.

10 A number of noteworthy considerations of Gramsci and international law include Tony Evans, Human Rights Fifty Years On: A Reappraisal (1998); Cutler, A. Claire, ‘Toward a Radical Political Economy Critique of Transnational Economic Law’, in Marks, S. (ed.), International Law on the Left: Re-Examining Marxist Legacies (2008), 199CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 219; Buckel, S. and Fischer-Lescano, A., ‘Gramsci Reconsidered: Hegemony in Global Law’ (2009), 22 Leiden Journal of International Law 437CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Baxi, U., ‘Public and Insurgent Reason: Adjudicatory Leadership in a Hyper-Globalizing World’, in Gill, S. (ed.), Global Crisis and Crisis of Global Leadership (2012), 161, at 178Google Scholar.

11 N. Stammers, Human Rights and Social Movement (2009) 8–22 (challenging both ‘uncritical proponents’ and ‘uncritical critics’ of the potential of human rights praxis).

12 For example, Raymond Plant attempts to understand the neo-liberal approach to rights through the construction of a composite position drawing upon neo-liberalism's most famous thinkers such as Friedrich Von Hayek, Ludwig Von Mises, James Buchanan, and so forth. See Plant, supra note 1, at 1.

13 For a very complex account of neo-liberalism that attempts to grapple with this question, see generally J. Peck, Constructions of Neoliberal Reason (2010).

14 Bieler, A. and Morton, A. D., ‘The Deficits of Discourse in IPE: Turning Base Metal into Gold?’, (2008) 52 International Studies Quarterly 103, at 119CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

15 Stammers, supra note 11, at 102–30.

16 Munck, R., ‘Neoliberalism and Politics, and the Politics of Neoliberalism’, in Saad-Fiho, A. and Johnson, D. (eds.), Neoliberalism: A Critical Reader (2005), 60 at 62Google Scholar.

17 A. Colas, ‘Neo-Liberalism, Globalisation and International Relations’, in ibid., 70 at 79.

18 R. Rowden, The Deadly Ideas of Neoliberalism: How the IMF Has Undermined Public Health and the Fight against AIDS (2009), 66.

19 Cerny, P., ‘Embedding Neoliberalism: The Evolution of a Hegemonic Paradigm’ (2008) 2 (1)Journal of International Trade and Diplomacy 1, at 3Google Scholar. Robert Pollin has gone so far to suggest that even thinking about alternatives to neo-liberalism is ‘a daunting task’. R. Pollin, Contours of Descent (2005), 173.

20 On this, see generally C. Couch, The Strange Non-Death of Neoliberalism (2011).

21 Gramsci, A., Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci (ed. and trans. Hoare, Q. and Smith, G. Nowell) (1971), (hereafter ‘Gramsci’), at 258Google Scholar.

22 Ibid., at 12.

23 Ibid., at 258.

24 Ibid., at 181–2.

25 Litowitz, D., ‘Gramsci, Hegemony and the Law’, (2000) Brigham Young University Law Review 515, at 536–9Google Scholar (documenting the influence of postmodernism on Gramscian analysis within critical legal studies).

26 Buckel and Fischer-Lescano, supra note 10, at 442.

27 Space precludes a discussion of the shortcomings of post-Marxist/post-structuralist approaches to hegemony but there is an extensive body of literature that addresses this subject. See, for example, Geras, N., ‘Post-Marxism?’, (1987) 163 (1)New Left Review 40, at 82Google Scholar; T. Eagleton, Ideology: An Introduction (1991), 193; Morton, A. David, ‘A Double Reading of Gramsci: Beyond the Logic of Contingency’, in Bieler, A. and Morton, A. David (eds.), Images of Gramsci: Connections and Contentions in Political Theory and International Relations (2006), 45, at 60Google Scholar.

28 D. Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism (2005), 12–19.

29 Cerny, supra note 19, at 2.

30 The new global economy embodies three paradigmatic shifts: deregulation and computerization phasing out most significant geographic barriers to international capital mobility; the consolidation of the global productive capacity by TNCs that now act as hugely powerful and influential lobbyists at both the national and supranational levels; and the power of the transnational structures regulating the new global order, which exercise extraordinary leverage to implement neo-liberal reforms. C. Leys, Market-Driven Politics (2001), 13–21.

31 See for example L. Sklair, The Transnational Capitalist Class (2001); Robinson, W., ‘Social Theory and Globalisation: The Rise of the Transnational State’, (2001) 30 (2)Theory and Society 157, at 200CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

32 Chimni, B. S., ‘International Institutions Today: An Imperial State in the Making’, (2004) 15 European Journal of International Law 1, at 1CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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35 Ibid., at 62–4.

