Hostname: page-component-699b5d5946-nljwm Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-03-07T09:35:51.801Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Rare Earth and Critical Element Chemistry of the Volcanic Ash-fall Parting in the Fire Clay Coal, Eastern Kentucky, USA

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Jingjing Liu ,
Shifeng Dai ,
Debora Berti ,
Cortland F. Eble ,
Mengjun Dong ,
Yan Gao  and
James C. Hower Open the ORCID record for James C. Hower [Opens in a new window]
Jingjing Liu*
Affiliation:
School of Resources and Geosciences, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
Shifeng Dai*
Affiliation:
College of Geoscience and Survey Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
Debora Berti*
Affiliation:
Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3146, USA
Cortland F. Eble*
Affiliation:
Kentucky Geological Survey, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
Mengjun Dong*
Affiliation:
College of Geoscience and Survey Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
Yan Gao*
Affiliation:
College of Geoscience and Survey Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
James C. Hower*
Affiliation:
Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, 2540 Research Park Drive, Lexington, KY 40511, USA Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
*
e-mail: liujingjing_cumtb@outlook.com
e-mail: daishifeng@gmail.com
e-mail: deborasm74@runbox.com
e-mail: eble@uky.edu
e-mail: dongmengjundmj@qq.com
e-mail: gaoyan6gaoyan@126.com
e-mail: james.hower@uky.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In the search for rare earth and other critical elements in coal measures, the coals are emphasized with lesser consideration for the accompanying rocks. In this investigation, the focus is on a lanthanide-rich, 315–317 Ma (after Machlus et al., Chemical Geology, 539, art. no. 119485, 2020) volcanic ash-fall trachyandesite to trachyte tonstein which occurs in association with the Middle Pennsylvanian Duckmantian-age Fire Clay coal in eastern Kentucky. The tonstein was deposited largely during peat accumulation, although it is known to occur at the base of the coal or within the underclay. The mineralogy is dominated by kaolinite with illite and quartz as minor to major minerals. A number of accessory minerals, as detected by X-ray diffraction + Siroquant XRD software and scanning and transmission electron microscopy (S/TEM), include REE-bearing phosphates (apatite, crandallite, florencite, monazite), and Y-bearing zircon. The highest rare earth element + Y concentrations occur in the weathered tonsteins, probably due to the concentration of these minerals after weathering of kaolinite from the rock.

Keywords

Critical elementsLanthanidesSustainabilityTuffaceous deposits

Information

Type
Original Paper
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 71 , Issue 3: Special Issue on Rare Earth Elements , June 2023 , pp. 309 - 339
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Clay Minerals Society 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Aide, M. T.Aide, C.Rare earth elements: Their importance in understanding soil genesis ISRN Soil Science 2012 2012 article 78387610.5402/2012/78387610.5402/2012/783876CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrews, W. M. JrHower, J. C.Hiett, J. K.Investigations of the Fire Clay coal bed, southeastern Kentucky, in the vicinity of sandstone washouts International Journal of Coal Geology 1994 26 9511510.1016/0166-5162(94)90034-510.1016/0166-5162(94)90034-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arbuzov, S. I.Chekryzhov, I. Y.Verkhoturov, A. A.Spears, D. A.Melkiy, V. A.Zarubina, N. V.Blokhin, M. G.Geochemistry and rare-metal potential of coals of the Sakhalin coal basin, Sakhalin Island, Russia International Journal of Coal Geology 2023 268 10.1016/j.coal.2023.10419710.1016/j.coal.2023.104197CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ASTM Standard D3173/D3173M-17a. (2017). Test Method for Moisture in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.Google Scholar
ASTM Standard D3174–12. (2018a). Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.Google Scholar
ASTM Standard D4239–18e1. (2018b). Standard Test Method for Sulfur in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke Using High-Temperature Tube Furnace Combustion. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.Google Scholar
