Reports show that suicides in women with psychiatric disorders are a leading cause of maternal deaths in England and psychiatric disorders continue to impact adversely on pregnancy, mothers, infants and society at large (Reference BrockingtonBrockington, 1998; Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2000; Department of Health, 2001; Reference Evans, Heron and FrancombEvans et al, 2001). Concerns about inadequate specialist perinatal psychiatric care facilities in these reports led to recommendations that they should be commissioned.

There is a dearth of information on currently available services. Prettyman & Friedman (Reference Prettyman and Friedman1991) in a postal survey of 201 health authorities in England and Wales found that about a fifth had dedicated admission facilities for mothers with mental illness and their babies and only a few offered specialist consultations or had specialist community teams. Opinions vary about the best approach for the provision of these services: ranging from a traditional integrative approach that involves strengthening existing generic community mental health teams and other services, to stand-alone specialist services which specifically address the needs of perinatal women (Perinatal Specialist Interest Group, Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2003).

We present a recent survey of specialised perinatal psychiatric services and views of professionals working in this field in England.

Method

The study was a two-stage postal survey carried out between January and June 2003. In stage 1, medical directors of the 78 relevant mental health trusts in England were contacted and requested to provide contact details of the lead clinician or manager for perinatal services, or in the absence of a designated person, the clinical director of working age adult services. The named persons were then contacted and requested to fill in a confidential questionnaire in the second stage. A telephone interview option was provided. Repeated contacts were made to non-responding trusts and informal contacts were used to identify services when necessary. In trusts with more than one site and different levels of service provisions, the site with the most comprehensive service was chosen. We enquired about provisions of documents for perinatal services, professional staff involved, mother and baby units, teams and views about the service provisions.

Results

Out of 78 trusts contacted, 66 responded to stage 1 contacts, while 57 responded to stage 2 contacts, giving a final response rate of 73%. The responses obtained were through 48 returned questionnaires, 5 letters and 4 telephone interviews. The findings are shown in Table 1. Of the responding personnel, 65% were clinicians, usually consultants.

Table 1.

Specialist perinatal services provisions

	No. of trusts (%) (Total=57)
Documents and protocols:
1. Perinatal services strategy document	19 (33)
2. Treatment protocol for perinatal disorders	29 (51)
3. Mother and baby admission policy	22 (39)
Personnel:
1. Designated perinatal multidisciplinary teams	20 (35)
2. Clinical session (at least 1 per week) in perinatal psychiatry
1. Consultant liaison psychiatrists (special interest)	22 (39)
2. Consultant general psychiatrists (special interest)	3 (5)
3. Training grade psychiatrists	15 (26)
4. Staff grades/associate specialists	7 (12)
3. In-patient nurses (full-time)	14 (25)
4. Community psychiatric nurses (CPNs)
1. One or more full-time CPN	11 (19)
2. One or more part-time CPN	6 (11)
5. Social workers (full-time or sessional)	10 (18)
6. Psychologists/trainee (full-time or sessional)	9 (16)
7. Occupational therapists	7 (12)
8. Others, e.g. nursery nurses	19 (33)
Facilities/services:
1. Admission facilities for mothers and babies	21 (37)
1. Dedicated units	14 (25)
2. Designated beds in open ward	7 (12)
2. Day hospital	2 (4)
3. Intensive home treatment	5 (9)
4. Specific service for obstetric ward referrals	17 (30)
5. Obstetric liaison clinic	14 (25)
1. With midwives/others	8 (14)
2. Stand-alone clinic	6 (11)
Other specialist services:
1. Perinatal primary care liaison team	12 (21)
2. Prenatal counselling clinic	12 (21)
3. Parenting skills assessment clinic	3 (5)
4. Substance misuse services	19 (33)
5. Service for teenage mothers	3 (5)

The provision of documents and protocols was the most common service provided by the responding trusts: provided by 33 trusts (58%). The most common were guidelines for management of perinatal disorders such as depression, for use in primary care; followed by mother and baby admission policies; and less commonly perinatal care strategy documents (Table 1). These documents were considered outdated/inadequate in 16 of the trusts (48%) that had them.

In 20 of the trusts (35%) there was a perinatal multidisciplinary team; 6 had no community staff. Liaison psychiatrists constituted 90% of the consultants involved in the services, providing on average 4 sessions per week; 2 trusts had a full-time perinatal psychiatrist. Specialist registrars were the trainees most involved in the services but senior house officers provided more sessions. Eleven trusts had 1 or more full-time community psychiatric nurse (CPN) in their service; the average number of CPNs per team was 2 including part-time CPNs. The number of social workers and psychologists were even less (Table 1).