36 K. Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time (2001), at 79.

37 Fine, B. and Milonakis, D., ‘“Useless but True”: Economic Crisis and the Peculiarities of Economic Science’, (2011) 19 (2)Historical Materialism 3, at 6CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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39 International Monetary Fund (IMF), Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers: A Fact Sheet, http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/prsp.htm.

40 Hoekman, B.et al., ‘Trade Policy’, in Klugman, J. (ed.), A Sourcebook for Poverty Reduction Strategies, Vol. 2: Macroeconomic and Sectoral Approaches (2002), at 33Google Scholar.

41 For critique of the PRSP process, see inter alia Stewart, F. and Wang, M., ‘Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers within the Human Rights Perspective’, in Alston, P. and Robinson, M. (eds.), Human Rights and Development: Towards a Mutual Reinforcement (2005), 448, at 456–7Google Scholar (noting that key categories of participants such as parliamentarians, trade unions, women, and marginalized groups have been excluded from the PRSP process); Ruckert, A., ‘Towards an Inclusive-Neoliberal Regime of Development: From the Washington to the Post-Washington Consensus’, (2006) 39 (1)Labour, Capital and Society 35, at 67Google Scholar; Ruckert, A., ‘Producing Neoliberal Hegemony? A Neo-Gramsican Analysis of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) in Nicaragua’ (2007), 79 Studies in Political Economy 91, at 103CrossRefGoogle Scholar; See generally Dijkstra, G., ‘The PRSP Approach and the Illusion of Improved Aid Effectiveness: Lessons from Bolivia, Honduras and Nicaragua’ (2011) 29 (1)Development Policy Review 111CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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43 Gramsci, supra note 21, at 58–9.

44 See Ruckert, ‘Producing Neoliberal Hegemony?’, supra note 41, at 110.

45 Harvey, P., ‘Aspirational Law’, (2004) 52 Buffalo Law Review 701Google Scholar, at 703–9 (arguing that socioeconomic rights constitute a counterweight to the utilitarian wealth maximization logic of neoclassical economics).

46 See for example Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) General Comment No. 15: The Right to Water, UN Doc. E/C.12/2002/11, at para. 11 (‘water should be treated as a social and cultural good and not primarily an economic good’) and para. 12(c)(ii) (‘water … must be affordable for all’).

47 Marshall, T. H., ‘Citizenship and Social Class’, in Marshall, T. H. and Bottomore, T. (eds.), Citizenship and Social Class (1992), 1 at 7Google Scholar.

48 See generally L. White and J. Perelman (eds.), Stones of Hope: How African Activists Reclaim Human Rights to Challenge Global Poverty (2011); B. de Sousa Santos, Towards a New Legal Common Sense: Law, Globalization and Emancipation (2002), 271; Buckel and Fischer-Lescano, supra note 10, at 450–4.

49 See e.g. Horwitz, M., ‘Rights’, (1988) 23 Harvard Civil Rights–Civil Liberties Law Review 393Google Scholar, at 406; C. Douzinas, The End of Human Rights (2000), 1; U. Baxi, The Future of Human Rights (2002), 40–41; de Sousa Santos, supra note 48, 257–80; Rajagopal, B., ‘Counter-hegemonic International Law: Rethinking Human Rights and Development as a ThirdWorld Strategy’, (2006) 27 (5)Third World Quarterly 767, at 768CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Stammers, supra note 11, at 3.

50 Stammers, supra note 11.

51 P. Allott, Eunomia: New Order for a New World (2001), 287–8.

52 Peet, R., ‘Ideology, Discourse and the Geography of Hegemony: From Socialist to Neoliberal Development in Postapartheid South Africa’, (2002) 34 (1)Antipode 54 65CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

53 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), 993 UNTS 3, entered into force 3 January 1976.

54 Marcus, D., ‘The Normative Development of Socioeconomic Rights through Supranational Adjudication’, (2006) 42 Stanford Journal of International Law 53Google Scholar, at 102.

55 H. Steiner, P. Alston, and R. Goodman, International Human Rights Law in Context: Law, Politics, Morals (2007), at 280–2.

56 Comments submitted by the United States of America, Report of the Open-Ended Working Group on the Right to Development, UN ESCOR, Commission on Human Rights, 57th Session, UN Doc E/CN4/2001/26 (2001), Ann. III, at para. 8.

