1. Introduction
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in corporate social responsibility (CSR) throughout the world (Carroll Reference Carroll2016; Manasakis Reference Manasakis2018; Gürlek & Tuna Reference Gürlek and Tuna2019; Zhang et al. Reference Zhang, Oo and Lim2019; González-Rodríguez et al. Reference González-Rodríguez, Díaz-Fernández and Simonetti2019; Brower and Dacin Reference Brower and Dacin2020; González-Rodríguez and Díaz-Fernández Reference González-Rodríguez and Díaz-Fernández2020). The concept of CSR is a consequence of more demanding consumer requests to reduce the negative impact of business operations on their environments (Nasrullah and Rahim Reference Nasrullah and Rahim2013). In today’s business, companies are expected to have CSR programmes and consistently implement a defined social responsibility policy. In other words, to be a socially responsible company means not only fulfilling the obligations prescribed by law, but also investing in human capital, environment, and relationships with all stakeholders (Carroll, Reference Carroll1991). In addition, socially responsible tasks have been an integral part of managerial practice in companies to improve the general opinion of their brand image, making it appear as an essential element of their corporate identity (González-Rodríguez et al., Reference Gonzalez-Rodríguez, Dıaz-Fernandez and Simonetti2015).
CSR is a concept whose first definition came in the mid-twentieth century. One of the first and the most prominent definitions of CSR was given by Howard Bowen (who Carroll, Reference Carroll1991, refers to as the father of CSR), and it stated: ‘CSR is the obligation of businessmen to pursue those policies, to make those decisions, or to follow those lines of action which are desirable in terms of the objectives and values of our society’ (Bowen, Reference Bowen1953). Dahlsrud (Reference Dahlsrud2008) analysed 37 definitions used by researchers in their studies on CSR and noticed that most of the definitions are based on five dimensions: the environmental, social, economic, stakeholder, and voluntariness dimensions. On the other hand, Rahman (Reference Rahman2011) gave eleven dimensional points on CSR definitions: obligation to society, improving quality of life, economic development, stakeholder’s involvement, law abiding, ethical business practices, voluntariness, human rights, environmental protection, transparency, and accountability.
From the practical point of view, on CSR activities, the following authors made a considerable contribution. Hopkins (Reference Hopkins2006) defined CSR as a consideration of the internal and external stakeholders of the company in an ethical and socially responsible way. The goal of social responsibility is to simultaneously enable the creation of high standards of living for all stakeholders while preserving profitability (Hopkins, Reference Hopkins2006).
Gürlek and Tuna (Reference Gürlek and Tuna2019) indicated that organizational identification of employees through CSR activities had an effect on the working engagement, and consequently had a positive effects on business results.
From a post-transitional countries’ perspective, involving employees in CSR practices might be even more important than in developed economies. Developed economies have incorporated CSR into their business cultures and employees already have their place in companies as a valuable and important resource. Post-transition countries, on the other hand, are still developing their own specific ways to implement CSR practices and are trying to achieve a positive influence on employees and the environment (Habisch et al., Reference Habisch, Wegner, Schmidpeter and Jonker2005).
However, the empirical studies that deal with the concept of CSR in post-transitional countries, such as Serbia and Russia, are very limited. The results of available studies in the considered countries do not fully cover the field of interest related to the CSR concept, and the attitudes of employees, in particular their satisfaction (Alon et al. Reference Alon, Lattemann, Fetscherin, Li and Schneider2010; Milenković et al. Reference Milenković, Ćosović and Stanković2010; Krasnopolskaya Reference Krasnopolskaya2013; Đukić Ivanović Reference Đukić Ivanović2014; Panova Reference Panova2016). This can be considered as a research gap in the literature.
Therefore, the aim of this research, which was carried out in Serbian and Russian companies, was to investigate the employees’ attitudes and opinions on the implementation of the CSR concept and to make a comparative analysis of the obtained results. For this purpose, the relationships of CSR dimensions and the internal and external CSR activities of the companies, as well as their impact on employees’ satisfaction, which is a key factor in the success of CSR implantation, were examined. Hence, the authors have proposed a model for identification of the relationship between CSR activities and their influence on employee satisfaction and further CSR implementation.