A total of 21 trusts (37%) had facilities for admissions of mother and babies, with two-thirds of the facilities being in dedicated units and the rest being designated beds in an open ward. There were 2 units with 10 beds, 3 with 5-8 beds and 6 units with 3-4 beds, with the rest having 2 beds. Ninety-two per cent of the units were under the care of a liaison psychiatrist. The available number of beds was regarded as inadequate in 6 of the trusts, while 3 trusts reported under-used beds as a result of staffing shortages. Only a few trusts had intensive home care or day hospital services, an area specifically identified to be inadequate by many responders. There were teams for obstetric ward referrals in 17 trusts (30%) while obstetric liaison clinics or equivalent were provided in 14 trusts (25%), often with midwives. Some other specific community services were reported (Table 1).

Overall, there was evidence in only 13 trusts (23%) of provision of the full range of services from in-patient and/or intensive home treatment to obstetrics ward and liaison clinic services (Table 2). However, 46% of trusts have either an in-patient service or an intensive home treatment service. The remaining trusts had no specific perinatal facilities; about half of those rely on arrangements with neighbouring trusts for admission beds, including 3 trusts that use beds in the private sector. A quarter of all the responding trusts thus reported no services or any specific arrangements.

Table 2.

Summary of overall facilities

Facilities	No. of trusts (%) (Total=57)
1. In-patient facility/*intensive home treatment	26 (46)
2. Community teams/follow-up service/**day hospital	19 (33)
3. Service for ward referrals/liaison clinics	17 (30)
4. Combination of 1, 2 and 3	13 (23)
5. None of 1, 2 and 3 but has protocols and policies and/or specific arrangements with nearby trusts	16 (26)
6. No provisions or any evidence of specific arrangement	15 (26)

Problems identified by responders include the following. The need for more community nurses, social workers and psychologists (in that order) were commonly identified inadequacies. Five trusts identified inadequate ‘ primary care provisions’ for the community care of perinatal women, while 4 trusts relate their main problem to having too large a geographical area and a small number of patients needing specialist services; the same reason was given by 2 trusts for not providing day hospital services. Other problems reported included lack of coordination between different specialist services and lack of appropriate supported housing for mothers that can also cater for their babies after discharge.

Views on the need for specialist perinatal mental health services were expressed by 53% of responders. The majority of opinion supported continuing provision of specialist services, with academics tending to express this view more strongly than proponents of generic services who were mostly medical and/or clinical directors. Most responders considered their current services to be inadequate. Ten trusts reported specifically that perinatal services were not considered a priority by their primary care trusts, as services had stopped, were about to be stopped or had been recently reduced for cost reasons. Only 3 trusts reported specific future developmental plans.

Discussion

This survey reveals that less than half of the mental health trusts in England provide specialist perinatal services, of which only a few provide all components of the required services. A large number of trusts have no specialist services while a significant number rely on arrangements with nearby trusts, mainly for provision of in-patient beds. Despite the confidential nature of the survey and repeated enquiries, a quarter of the trusts contacted did not respond. The high level of non-provision of specialist perinatal services by the responding trust and our ascertainment process suggest that the non-responding trusts do not provide these services.

Our findings show a reduction in the number of dedicated in-patient units for perinatal women in England from 35, since the Prettyman & Friedman (Reference Prettyman and Friedman1991) survey, to 21 in this survey. The provision of such units is considered expensive and segregative (Reference Barnett and MorganBarnett & Morgan, 1996). The shift in focus of psychiatric care to the community may be another important factor. However, appropriate alternatives to in-patient admission for perinatal women are lacking. In this survey, the numbers of community staff were small, specialist perinatal home treatment services were provided by only 5 trusts and only 2 had specialist day hospitals.

Liaison psychiatrists are now more involved in provision of these services compared with over a decade ago (Reference Prettyman and FriedmanPrettyman & Friedman, 1991). They provide the necessary leadership thrust and supervise the trainee doctors for these services. Reports that some trusts have recently reduced or stopped their services underlie the prevalent view that provision of perinatal services is not considered to be a priority by primary care trusts and that it has generally suffered since the 1999 trusts’ restructuring.

In conclusion, the majority of mental health trusts in England are currently not providing specialist perinatal services. It appears that most perinatal women with mental disorders are being served by generic mental health services which have proved inadequate (Department of Health, 2001). There is a continuing difference of opinion about the best approach for providing these services. A lack of a clear national approach has raised fears that these services are ‘in a no man's land’ in the current government policies (Perinatal Specialist Interest Group, Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2003). There is a need for a national minimum standard.

Declaration of interest

None.