57 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) 999 UNTS 171, entered into force 23 March 1976.

58 ICCPR, Art. 2(1).

59 Craven, M., ‘The Justiciability of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’, in Burchill, R., Harris, D., and Owers, A. (eds.), Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Their Implementation in United Kingdom Law (1999), 1Google Scholar at 5.

60 Robinson, R., ‘Measuring Compliance with the Obligation to Devote the “Maximum Available Resources” to Realising Economic, Social and Culture Rights’, (1994) 16 Human Rights Quarterly 693, at 694Google Scholar.

61 Vierdag, E., ‘The Legal Nature of the Rights Granted by the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’, (1978) 9 Netherlands Year Book of International Law 69, at 105CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

62 Downes, C., ‘Must the Losers of Free Trade Go Hungry? Reconciling WTO Obligations and the Right to Food’, (2007) 47 Virginia Journal of International Law 619, at 626Google Scholar.

63 Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (OP-ICESCR), UN Doc A/63/435.

64 OP-ISCER, Arts. 2, 8, 9, and 10.

65 The OP-ICESCR was adopted unanimously by the UN General Assembly on 10 December 2008, but did not receive its tenth ratification (from Uruguay) until 5 February 2013, which ratification was required for its entry into force. It entered into force on 5 May 2013. Whereas the OP-ICESCR only has ten parties, the First Optional Protocol to the ICCPR has 114. The United States and the United Kingdom, both key players in the context of neo-liberal globalization, have not signed the OP-ICESCR.

66 See, e.g., Baker, G., ‘Problems in the Theorisation of Global Civil Society’, (2002) 50 Political Studies 928, at 943CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Evans, T. and Ayers, A. J., ‘In the Service of Power: The Global Political Economy of Citizenship and Human Rights’, (2006) 10 (3)Citizenship Studies 289, at 295–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

67 L. Sklair, Globalization: Capitalism & Its Alternatives (2002), 309.

68 T. Pogge, World Poverty and Human Rights (2002), 15–20; R. Faini and E. Grill, ‘Who Runs the IFIs?’, (2004) Centre for Economic and Policy Research, Discussion Paper No. 4666, at 21; Adouharb and Cingranelli, supra note 8, at 135–49.

69 See, e.g., Commission on Human Rights, Summary Record of the 56th Meeting, 22 April 2003, UN Doc. E/CN.4/2003/SR.56, at para. 49; Commission on Human Rights, Summary Record of the 51st Meeting, 16 April 2004, UN Doc. E/CN.4/2004/SR.51, at para. 84; Commission on Human Rights, 61st Session, 10 February 2005, UN Doc. E/CN.4/2005/52, at para. 76. For a critical analysis see Craven, M., ‘The Violence of Dispossession: Extra-Territoriality and Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’, in Baderin, M. and McCorquodale, R. (eds.), Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in Action (2007), 71CrossRefGoogle Scholar at 88.

70 See, e.g., CESCR, General Comment No. 2, UN Doc. E/C.12/1990 para. 9; CESCR, General Comment No. 12, UN Doc. E/C.12/1999/5, para. 36; CESCR, General Comment No. 13, UN Doc. E/C.12/1999/5, para. 56; CESCR, General Comment No. 15, supra note 46, at paras. 33–36; CESCR, General Comment No. 18 (2005), UN Doc. E/C.12/GC/18, para. 30. There are a few exceptions to this general pattern. In its General Comment on the ‘relationship between economic sanctions and respect for economic, social and cultural rights’ the CESCR asserts that the state and the international community ‘must … do everything possible to protect at least the core content of the economic, social and cultural rights of the affected peoples’ of the country under sanction (emphasis added). General Comment No. 8, UN Doc. E/C.12/1997/8, para. 7. General Comment No. 15 and General Comments No. 14 and 18 (in relation to the rights to water, health, and work, respectively) all assert that states ‘have to respect the enjoyment’ of the relevant rights of peoples in other countries. However, as members of international financial institutions – such as the IMF and World Bank – it is only asserted that they ‘should pay greater attention’ to the protection of the relevant rights in their influencing of lending policies, credit agreements, and international measures. CESCR, General Comment No. 15, supra note 41, paras. 31 and 36; CESCR, General Comment No. 14, UN Doc. E/C.12/2000/4, para. 39; CESCR, General Comment No. 19, UN Doc. E/C.12/GC/18 paras. 53 and 58.