This model can help decision-makers in companies to get a perception of the awareness and attitudes of employees of the CSR concept. In addition, the results of this research can contribute to the state of the art in scientific literature by indicating similarities and differences between analysed countries.
2. The Theoretical Framework and Development of Hypotheses
2.1. CSR Dimensions
CSR is a business concept applied by companies, beyond the limits prescribed by law, to balance relationships with stakeholders and integrate their expectations into business activities while ensuring the sustainability of the business. It is important to know the expectations of stakeholders and to align the company’s activities with their interests because, in that way, the implementation of CSR is beneficial for all. It is also an additional motive for the company to further invest in CSR activities. Stakeholder perception is a widely accepted way to research CSR (Arrive et al. Reference Arrive, Feng, Yan and Chege2019; Zhang et al. Reference Zhang, Oo and Lim2019; Dhanesh, Reference Dhanesh2020). Consumer perceptions of CSR mediate the relationship between human values and entrepreneurs’ perceptions of CSR, and significant differences can be found in consumers’ and entrepreneurs’ perceptions of CSR with respect to the cultural environment (González-Rodríguez et al. Reference Gonzalez-Rodríguez, Dıaz-Fernandez and Simonetti2015).
The consideration of CSR can be done through several key interrelated dimensions dealing with the most important problems of society and the environment (Gonzalez-Rodríguez et al. Reference Gonzalez-Rodríguez, Dıaz-Fernandez and Simonetti2015; Arsić et al. Reference Arsić, Stojanović and Mihajlović2017; Stojanovic et al. Reference Stojanovic, Milosevic, Arsic, Urosevic and Mihaljovic2020). In this article, the extent to which the company adopts the five dimensions of CSR proposed by Dahlsrud (Reference Dahlsrud2008) has been analysed from the stakeholder perspective, i.e. the employees’ perception.
The economic responsibility of companies derives from the legally regulated definition of the company, which states that the basic function of the company is to carry out business activities and to increase the value of the invested assets in the long run, thereby justifying the trust of shareholders (Kang and Moon, Reference Kang and Moon2012). The only way that shareholders realize the return of invested funds is through profitability, which is the most important and basic goal of the business economy. Companies that focus their activities only on making profits lead to the creation of strong corporations; however, then the interests of society and the community remain neglected. Companies have become aware that their existence in the market depends on partially sacrificing their short-term profits for the positive effects in the future (Saeidi et al. Reference Saeidi, Sofian, Saeidi, Saeidi and Saeidi2015). Today, companies that have succeeded in adapting to this type of business are market leaders.
Environmental awareness appeared as a result of the pronounced ecological crisis during the 1970s. Although significant measures have been taken to reduce environmental imbalances over time, the need for building and raising the level of environmental awareness continues and has become increasingly important (Chirstmann Reference Chirstmann2004). Environmental awareness consists of performances, modes of behaviour, motives for action, desires and expectations that relate to a human’s natural environment. In recent years, companies have become increasingly under pressure to comply with regulations on environmental protection and transparency. The starting point of the concept of the environmental dimension is that companies have the responsibility to protect the environment and improve it.
The social dimension refers to the existence of a relationship between the companies and the vicinity in which they operate (Nasrullah and Rahim Reference Nasrullah and Rahim2013). First, companies should accept responsibility for the impact that they have on society and balance the external and internal consequences of their actions. The social dimension of CSR includes improving reputation, brand values, employee satisfaction, management, environmental conservation, and philanthropic activities. Social activities can be measured through the contribution to society, strategic partnerships, the impact on the local community, and the time spent in volunteering (Brockett and Rezaee Reference Brockett and Rezaee2012).