Bau, M.Dulski, P.Distribution of yttrium and rare-earth elements in the Penge and Kuruman Iron-Formations, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa Precambrian Research 1996 79 375510.1016/0301-9268(95)00087-910.1016/0301-9268(95)00087-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bish, D. L.Von Dreele, R. B.Rietveld refinement of non-hydrogen atomic positions in kaolinite Clays and Clay Minerals 1989 37 28929610.1346/CCMN.1989.037040110.1346/CCMN.1989.0370401CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bohor, B. F., & Triplehorn, D. M. (1981). Volcanic origin of the flint clay parting in the Hazard No. 4 (Fire Clay) coal bed of the Breathitt Formation in eastern Kentucky. In J.C.Cobb, et al., eds., Coal and coal-bearing rocks of eastern Kentucky. Geological Society of America Coal Geology Division Field Trip. Kentucky Geological Survey, Series XI, 49.Google Scholar
Bohor, B. F., & Triplehorn, D. M. (1993). Tonsteins: altered volcanic-ash layers in coal-bearing sequences. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 285, 44 pp.10.1130/SPE285-p1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brownfield, M. E.Affolter, R. H.Cathcart, J. D.Johnson, S. Y.Brownfield, I. K.Rice, C. A.Geologic setting and characterization of coals and the modes of occurrence of selected elements from the Franklin coal zone, Puget Group, John Henry No. 1 mine, King County, Washington, USA International Journal of Coal Geology 2005 63 24727510.1016/j.coal.2005.03.02110.1016/j.coal.2005.03.021CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chesnut, D. R. (1985). Source of the volcanic ash deposit (flint clay) in the Fire Clay coal of the Appalachian Basin. Dixiéme Congrés International de Stratigraphie et de Géologie du Carbonifére, Madrid, 1983, Compte Rendu 1, 145-154.Google Scholar
Dai, S.Ren, D.Chou, C-LLi, S.Jiang, Y.Mineralogy and geochemistry of the No. 6 coal (Pennsylvanian) in the Junger Coalfield, Ordos Basin, China International Journal of Coal Geology 2006 66 25327010.1016/j.coal.2005.08.00310.1016/j.coal.2005.08.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dai, S.Li, D.Chou, C-LZhao, L.Zhang, Y.Ren, D.Ma, Y.Sun, Y.Mineralogy and geochemistry of boehmite-rich coals: New insights from the Haerwusu Surface Mine, Jungar Coalfield, Inner Mongolia, China International Journal of Coal Geology 2008 74 18520210.1016/j.coal.2008.01.00110.1016/j.coal.2008.01.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dai, S.Wang, X.Zhou, Y.Hower, J. C.Li, D.Chen, W.Zhu, X.Zou, J.Chemical and mineralogical compositions of silicic, mafic, and alkali tonsteins in the late Permian coals from the Songzao Coalfield, Chongqing, Southwest China Chemical Geology 2011 282 294410.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.01.00610.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.01.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dai, S.Zhang, W.Seredin, V. V.Ward, C. R.Hower, J. C.Wang, X.Li, X.Song, W.Zhao, L.Kang, H.Zheng, L.Zhou, D.Factors controlling geochemical and mineralogical compositions of coals preserved within marine carbonate successions: A case study from the Heshan Coalfield, southern China International Journal of Coal Geology 2013 109–110 7710010.1016/j.coal.2013.02.00310.1016/j.coal.2013.02.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dai, S.Zhang, W.Ward, C. R.Seredin, V. V.Hower, J. C.Li, X.Song, W.Wang, X.Kang, H.Zheng, L.Wang, P.Zhou, D.Mineralogical and geochemical anomalies of late Permian coals from the Fusui Coalfield, Guangxi Province, southern China: Influences of terrigenous materials and hydrothermal fluids International Journal of Coal Geology 2013 105 608410.1016/j.coal.2012.12.00310.1016/j.coal.2012.12.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dai, S.Chekryzhov, I. Y.Seredin, V. V.Nechaev, V. P.Graham, I. T.Hower, J. C.Ward, C. R.Ren, D.Wang, X.Metalliferous coal deposits in East Asia (Primorye of Russia and South China): A review of geodynamic controls and styles of mineralization Gondwana Research 2016 29 608210.1016/j.gr.2015.07.00110.1016/j.gr.2015.07.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dai, S.Graham, I. T.Ward, C. R.A review of anomalous rare earth elements and yttrium in coal International Journal of Coal Geology 2016 159 829510.1016/j.coal.2016.04.00510.1016/j.coal.2016.04.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dai, S.Xie, P.Jia, S.Ward, C. R.Hower, J. C.Yan, X.French, D.Enrichment of U-Re-V-Cr-Se and rare earth elements in the Late Permian coals of the Moxinpo Coalfield, Chongqing, China: Genetic implications from geochemical and mineralogical data Ore Geology Reviews 2017 80 11710.