71 See, e.g., CESCR, General Comment No. 12, supra note 70 at para. 20.

72 See, e.g., General Comment No. 11, supra note 62, at para. 41; General Comment No. 13, supra note 62, at para. 60; General Comment No. 14, supra note 62, at para. 39; General Comment No. 15, supra note 62, at para. 60; General Comment No. 18, supra note 62, at para. 53.

73 See Concluding Observations of the CESCR: Morocco (2000) E/C.12/1/Add.55 at para. 38; Egypt (2000) E/C.12/1/Add.44 at paras. 10 and 28; Algeria (2001) E/C.12/1/Add.71 at para. 43; Venezuela (2001) E/C.12/1/Add.56 at para. 8.

74 For a much more radical interpretation of extraterritorial obligations with regard to socioeconomic rights, see Maastricht Principles on Extraterritorial Obligations of States in the area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (2011), available at http://www2.lse.ac.uk/humanRights/articlesAndTranscripts/2011/MaastrichtEcoSoc.pdf.

75 Quoted in I. Bantekas and L. Oette, International Human Rights Law and Practice (2013), 217.

76 M. Koskenniemi, From Apology to Utopia: The Structure of International Legal Argument (2005), at 69

77 Cutler, A. C., ‘Gramsci, Law and the Culture of Global Capitalism’, (2005) 8 (4)Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 527CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 537.

78 Evans and Ayers, supra note 66, at 293.

79 Cutler, supra note 77, at 539.

80 CECR, Report on the Tenth and Eleventh Sessions (2–20 May 1994, 21 November–9 December 1994), UN Doc. E/C 12/1994/20, at paras. 363–390.

81 Ibid., at para. 390.

82 Ibid., at para. 373.

83 Ibid.

84 Ibid., at para. 373.

85 Ibid., at para. 384.

86 Ibid., at paras. 378–386.

87 Ibid., at paras. 365–367.

88 See e.g., Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, ‘Human Rights and Trade, 5th WTO Ministerial Conference, Cancun, Mexico, 10–14 September 2003’, available at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/globalization/trade/docs/5WTOMinisterialCancun.pdf, at 4.

89 CESCR, General Comment No. 3, UN Doc. E/1999/22, at para. 8.

90 See, e.g., Buckel and Fischer-Lescano, supra note 10, at 445–50; Cutler, supra note 10, at 218; Gramsci, supra note 21, at 195–6, 246–7, 258, and 260.

91 See previous section.

92 CESCR, General Comment No. 2, supra note 70, at para. 9.

93 CESCR, ‘Globalization and Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’, UN Doc. E/1999/22-E/C, at paras. 2 and 3.

94 Ibid., at para. 4.

95 CESCR, General Comment No. 2, supra note 70, at para. 9.

96 CESCR, ‘An Open Letter’ (16 May 2012), CESCR/48th/SP/MAB/SW (hereafter ‘Open Letter’), available at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cescr/docs/LetterCESCRtoSP16.05.12.pdf.

97 Ibid., at 1.

98 Ibid., at 2. See also Concluding Observations of the CESCR, Spain E/C.12/ESP/CO/5, para. 8.

99 ‘Open Letter’, supra note 96, at 2.

100 See for example, CESCR, General Comment No. 13, supra note 70, at para. 45; General Comment No. 14, supra note 70, at para. 32; General Comment No. 15, supra note 46, at para. 19. See also ICESCR, supra note 53, at Art. 4 (‘the State may subject [ICESCR] rights only to such limitations as are determined by law only in so far as this may be compatible with the nature of these rights and solely for the purpose of promoting the general welfare in a democratic society’).

101 S. Fredman, Human Rights Transformed: Positive Rights and Positive Duties (2008), 93–8.

102 See discussion of Hurley and Moore, infra this section.

103 Open Letter, supra note 96, at 2.

104 See, e.g., CESCR, General Comment No. 14, supra note 70, at para. 12(b)(iii); CESCR, General Comment No. 15, supra note 46, at para. 27.

105 The joint International Monetary Fund, World Bank Global Monitoring 2010 report estimated that by 2010 an additional 64 million people fell into extreme poverty as a result of the economic crisis alone. See World Bank and International Monetary Fund, Global Monitoring Report 2010: The MDGs after the Crisis (2010), at viii.

106 See supra, section 2.2.

107 R (Hurley and Moore) v. Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills [2012] EWHC 201 (Admin)

108 Protocol No. 1 to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Art. 2, adopted 20 March 1952, entered into force 18 May 1954, 213 UNTS, ETS 9.

109 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Art. 14, signed 4 November 1950, entered into force 3 September 1953, 213 UNTS 221.