The economic, environmental and social dimension of CSR is known as the triple bottom line (Elkington Reference Elkington1997). In addition to the three basic dimensions, two more dimensions have appeared in recent years: stakeholders and voluntariness (Slack et al. Reference Slack, Bardon-Jones and Johnston2013). In recent years, companies have been put under increasing pressure to act socially responsibly towards different stakeholders in business (Okpara and Wynn, Reference Okpara and Wynn2012) and, based on this, the stakeholder dimension arises. The groups interested in the operations of one company include internal (employees, shareholders, managers, etc.) and external groups (customers, suppliers, competitors, state authorities, etc.) (Scandelius and Cohen Reference Scandelius and Cohen2016). The stakeholder dimension aims to balance stakeholder interests and to prevent the unethical behaviour of companies. The dimension of voluntariness relates to the arbitrary engagement of companies in the interest of employees with regard to contributing to their knowledge and experience of both the company in which they operate and the wider community in which they live (Ortas et al. Reference Ortas, Alvarez, Jaussaud and Garayar2015). Voluntary activities are numerous and there are more and more companies that encourage employees to become involved and help improve society and the environment. Based on the facts and the importance of CSR dimensions for the successful operation of the company, the following hypotheses were developed, and they are tested in this article:
H1: The CSR dimensions positively influence internal activities in Serbian and Russian companies.
H2: The CSR dimensions positively influence external activities in Serbian and Russian companies.
2.2. Internal and External CSR Activities
The activities of the companies that are socially responsible can be divided into internal and external activities (Farooq et al. Reference Farooq, Farooq and Jasimuddin2014). The division made in this way according to Hameed et al. (Reference Hameed, Riaz, Arain and Farooq2016) relates to perceived external CSR efforts aimed at meeting the expectations of external stakeholders, and internal CSR activities related to employees.
Within the company, socially responsible practices involve employees and relate to activities such as investing in human capital, education, overall improvement of the employees’ skills, health and safety, and managing change (Mijatovic et al. Reference Mijatovic, Miladinovic and Stokic2015). Active monitoring of the employees who cannot work due to disability or injury at work is also part of the CSR (Rusmanto and Williams, Reference Rusmanto and Williams2015). Responsible employment practices include non-discriminatory practices that contribute to the employment of minority members, older workers, women, long-term unemployed, and persons with disabilities. These contribute to achieving the goals of the European Employment Strategy – reducing unemployment and combating social exclusion of individuals.
In addition to internal activities, the concept of CSR should also be directed towards the community that external CSR activities are focused on. The growing requirements of society towards the practices of companies that have a greater orientation towards their various stakeholders have become evident in all activity sectors. Hence, this continuous pressure from different stakeholders in firms and society as a whole has generated greater concern among managers about the essential aspects required for a company to grow and survive (González-Rodríguez et al. Reference Gonzalez-Rodríguez, Dıaz-Fernandez and Simonetti2015; González-Rodríguez and Díaz-Fernández Reference González-Rodríguez and Díaz-Fernández2020). Hence, it is necessary that the socially responsible business extends beyond the company itself to the local community and to various stakeholders, business partners and suppliers, consumers, public administration, and local NGOs. This aspect of socially responsible business is more visible to the public and makes the company recognizable. The companies contribute to local communities through job security and payment of taxes, donations, sponsorships, social-oriented marketing campaigns, and corporate funds. Investing in the quality of life in the community in which the company operates, as well as taking care of the satisfaction of people working within the company, will not jeopardize the profit of the company but it will contribute to its general development and help those who really need it (Kim et al. Reference Kim, Kim, Marshall and Afzali2018).
Establishing links between CSR activities and employees is often performed directly in research (Turker Reference Turker2009; Lee et al. Reference Lee, Park and Lee2013; Appiah Reference Appiah2019). In contrast, in a study conducted by Hameed et al. (Reference Hameed, Riaz, Arain and Farooq2016) it was assumed that such links are established indirectly through internally and externally oriented CSR activities. The results indicate the justification of this division given that it was found that there are different mechanisms of influence of internal and external CSR activities of employees and their identification with the company (Hur et al. Reference Hur, Moon and Choi2019; Jia et al. Reference Jia, Yan, Liu and Huang2019). Based on the literature analysed, the following hypotheses have been defined.
H3: The internal CSR activities of the companies positively influence the satisfaction of the employees in the concerned countries.
H4: The external CSR activities of the companies positively influence the satisfaction of the employees in the concerned countries.