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.06.01510.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.06.015CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dai, S.Xie, P.Ward, C. R.Yan, X.Guo, W.French, D.Graham, I. T.Anomalies of rare metals in Lopingian super-high-organic-sulfur coals from the Yishan coalfield, Guangxi, China Ore Geology Reviews 2017 88 23525010.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.05.00710.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.05.007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dai, S.Ward, C. R.Graham, I. T.French, D.Hower, J. C.Zhao, L.Wang, X.Altered volcanic ashes in coal and coal-bearing sequences: A review of their nature and significance Earth-Science Reviews 2017 175 447410.1016/j.earscirev.2017.10.00510.1016/j.earscirev.2017.10.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dai, S.Nechaev, V. P.Chekryzhov, IYuZhao, L.Vysotskiy, S. V.Graham, I.Ward, C.Ignatiev, A. V.Velivetskaya, T. A.Zhao, L.French, D.Hower, J. C.A model for Nb–Zr–REE–Ga enrichment in Lopingian altered alkaline volcanic ashes: Key evidence of H-O isotopes Lithos 2018 302–303 35936910.1016/j.lithos.2018.01.00510.1016/j.lithos.2018.01.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, B. A.Rodrigues, S.Esterle, J. S.Nguyen, A. D.Duxbury, A. J.Golding, S. D.Geochemistry of apatite in Late Permian coals, Bowen Basin, Australia International Journal of Coal Geology 2021 237 10.1016/j.coal.2021.10370810.1016/j.coal.2021.103708CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davranche, M.Grybos, M.Gruau, G.Pédrot, M.Dia, A.Marsac, R.Rare earth element patterns: A tool for identifying trace metal sources during wetland soil reduction Chemical Geology 2011 284 12713710.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.02.01410.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.02.014CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dopita, M., & Kralik, J. (1977). Coal Tonsteins in Ostrava-Karvina Coal Basin (Uhelne Tonsteiny Ostravsko-Karvinskeho Reviru). Ostrava, Czechoslovakia, 213 p.Google Scholar
Eble, C. F.Hower, J. C.Andrews, W. M. JrPaleoecology of the Fire Clay coal bed in a portion of the Eastern Kentucky coal field Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1994 106 28730510.1016/0031-0182(94)90015-910.1016/0031-0182(94)90015-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eskenazy, G.Rare-earth elements in some coal basins of Bulgaria Geologica Balcanica 1978 8 8188Google Scholar
Eskenazy, G. M.Rare earth elements and yttrium in lithotypes of Bulgarian coals Organic Geochemistry 1987 11 838910.1016/0146-6380(87)90030-110.1016/0146-6380(87)90030-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eskenazy, G. M.Zirconium and hafnium in Bulgarian coals Fuel 1987 66 1652165710.1016/0016-2361(87)90357-710.1016/0016-2361(87)90357-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eskenazy, G. M.Rare earth elements in a sampled coal from the Pirin Deposit, Bulgaria International Journal of Coal Geology 1987 7 30131410.1016/0166-5162(87)90041-310.1016/0166-5162(87)90041-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eskenazy, G.Geochemistry of rare earth elements in Bulgarian coals Annuaire de l’Universite´ de Sofia ‘‘St. Kliment Ohridski’’, Faculte´ de Geologie et Geographie. Livre 1-Geologie 1995 88 3965Google Scholar
Eskenazy, G. M.Aspects of the geochemistry of rare earth elements in coal: An experimental approach International Journal of Coal Geology 1999 38 28529510.1016/S0166-5162(98)00027-510.1016/S0166-5162(98)00027-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eskenazy, G. M.Sorption of trace elements on xylain: An experimental study International Journal of Coal Geology 2015 150–151 166169Google Scholar
Eskenazy, G. M.Mincheva, E. I.Rousseva, D. P.Trace elements in lignite lithotypes from the Elhovo coal basin Comptes Rendus Del’académie Bulgare Des Sciences 1986 39 1099101Google Scholar