110 ICESCR, supra note 53, Art. 13(2)(c).

111 Hurley and Moore, supra note 107, at 36–8.

112 Ibid., at 43 and 32. Such statements reinforce the socioeconomic-rights-as-aspirations frame discussed in the previous section.

113 Ibid., at 23.

114 Ibid., at 44.

115 Ibid., at 51 and 52.

116 U. Baxi, The Future of Human Rights (2008), 234.

117 Ibid., at 257.

118 Ibid.

119 Souza, R. De, ‘Liberal Theory, Human Rights and Water-Justice: Back to Square One?’, (2008) 1 Law, Social Justice & Global Development Journal 1, at 5Google Scholar.

120 Baxi, supra note 116, at 256.

121 Anderson, R. D. and Wager, H., ‘Human Rights, Development and the WTO: The Cases of Intellectual Property and Competition Policy (2006) 9 (3)Journal of International Economic Law 707, at 708CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

122 World Bank, Development and Human Rights: The Role of the World Bank (1999), 3.

123 F. Gianviti, ‘Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the International Monetary Fund’, (2002) available at http://www.imf.org/external/np/leg/sem/2002/cdmfl/eng/gianv3.pdf, at para. 57.

124 P. Lamy, ‘Towards Shared Responsibility and Greater Coherence: Human Rights, Trade and Macroeconomic Policy’ (2010), available at http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/sppl_e/sIl146_e.htm.

125 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Voluntary Guidelines to Support the Progressive Realisation of the Right to Adequate Food in the Context of National Food Security, available at http://www.fao.org/docrep/meeting/009/y9825e/y9825e00.htm, accessed November 1 2012.

126 Ibid., at Part 2, Guideline 4.2.

127 Ibid.

128 Ibid., at Part 2, Guideline 4.4.

129 Ibid., at Part 2, Guideline 4.6.

130 Ibid., at Part 2, Guideline 4.7.

131 Ibid., at Part 2, Guideline 8.4.

132 Vidar, cited in Germann, J., ‘The Human Right to Food: “Voluntary Guidelines” Negotiations’, in Atasoy, Y. (ed.), Hegemonic Transitions, the State and Crisis in Neoliberal Capitalism (2009), at 138Google Scholar.

133 The Ministerial Declaration of the 6th World Water Forum, 13 March 2012, para. 3, available at http://www.worldwaterforum6.org/en/news/single/article/the-ministerial-declaration-of-the-6th-world-water-forum.

134 Ibid., at para. 29.

135 Felipe Quispe Quenta, Bolivia's minister for water and the environment, denounced the declaration for failing to address the ‘social dimensions’ of water policies and stated’ It is certainly important to strengthen and support local actions to protect and preserve water for the benefit of all those who will enjoy it in different uses, but a payment is not the way to do it … water cannot be turned into a business.’ Quoted in C. Provost, ‘World Water Forum Falls Short on Human Rights, Claim Experts’, Guardian, 14 March 2013.

136 E.g., the Voluntary Guidelines on the Right to Food, supra note 125. In addition to articulating neo-liberal policy the Guidelines also stress that ‘states will take into account that markets do not automatically result in everybody achieving sufficient income at all times to meet basic needs’ (Part 2, Guideline 4.9) and that ‘State parties should, to the extent that resources permit, establish and maintain safety nets to protect those who are unable to provide for themselves’ (Part 1, Guideline 17).

137 Williams, P., ‘Alchemical Notes: Reconstructing Ideals from Deconstructed Rights’ (1987) 22 Harvard Civil Rights – Civil Liberties Law Review 401, at 431Google Scholar.

138 Bartholomew, A. and Hunt, A. ‘What's Wrong with Rights?’ (1991) 9 Law and Inequality 1, at 13Google Scholar.

139 Gramsci, supra note 21, at 330–1.

140 Hunt, A., ‘Rights and Social Movements: Counter-Hegemonic Strategies’ (1990) 17 (3)Journal of Law and Society 309, at 313CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

141 D. Kennedy, The Dark Side of Virtue: Reassessing International Humanitarianism (2004), at 4; Brown, W. ‘“The Most We Can Hope For …” Human Rights and the Poverty of Fatalism’, (2004) 103 (2–3)South Atlantic Quarterly 451, at 461–2CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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143 Ibid.

144 See for example W. D. Schanbacher, The Politics of Food: The Global Conflict between Food Security and Food Sovereignty (2010).