2.3. Satisfaction of Employees
Successful companies around the world look at their employees as the primary development resource and invest a lot of money in the implementation of CSR activities. Emphasis is put on actively managing employees’ potentials.
The decisions of stakeholders are often made based on the reputation of the organization, whether the stakeholders are customers, business partners or employees. By creating a good CSR reputation, the company gets a tool with which it harmonizes the different expectations of stakeholders (Tkalac Verčič and Sinčić Ćorić Reference Tkalac Verčič and Sinčić Ćorić2018). A strong corporate culture and a reputation created by CSR are proven to be associated with employee satisfaction and commitment (Chun and Davies Reference Chun and Davies2010; Young et al. Reference Young, Glerum, Wang and Joseph2018). Employees’ satisfaction signals that adequate steps have been taken for the implementation of CSR. Research shows that employees who participate in the socially responsible activities of their company have a greater sense of subjective well-being, which contributes to a pleasant working environment and greater customer satisfaction (Hu et al. Reference Hu, Liu and Qu2019). In their research, Tao et al. (Reference Tao, Song, Ferguson and Kochhar2018) concluded that empowering employees to participate in CSR decision-making increased their sense of competence and connection, and improved their relationship with the company. The success of modern companies is no longer measured only by realizing a profit but also by considering the interests of various internal and external groups. Additionally, the previous studies revealed that internal CSR activities had a greater influence on employee engagement than external ones (Gupta and Sharma Reference Gupta and Sharma2016; Chaudhary Reference Chaudhary2017). Chi and Chen (Reference Chi and Chen2020) even established and proved the relationship between employee satisfaction and financial condition of the company, which further indicated the importance of CSR implementation. In his paper, Appiah (Reference Appiah2019) pointed out the positive link between job satisfaction and employee involvement in further CSR activities. Employee’s attitudes about CSR activities are a significant factor for the level of implementation in the company, especially when implementing activities related to the employees themselves (Lee et al. Reference Lee, Park and Lee2013). Satisfied employees are the key to the success of a modern enterprise (Saeidi et al. Reference Saeidi, Sofian, Saeidi, Saeidi and Saeidi2015) and they greatly influence the implementation of the CSR concept, on the basis of which the following hypothesis is defined:
H5: Employee satisfaction has a positive impact on CSR implementation.
Based on the theoretical background, presented through the proposed hypotheses, a conceptual model was developed (see Figure 1).
Conceptual model.
3. Methodology
To test the proposed hypotheses of the research, presented in Figure 1, the Multi-group Confirmatory Factor Analysis (MGCFA) was applied (French and Finch Reference French and Finch2006). The following sections describe in detail the data collection, the characteristics of the sample, and the measurement scales of the constructs involved in the defined research model.
3.1. Sample and Data Collection
To gather the sample, the questionnaire was distributed using a random sampling technique. In order to analyse the perceptions of employees’ awareness of the implementation of CSR, a structured questionnaire divided into two different parts was designed. The questionnaire (see the Appendix), using a comprehensive literature review, was developed based on previously validated measurement scales, and for the requirements of this research the wording was slightly modified (Turker Reference Turker2009; Fortier Reference Fortier2013). The survey included questions related to the constructs that were related to the perception of CSR dimensions, internal and external CSR activities, the satisfaction of employees, and implementation of CSR. In addition, the socio-demographic variables of the respondents were also included in the survey. The survey was translated into Serbian and Russian and distributed in Serbia and Russia. The respondents from the two countries were selected randomly, but with the intention to interview employees working in various companies and taking into consideration the uniformity of the samples. The reason for this was to ensure an adequate basis for comparison of the two countries, which have a similar historical-social background but different economic position currently. A survey among the employees was carried out by direct interviewing in order to ensure the questions were correctly understood and the answers were properly interpreted. In the Russian Federation, a CSR is characterized by a number of specificities adopted by Russian companies, where the development of CSR has had a form of active interaction between business and society. On the other hand, the concept of CSR was brought to Serbia by large multinational companies as an integral part of the business (Đukić Ivanović Reference Đukić Ivanović2014). Many companies in Serbia still lack awareness and knowledge of the benefits of socially responsible business because they perceive this as activities that require investments and do not bring immediately visible profit (Milenković et al. Reference Milenković, Ćosović and Stanković2010).