Given, P. H. (1984). An essay on the organic geochemistry of coal. Academic Press. In Coal Science 3, (63–251, 339–341). Academic Press, New York.10.1016/B978-0-12-150703-9.50008-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greb, S. F.Eble, C. F.Hower, J. C.Depositional history of the Fire Clay coal bed (Late Duckmantian), eastern Kentucky, USA International Journal of Coal Geology 1999 40 25528010.1016/S0166-5162(99)00004-X10.1016/S0166-5162(99)00004-XCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greb, S. F.Eble, C. F.Hower, J. C.Andrews, W. M.Multiple-bench architecture and interpretations of original mire phases in Middle Pennsylvanian coal seams: Examples from the Eastern Kentucky coal field International Journal of Coal Geology 2002 49 14717510.1016/S0166-5162(01)00075-110.1016/S0166-5162(01)00075-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guerra-Sommer, M.Cazzulo-Klepzig, M.Santos, JOSHartmann, L. A.Ketzer, J. M.Formoso, MLLRadiometric age determination of tonsteins and stratigraphic constraints for the Lower Permian coal succession in southern Paraná Basin, Brazil International Journal of Coal Geology 2008 74 132710.1016/j.coal.2007.09.00510.1016/j.coal.2007.09.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatcher, P. G.Clifford, D. J.The organic geochemistry of coal: From plant materials to coal Organic Geochemistry 1996 27 25127410.1016/S0146-6380(97)00051-X10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00051-XCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hou, Y.Dai, S.Nechaev, V. P.Finkelman, R. B.Wang, H.Zhang, S.Di, S.Mineral matter in the Pennsylvanian coal from the Yangquan Mining District, northeastern Qinshui Basin, China: Enrichment of critical elements and a Se-Mo-Pb-Hg assemblage International Journal of Coal Geology 2023 266 10.1016/j.coal.2022.10417810.1016/j.coal.2022.104178CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hower, J. C.Andrews, W. M. JrWild, G. D.Eble, C. F.Dulong, F. T.Salter, T. L.Coal quality trends for the Fire Clay coal bed, southeastern Kentucky Journal of Coal Quality 1994 13 1326Google Scholar
Hower, J. C.Berti, D.Hochella, M. F. JrMardon, S. M.Rare Earth minerals in a “no tonstein” section of the Dean (Fire Clay) coal, Knox County, Kentucky International Journal of Coal Geology 2018 193 738610.1016/j.coal.2018.05.00110.1016/j.coal.2018.05.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hower, J. C.Bland, A. E.Geochemistry of the Pond Creek Coal Bed, Eastern Kentucky Coalfield International Journal of Coal Geology 1989 11 20522610.1016/0166-5162(89)90115-810.1016/0166-5162(89)90115-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hower, J. C.Eble, C. F.Backus, J. S.Xie, P.Liu, J.Fu, B.Hood, M. M.Aspects of rare earth element enrichment in Central Appalachian coals Applied Geochemistry 2020 120 10467610.1016/j.apgeochem.2020.10467610.1016/j.apgeochem.2020.104676CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hower, J. C.Eble, C. F.Dai, S.Belkin, H. E.Distribution of rare earth elements in eastern Kentucky coals: Indicators of multiple modes of enrichment? International Journal of Coal Geology 2016 160–161 738110.1016/j.coal.2016.04.00910.1016/j.coal.2016.04.009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hower, J. C.Eble, C. F.Mastalerz, M.Petrology of the Fire Clay coal, Bear Branch, Perry County, Kentucky International Journal of Coal Geology 2022 249 10.1016/j.coal.2021.10389110.1016/j.coal.2021.103891CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hower, J. C.Ruppert, L. F.Eble, C. F.Lanthanide, Yttrium, and Zirconium anomalies in the Fire Clay coal bed, Eastern Kentucky International Journal of Coal Geology 1999 39 14115310.1016/S0166-5162(98)00043-310.1016/S0166-5162(98)00043-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiu, B.Huang, W.Spiro, B.Hao, R.Mu, N.Wen, L.Hao, H.Distribution of Li, Ga, Nb, and REEs in coal as determined by LA-ICP-MS imaging: A case study from Jungar coalfield, Ordos Basin, China International Journal of Coal Geology 2023 267 10.1016/j.coal.2023.10418410.1016/j.coal.2023.104184CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karayigit, A. I.Yerin, ÜOOskay, R. G.Bulut, Y.Córdoba, P.Enrichment and distribution of elements in the middle Miocene coal seams in the Orhaneli coalfield (NW Turkey) International Journal of Coal Geology 2021 247 10.1016/j.coal.2021.10385410.1016/j.coal.2021.103854CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ketris, M. P.Yudovich, Ya.EEstimations of Clarkes for carbonaceous biolithes: World average for trace element contents in black shales and coals International Journal of Coal Geology 2009 78 13514810.1016/j.coal.2009.01.00210.1016/j.coal.2009.01.