145 For a selection of documents prepared by the International Planning Committee on Food Sovereignty see http://www.foodsovereignty.org/Resources/Archive/Forum.aspx.

146 Declaration of the Forum for Food Sovereignty, Nyéléni 2007, available at http://www.nyeleni.org/spip.php?article290.

147 W. Bello, The Food Wars (2009), at 125–49

148 D. Matthews, Intellectual Property, Human Rights and Development (2011).

149 See, e.g., Letter to Ask World Health Organization to Evaluate New Treaty Framework for Medical Research and Development, available at http://www.cptech.org/workingdrafts/rndsignonletter.html; Pogge, T., ‘Human Rights and Global Health: A Research Program’, (2005) 36 Metaphilosophy, 182CrossRefGoogle Scholar

150 Castro, J. E., ‘Neoliberal Water and Sanitation Policies as a Failed Development Strategy: Lessons from Developing Countries’, (2008) 8 Progress in Development Studies 63, at 68, 73, and 76CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

151 M. A. Manahan, G. Zanzanaini, and C. Campero, ‘Future of Water Movement Session: A Summary (2012), available at http://www.fame2012.org/en/2012/04/10/future-of-water-movement.

152 Mirosa and Harris, supra note 142, at 942–4.

153 Ibid.

154 For a collection of international declarations declaring that water is a fundamental human right and common good that cannot be commodified see http://www.sierraclub.org/committees/cac/water/human_right.

155 For a detailed analysis of the relationship between food sovereignty and the right to food see M. Windfuhr and J. Jonsen, Food Sovereignty: Towards Democracy in Localized Food Systems (2005). For the role the right to health has played in contesting international intellectual property norms see Matthews, supra note 148, at 210–18. For an analysis of the relationship between the right to water and other water justice discourses see Mirosa and Harris, supra note 142.

156 Stammers, supra note 11, at 33–9.

157 Fraser, N., ‘Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy’, in Baker (ed.), Post Modernism and the Re-Reading of Modernity (1992), 84Google Scholar.

158 Ibid.

159 In relation to the UN, Baxi notes a tendency in which ‘human rights standards and norms, which are products of diplomatic and international civil service desire within the ever-expanding United Nations system, lend themselves to a whole variety of foreign power and global corporate uses and abuses under the cover of “international consensus”. Baxi, supra note 49, at 9. Ran Hirschl suggests a tendency for courts to play a role in advancing ‘a predominantly neo-liberal conception of rights that reflects and promotes the ideological premises of the “new global economic order” – social atomism, anti-unionism, formal equality, and “minimal state” policies’. R. Hirschl, Towards Juristocracy: The Origins and Consequences of the New Constitutionalization (2000), at 163. See also O’Connell, P., ‘The Death of Socioeconomic Rights’, (2011) 74 (4)Modern Law Review 532, at 532Google Scholar (arguing that the socioeconomic rights jurisprudence of apex courts in Canada, India, and South Africa points towards an underlying trend of an ‘atomistic, “market friendly”’ reading of human rights).

160 Gramsci, supra note 21, at 238–9.

161 Cox, supra note 34, at 53

162 See B. De Sousa Santos, ‘Beyond Neoliberal Governance: The World Social Forum as Subaltern Cosmopolitan Politics and Legality’, in De Sousa Santos, B. and Rodriguez-Garavito, C. A. (eds.), Law and Globalization from Below: Towards a Cosmopolitan Legality (2005), 29 at 63CrossRefGoogle Scholar; for an account of the Permanent People's Tribunal see http://www.internazionaleleliobasso.it/?page_id=207%lang=en; Al Attar, M. and Miller, R., ‘Towards an Emancipatory International Law: The Bolivian Reconstruction’, (2010) 31 (3)Third World Quarterly 347, at 363Google Scholar.

163 For critical accounts of the role that rights and international law play in universalization strategies see Hunt, supra note 140, at 321; Kennedy, D., ‘The Critique of Rights in Critical Legal Studies’, in Brown, W. and Halley, J. (eds.), Left Legalism/Left Critique (2002), at 188Google Scholar; Koskenniemi, M., ‘International Law and Hegemony: A Reconfiguration’, (2004) 17 (2)Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 197CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

164 Gramsci, supra note 21, at 181–2.

165 See, e.g., V. Chibber, Postcolonial Theory and the Spectre of Capital (2013), 202–6.

166 Carroll, W. K., ‘Hegemony, Counter-Hegemony, Anti-Hegemony’, (2006) 2 (2)Socialist Studies 9, at 21Google Scholar.