A literature review has led to identifying the measurement scale for each construct of the research model that accounts for validation. Thus, to measure employees’ awareness of the implementation of CSR, the questionnaire included 28 items. Participants answered to what extent they agree with the claims on a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5 (‘I don’t identify myself with him at all’ to ‘I identify myself completely with him’). A total of 338 properly completed questionnaires of employees from Russia (47.87%) and 368 of employees from Serbia (52.12%) were collected. For analysis, the data were processed with SPSS 17.0 and AMOS. The socio-demographic profile of the participants of the two analysed countries is given in Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of the sample.
4. Results of the Research
The results of the research are given in two segments. The first segment presents the results of the measurement model, using confirmatory factor analysis, with the purpose of confirming the reliability and validity of the measurement scale (Fornell and Larcker Reference Fornell and Larcker1981). After the estimating measurement model, in the second segment, the testing of structural relationships using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis was conducted for Serbia and Russia.
4.1. Measurement Model of CSR
Testing the measurement invariance consists of a series of model comparisons that define increasingly stringent equality constraints (Byrne Reference Byrne2010; Hirschfeld and von Brachel Reference Hirschfeld and von Brachel2014). To ensure internal consistency of a measurement, a Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient (Cronbach Reference Cronbach1951) was calculated for each construct. The individual measures included in the survey are depicted in Table 2. All the constructs have acceptable values where, within each group of questions (Nannally Reference Nannally1978), it is suggested that a value ≥0.7 is considered a priority. The values of the load factors and a critical relation are also shown in Table 2, depicting that all the constructs have a convergent validity in both observed groups of approximately 0.5 (AVE ≥ 0.5) (Hair et al. Reference Hair, Anderson, Tatham and Black1998).
Measurement model of CSR in Serbia and Russia.
Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis was done where the correlation matrix was tested for both observed sample groups, and where the maximum likelihood method was applied. In Table 3, the correlation between constructs for Serbian respondents is given below the diagonal, whereas for Russian respondents it is given above the diagonal.
Correlation matrix.
***p < 0.001; **p > 0.01; *p < 0.05; n.s. p > 0.05.
A multi-group confirmatory factor analysis was performed across samples of Serbian and Russian companies. The chi-square value for the measuring model was 981.8 (df=626) with statistical significance (p < 0.05), while the relative chi-square value for the defined measuring model was 1.568, which was below the required limit of 3, indicating that this model has acceptable fit. Several different model indices of fit were evaluated, including the RMSEA, where excellent model fit was suggested by values less than or equal to 0.06. The value of RMSEA in this case was 0.040, which further suggested that the model fit was adequate. The CFI, TLI, NNFI, NFI and RFI was where excellent model fit was suggested by values greater than or equal to 0.95 (Table 4), while acceptable model fit was suggested by values between 0.90 and 0.95 (Tucker and Lewis Reference Tucker and Lewis1973; Bollen Reference Bollen1986; Steiger Reference Steiger1990). The results depict that all the values have an acceptable model fit.
4.2. Multi-group Analysis of Structural Models and Hypotheses Testing
After confirming the group-invariance of the measurement model in this research, the estimation of separate structural models for each group was performed to see if there were any substantive differences in their structural relationships (Milošević et al. Reference Milošević, Trajković, Rajić, Nikolić and Arsić2018). To obtain more compelling evidence of invariance and variance in the path coefficients across the two groups, the Structural Equation Model Multi-Group Analysis was performed. All goodness-of-fit and model comparison chi-square values were significant, and all the values were above the recommended values, as shown in Table 4.
Fit index for structural model.
To analyse the data and test the hypotheses, the sample was divided into two groups – Serbian and Russian respondents. Standardized factor loadings (Table 5) were greater than 0.60 for the group of Serbian respondents, with only the value for the construct ‘Implementation of CSR’ less than 0.60, whereas standardized factor loadings for Russian respondents were greater than 0.50. Table 5 and Figure 2 show that all path coefficients for both observed groups were found with a positive and significant relationship, with the exception of the one considering hypothesis H4. In this case, the relationship had low statistical significance, but a positive path in both observed groups.
Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis.
(a) Significant at the 99% level; (b) Significant below the 95% level.
Structural model for both groups.
To test the model, the regression coefficients (β coefficient), and the coefficients of determination R 2 were used. The coefficient of determination revealed that the influence of latent constructs on the implementation of CSR can be determined with 19.58% of variance in the case of Serbia and 21.80% in the case of Russia.
The path analysis results (Figure 2) show that there is a very strong direct influence of CSR Dimensions to Internal CSR activities reflected in the beta coefficient of 0.598 (p < 0.001) for Serbia and 0.760 (p < 0.001) for Russia and this confirmed the first hypothesis (H1) for both observed groups. Also, H2 is confirmed because the CSR Dimensions have a strong direct influence with high statistical significance to External CSR activities (β = 0.669, p < 0.001) for Serbia and (β = 0.710, p < 0.001) for Russia. Hypothesis H3, which depicts the relation between the Internal CSR activities and the Satisfaction of employees, with a high positive direction and statistical significance for Serbia (β = 0.683, p < 0.001) and for Russia (β = 0.585, p < 0.001), is also accepted. The results indicate that External CSR activities have a positive effect but do not have a statistical significance on the Satisfaction of employees, with β = 0.065, p > 0.5 for Serbia. The result for Russia was different, with β = 0.268 and statistical significance p < 0.001. Hence, hypothesis H4 is supported in the Russia sample but in the Serbia sample it is insignificant. Finally, hypothesis H5 proves that Satisfaction of employees has a significant influence on the Implementation of CSR, which is confirmed by the beta coefficient of 0.803 in the case of Serbia and 0.860 in the case of Russia, with high statistical significance in both cases (p < 0.001).
5. Discussion
The Multi-group Confirmatory Factor Analysis methodology was employed to test the relationships in the defined research model. The multiple regression analysis was carried out to test the hypotheses that have been developed for this research based on five constructs: CSR dimensions, Internal CSR activities, External CSR activities, Satisfaction of employees, and Implementation of CSR. The obtained results of the research carried out in Russian and Serbian companies indicate that CSR Dimensions (economic, social, ecological, stakeholder, and voluntariness) have an influence on the satisfaction of employees and the implementation of CSR through the internal and external CSR activities. During research on CSR dimensions, Dahlsrud (Reference Dahlsrud2008) pointed to interviews as a way to define the concept of corporate social responsibility through stakeholder perceptions, and also cites research showing that respondents have had difficulty expressing the definition clearly. On the other hand, corporate identity is built on the identification of CSR and the company by stakeholders. Stakeholder attitudes and poor communication can significantly reduce the effectiveness of CSR (Dhanesh Reference Dhanesh2020). Therefore, it is important to examine whether respondents perceive CSR through the proposed dimensions and whether the level of this perception is related to the activities that the company implements. The first hypothesis (H1) observes the relation between perception of CSR dimensions and Internal CSR activities in Russian and Serbian companies, and it has been supported in both examined samples.
The CSR concept was brought to Serbia and Russia by large multinational companies in which CSR activities are an integral part of the business (Đukić Ivanović Reference Đukić Ivanović2014; Stojanović et al. Reference Stojanović, Mihajlović, Safronova, Kunev and Schulte2021). However, the research by Fifka and Pobizhan (Reference Fifka and Pobizhan2014) stressed that the political and socio-economic environment determines how companies practice internal CSR activities. The results of H1 indicate the existence of familiarity with CSR in the examined countries as well as the established relationship with efforts that companies undertake to improve employee status. Nowadays good reputation becomes an important driver for companies that want to present themselves as good ‘social agents’, which means that they do not pollute the environment, they help the community, nurture good relationships with external stakeholders, and take care of the welfare of the entire society. While behaving in that manner, companies can achieve a desirable reputation and sustainable competitive advantage.