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kokowska-Pawłowska, M.Nowak, J.Phosphorus minerals in tonstein; coal seam 405 at Sośnica-Makoszowy coal mine, Upper Silesia, southern Poland Acta Geologica Polonica 2013 63 27128110.2478/agp-2013-001210.2478/agp-2013-0012CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, J.Dai, S.Song, H.Nechaev, V. P.French, D.Spiro, B. F.Graham, I. T.Hower, J. C.Shao, L.Zhao, J.Geological factors controlling variations in the mineralogical and elemental compositions of Late Permian coals from the Zhijin-Nayong Coalfield, western Guizhou, China International Journal of Coal Geology 2021 247 10.1016/j.coal.2021.10385510.1016/j.coal.2021.103855CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyons, P. C.Spears, D. A.Outerbridge, W. F.Congdon, R. D.Evans, H. T.Euramerican tonsteins: Overview, magmatic origin, and depositional-tectonic implications Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1994 106 11313410.1016/0031-0182(94)90006-X10.1016/0031-0182(94)90006-XCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyons, P. C.Krogh, T. E.Kwok, Y. Y.Davis, D. W.Outerbridge, W. F.Evans, H. T. JrRadiometric ages of the Fire Clay tonstein [Pennsylvanian (Upper Carboniferous), Westphalian, Duckmantian]: A comparison of U-Pb zircon single-crystal ages and 40Ar/39Ar sanidine single-crystal plateau ages International Journal of Coal Geology 2006 67 25926610.1016/j.coal.2005.12.00210.1016/j.coal.2005.12.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyons, P. C.Outerbridge, W. F.Triplehorn, D. M.Evans, H. T. JrCongdon, R. D.Capiro, M.Hess, J. C.Nash, W. P.An Appalachian isochron: A kaolinized Carboniferous air-fall volcanic-ash deposit (tonstein) Geological Society of America Bulletin 1992 104 1515152710.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<1515:AAIAKC>2.3.CO;210.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<1515:AAIAKC>2.3.CO;22.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Machlus, M. L.Shea, E. K.Hemming, S. R.Ramezani, J.Rasbury, E. T.An assessment of sanidine from the Fire Clay tonstein as a Carboniferous 40Ar/39Ar monitor standard and for inter-method comparison to U-Pb zircon geochronology Chemical Geology 2020 539 art. no. 11948510.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.11948510.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.119485CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mardon, S. M.Hower, J. C.Impact of coal properties on coal combustion by-product quality: Examples from a Kentucky power plant International Journal of Coal Geology 2004 59 15316910.1016/j.coal.2004.01.00410.1016/j.coal.2004.01.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nechaev, V. P.Dai, S.Chekryzhov, I. Y.Tarasenko, I. A.Zin'kov, A. V.Moore, T. A.Origin of the tuff parting and associated enrichments of Zr, REY, redox-sensitive and other elements in the Early Miocene coal of the Siniy Utyes Basin, southwestern Primorye, Russia International Journal of Coal Geology 2022 250 10.1016/j.coal.2021.10391310.1016/j.coal.2021.103913CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pédrot, M.Dia, A.Davranche, M.Dynamic structure of humic substances: Rare earth elements as a fingerprint Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 2010 345 20621310.1016/j.jcis.2010.01.06910.1016/j.jcis.2010.01.069CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rao, P. D.Walsh, D. E.Nature and distribution of phosphorus minerals in Cook Inlet coals, Alaska International Journal of Coal Geology 1997 33 194210.1016/0166-5162(95)00045-310.1016/0166-5162(95)00045-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rice, C. L., Belkin, H. E., Henry, T. W., Zartman, R. E., & Kunk, M. J. (1994). The Pennsylvanian Fire Clay tonstein of the Appalachian Basin – Its distribution, biostratigraphy, and mineralogy. In: C.L. Rice, ed., Elements of Pennsylvanian Stratigraphy, Central Appalachian Basin. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 294, 87–104.10.1130/SPE294-p87CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rietveld, H. M.A profile refinement method for nuclear and magnetic structures Journal of Applied Crystallography 1969 2 657110.1107/S002188986900655810.1107/S0021889869006558CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robl, T. L, & Bland, A. E. (1977). The distribution of aluminum in shales associated with the major economic coal seams of eastern Kentucky. Proceedings, Kentucky Coal Refuse Disposal and Utilization Symposium, 3 rd, 97.Google Scholar
