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Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Genesis of Kaolinitic Claystone Deposits in the Datong Coalfield, Northern China

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Linsong Liu ,
Qinfu Liu Open the ORCID record for Qinfu Liu [Opens in a new window] ,
Thomas Algeo ,
Hao Zhang ,
Yongjie Yang ,
Gaoyu Peng ,
Shuai Zhang ,
Hanlie Hong  and
Di Liu
Linsong Liu
Affiliation:
College of Geoscience and Survey Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
Qinfu Liu*
Affiliation:
College of Geoscience and Survey Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
Thomas Algeo
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0013, USA State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences-Wuhan, Wuhan 430074, China State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes andMineral Resources, China University of Geosciences-Wuhan, Wuhan 430074, China
Hao Zhang
Affiliation:
School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
Yongjie Yang
Affiliation:
College of Geoscience and Survey Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
Gaoyu Peng
Affiliation:
College of Geoscience and Survey Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
Shuai Zhang
Affiliation:
College of Geoscience and Survey Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
Hanlie Hong
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0013, USA
Di Liu
Affiliation:
College of Geoscience and Survey Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
*
*E-mail address of corresponding author: lqf@cumtb.edu.cn
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Abstract

Gray-black kaolinitic claystones of industrial value are abundant in Upper Carboniferous–Lower Permian coal-bearing strata of the Datong Coalfield of northern China. The main types are tonsteins and cryptocrystalline kaolinitic claystones, distinguished by the thinness and greater crystallinity of kaolinite in the former and by the presence of detrital illite and authigenic pyrite in the latter. In order to determine the formation history of these two types of kaolinitic claystone, the petrological, mineralogical, and geochemical characteristics of borehole samples from the Upper Carboniferous Taiyuan Formation which comprises siliciclastics and coal seams deposited in a coastal environment, were analyzed. In addition to kaolinite, the claystones contain subordinate illite, quartz, pyrite, anatase, feldspar, siderite, and calcite. The tonsteins and cryptocrystalline kaolinitic claystones have different sources, as shown by petrographic data, elemental ratios, and chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns. The volcanic origin of the tonsteins is revealed by an abundance of volcanic quartz and vitric fragments as well as Al2O3/TiO2, Zr/Hf, and Nb/Ta ratios consistent with a felsic igneous source. Their REE fraction was derived from feldspars or micas of the parent rocks, and the fraction decreased with alteration of these minerals to kaolinite. The sedimentary origin of the cryptocrystalline kaolinitic claystones is revealed by an abundance of detrital quartz and illite grains derived from either granite or sedimentary upper crust, and by the total REE contents (ΣREE) and (La/Yb)N values which are consistent with granitic material. Their depositional environment was in a transitional (coastal) setting (as shown by intermediate Sr/Ba ratios) hosting an open acidic hydrologic system (as shown by high chemical index of alteration (CIA) values indicative of intensive chemical weathering) that was suboxic to anoxic (as shown by high U/Th ratios and trace-metal enrichment factors). The present chemistry of these claystones was thus controlled by a combination of parent rock type and diagenetic alteration.

Keywords

Coal SeamDiagenesisKaoliniteLeachingTaiyuan FormationTonstein

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Article
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Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 69 , Issue 1 , February 2021 , pp. 68 - 93
Copyright
Copyright © The Clay Minerals Society 2021

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