Previous research conducted in Serbia and Russia pointed out that the companies that have chosen to operate in accordance with the CSR concept take care of numerous social groups and contribute to society through the mitigation of various social problems (Ivanović-Đukić Reference Ivanović-Đukić2011). In addition, companies in research countries strive to develop specific approaches in order to apply the comprehensive principles of international business based on transparency, environmental protections, external stakeholder relations and social solidarity (Morozova and Britvin Reference Morozova and Britvin2013). In some cases, the companies operating in a socially responsible manner, have the main motive of a good image of the company (Milenković et al. Reference Milenković, Ćosović and Stanković2010). However, their effective communication about business activities and values they want to promote raises awareness of CSR as a concept and its dimensions. In this research, hypothesis H2, which investigates the relation between CSR dimensions and External CSR activities in Russian and Serbian companies, has also been confirmed and contributes to previous understanding and acknowledgment of companies’ CSR efforts and communication. The third hypothesis, related to the internal CSR activities of the companies and their influence on the satisfaction of the employees in the concerned countries, has also been confirmed. These results are in accordance with previous research, where it is proved that internal activities cause a high level of employee satisfaction, work engagement and organizational commitment (Hameed et al. Reference Hameed, Riaz, Arain and Farooq2016; Hur et al. Reference Hur, Moon and Choi2019; Jia et al. Reference Jia, Yan, Liu and Huang2019). The fourth hypothesis, which states ‘The external CSR activities of the companies positively influence the satisfaction of the employees in the concerned countries’ is supported in the case of Russia but is not supported in the case of Serbia. Much research has already proved that the direct influence of external CSR activities is non-existent or very low (Hameed et al. Reference Hameed, Riaz, Arain and Farooq2016; Hur et al. Reference Hur, Moon and Choi2019; Jia et al. Reference Jia, Yan, Liu and Huang2019). A similar conclusion is drawn by Farooq et al. (Reference Farooq, Farooq and Jasimuddin2014) who examined in their research how the CSR activities impact employees’ organizational identification. In their research, a stronger impact is indicated for internal activities, but social activities were confirmed as an influential predictor for organizational identification and satisfaction. The findings of Gupta and Sharma (Reference Gupta and Sharma2016) reinforced the idea that internal and external CSR activities operated through different mechanisms on employees’ satisfaction, where the effect of internal activities on employee engagement was greater than the influence of external activities.
Serbian employees consider that the external CSR activities do not matter so much for them because the direct benefits of external CSR activities are realized by the company, while the employees only realize indirect benefits. Similar results were obtained by Hur et al. (Reference Hur, Moon and Choi2019) and Jia et al. (Reference Jia, Yan, Liu and Huang2019) in their studies, which proved that the influence of external CSR activities on employee behaviour was more often indirectly manifested through elements such as organizational pride or perceived external prestige. Finally, hypothesis H5, which observes the relationship between employee satisfaction and CSR implementation, has been supported. This result is in line with previous research, which showed that company activities enabled numerous interventions to overcome the challenges and barriers that companies faced during CSR implementation (Garavan et al. Reference Garavan, Heraty, Rock and Dalton2010). Consequently, the research by Kunz (Reference Kunz2020) pointed out that companies consciously used CSR to increase employee involvement, as employees who operate within a good working environment can stimulate productivity and contribute to the implementation of CSR activities to a greater extent (Stancu et al. Reference Stancu, Grigore and Rosca2011).
The comprehensive results of this research are in line with those of Chen et al. (Reference Chen, Hong and Occa2019), who pointed out that companies should recognize the importance of CSR activities, which can affect business operations. Successful companies have been developing specific strategies that rely on the different dimensions of CSR, and which are implemented through internal and external CSR activities. In this way, companies establish and strengthen ethical business conduct and ensure all stakeholders (internal and external), especially employees, behave honestly. In addition, they ensure that their corporate cultures are being fostered and aligned with their CSR activities.