Seredin, V. V.Rare earth element-bearing coals from the Russian Far East deposits International Journal of Coal Geology 1996 30 10112910.1016/0166-5162(95)00039-910.1016/0166-5162(95)00039-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seredin, V. V.Dai, S.Coal deposits as potential alternative sources for lanthanides and yttrium International Journal of Coal Geology 2012 94 679310.1016/j.coal.2011.11.00110.1016/j.coal.2011.11.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shen, M.Dai, S.Graham, I. T.Nechaev, V. P.French, D.Zhao, F.Shao, L.Liu, S.Zuo, J.Zhao, J.Chen, K.Xie, X.Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of altered volcanic ashes (tonsteins and K-bentonites) from the latest Permian coal-bearing strata of western Guizhou Province, southwestern China International Journal of Coal Geology 2021 237 10.1016/j.coal.2021.10370710.1016/j.coal.2021.103707CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spears, D. A.The origin of tonsteins, an overview, and links with seatearths, fireclays and fragmental clay rocks International Journal of Coal Geology. 2012 94 223110.1016/j.coal.2011.09.00810.1016/j.coal.2011.09.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutcu, E. C.Şentürk, S.Kapıcı, K.Gökçe, N.Mineral and rare earth element distribution in the Tunçbilek coal seam, Kütahya, Turkey International Journal of Coal Geology 2021 245 10.1016/j.coal.2021.10382010.1016/j.coal.2021.103820CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, J. C.Computer programs for standardless quantitative analysis of minerals using the full diffraction profile Powder Diffraction 1991 6 2910.1017/S088571560001677810.1017/S0885715600016778CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, S. R.McLennan, S. M.The Continental Crust—Its Composition and Evolution 1985 Blackwell Scientific Publishers 312Google Scholar
Triplehorn, D. M., & Bohor, B. F. (1981). Altered volcanic ash partings in the C coal, Ferron Sandstone Member of the Mancos Shale, Emery County, Utah. In: US. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81–775, (43 p.).Google Scholar
Vergunov, A. V.Arbuzov, S. I.Soktoev, B. R.Ilenok, S. S.Chekryzhov, IYuMineralogy and geochemistry of tonstein from coal seam Novy-1A, Kharanor deposit (Zabaykalsky Krai) Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University, Geo Assets Engineering 2022 333 1526Google Scholar
Ward, C.R., Taylor, J.C., Matulis, C.E., & Dale, L.S., (2001). Quantification of mineral matter in the Argonne Premium coals using interactive Rietveld-based x-ray diffraction. International Journal of Coal Geology, 46, 67–82.10.1016/S0166-5162(01)00014-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward, C. R.Analysis and significance of mineral matter in coal seams International Journal of Coal Geology 2002 50 13516810.1016/S0166-5162(02)00117-910.1016/S0166-5162(02)00117-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward, C. R.Analysis, origin and significance of mineral matter in coal: An updated review International Journal of Coal Geology 2016 165 12710.1016/j.coal.2016.07.01410.1016/j.coal.2016.07.014CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weaver, C. E.Interpretative value of heavy minerals from bentonites Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 1963 33 343349Google Scholar
Williams-Jones, A. E.Migdisov, A. A.Samson, I. M.Hydrothermal mobilization of the Rare Earth elements – a tale of “Ceria” and “Yttria” Elements 2012 8 35536010.2113/gselements.8.5.35510.2113/gselements.8.5.355CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, A. A.Sergeant, G. A.Young, B. R.Harrison, R. K.The Rowhurst tonstein, North Staffordshire, and the occurrence of crandallite Yorkshire Geological Society Proceedings 1966 35 42142710.1144/pygs.35.3.42110.1144/pygs.35.3.421CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winchester, J. A.Floyd, P. A.Geochemical differentiation of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements Chemical Geology 1977 20 32534310.1016/0009-2541(77)90057-210.1016/0009-2541(77)90057-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhao, L.Ward, C. R.French, D.Graham, I. T.Mineralogy of the volcanic influenced Great Northern coal seam in the Sydney Basin, Australia International Journal of Coal Geology 2012 94 9411010.1016/j.coal.2011.09.01010.1016/j.coal.2011.09.010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, Z.Lv, D.Hower, J. C.Wang, L.Shen, Y.Zhang, A.Xu, J.Gao, J.Geochronology, mineralogy, and geochemistry of tonsteins from the Pennsylvanian Taiyuan Formation of the Jungar Coalfield, Ordos Basin, North China International Journal of Coal Geology 2023 267 10.1016/j.coal.2023.10418310.1016/j.coal.2023.104183CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, Z.Lv, D.Wang, C.Hower, J. C.Raji, M.Wang, T.Zhang, J.Yang, Y.Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of tonsteins from the Middle Jurassic Yan'an Formation, Ordos Basin, North China International Journal of Coal Geology 2022 253 10.1016/j.coal.2022.10396810.1016/j.coal.2022.103968CrossRefGoogle Scholar