5.1. Theoretical and Practical Implications
By revealing the importance of CSR activities on a critical group of stakeholders – namely employees – this study contributes to the literature by analysing the data from Serbia and Russia, post-transitional economies that have not been examined in-depth in the recent literature compared with developed economies. In this way, the literature gap, which is identified as a research issue of this article, can be overcome. Considering that employee engagement and commitment affect organizational outcomes, understanding the importance of employee satisfaction should be a vital precondition for CSR implementation in companies. The obtained results can be very useful to managers of the companies that apply CSR to resolve practical dilemmas by placing emphasis on employee satisfaction, since higher job satisfaction may lead to greater employee commitment to organizational goals and values.
5.2. Limitations and Future Research
This study has some limitations that should be addressed in future research. First, the results of this study are focused only within the context of Serbian and Russian companies, where both countries are post-transitional. Different social and cultural surroundings may cause variations in attitudes toward CSR, therefore generalization of the results for other countries cannot be achieved. Future research on CSR can be broadened with investigations in other post-transitional countries as well as in the developed economies, which may enable results to be compared. Second, this study did not use some demographic data, such as firm age, firm size, respondent gender and level of education, in the analysis of the influence on observed constructs in the defined research model. Thus, future studies should consider these effects.
6. Conclusion
Considering that having a socially responsible business is becoming an increasingly important element in achieving competitive advantage in the market and in the efficient operation of modern companies, the question arises as to what extent Serbian and Russian companies have accepted and implemented the CSR concept. This study examined the employees’ attitudes and opinions on the implementation of the internal and external CSR activities, which can contribute to CSR implementation in the firm’s value creation. The survey was carried out in Serbian and Russian companies and comparative analysis of the obtained results was performed.
This study may inspire scholars to direct additional efforts to research specific segments of CSR implementation in different social-economic systems and other, different, cultures (González-Rodríguez et al. Reference González-Rodríguez, Díaz-Fernández and Simonetti2019). Furthermore, this study is aimed not only at scholars, but also practitioners, managers, owners, and other stakeholders who foster CSR and want to create valuable intangible capital and sustainable business. The main contribution of this article indicates that company managers should encourage positive work attitudes in employees by creating a trustworthy atmosphere based on the implementation of CSR strategies. Transparency and involvement of all employees are at the core of CSR and they contribute to its successful implementation. Therefore, companies should constantly implement activities that positively affect employee satisfaction and their job performance.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the editor and the anonymous reviewers for their very constructive and useful comments. The research presented in this article was carried out with the support of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia, within the funding of the scientific research work at the University of Belgrade, Technical Faculty in Bor, according to the contract with registration number 451-03-9/2021-14/200131. The authors are also grateful to English language teacher Sandra Vasković for the English language edition of the article.
About the Authors
Anđelka Stojanović, MSc, is a Teaching Assistant at the Engineering Management Department, University of Belgrade, Technical Faculty in Bor. She teaches the following courses: Decision Making Theory, Reliability Theory, Logistics, Theoretical Fundamentals of the Master Work Preparation. The areas of her research interest and competence are: corporate social responsibility, and sustainability of business organizations, multi-criteria decision-making methods, statistical analysis.
Natalya Borisovna Safronova, PhD, is a Professor at the Institute of Sectoral Management, The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA). Natalya's areas of scientific knowledge are: economics, economics of economic management, economics and organization of the enterprise, business management.
Sanela Arsić, PhD, is an Assistant Professor at the Technical Faculty in Bor, University of Belgrade. Her main research interests include multi-criteria decision-making methods, quality management, e-commerce, corporate social responsibility, and statistical data analysis. She is the author and co-author of a number of papers in international and national journals and conferences and has participated in several international research projects.
Isidora Milošević, PhD, is an Associate Professor at the Technical Faculty in Bor, University of Belgrade. Her main research interests include strategic management, new technology and innovation, structural equation modelling, corporate social responsibility and marketing in small and medium-sized enterprises. She has co-authored a number of research papers that have been published in international scientific journals and has led several international research projects.
Ivan Mihajlović, PhD, is a full professor at the University of Belgrade, Technical Faculty in Bor, Engineering Management Department. Currently, his main focus is on exploring and solving problems related to operational management with the application of methods of linear and nonlinear statistical analysis, kinetic analysis of technological processes and ecological management. He is the author or co-author of four books, five chapters in monographs, and over 120 papers published in international and national scientific journals.
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