Hostname: page-component-77f85d65b8-45ctf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-04-18T10:12:57.376Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Dysfunctional Belief Domains Related to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Further Examination of their Dimensionality and Specificity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 January 2013

Amparo Belloch ,
Carmen Morillo ,
Juan V. Luciano ,
Gemma García-Soriano ,
Elena Cabedo  and
Carmen Carrió
Amparo Belloch*
Affiliation:
Universidad de Valencia (Spain)
Carmen Morillo
Affiliation:
Agencia Valenciana de Salud (Spain)
Juan V. Luciano
Affiliation:
Servicio de Salud Mental San Boi de Llobregat (Spain)
Gemma García-Soriano
Affiliation:
Universidad de Valencia (Spain)
Elena Cabedo
Affiliation:
Agencia Valenciana de Salud (Spain)
Carmen Carrió
Affiliation:
Agencia Valenciana de Salud (Spain)
*
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Amparo Belloch Fuster. Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamientos Psicológicos. Facultad de Psicología. Universidad de Valencia. Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 21. 46010. Valencia (Spain). Phone: +34-963983439. Fax: +34-963864 669. E-mail: amparo.belloch@uv.es.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

International consensus has been achieved on the existence of several dysfunctional beliefs underlying the development and/or maintenance of the Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Nevertheless, questions such as the dimensionality of the belief domains and the existence of OCD-specific dysfunctional beliefs still remain inconclusive. The present paper addresses these topics through two different studies. Study 1: A series of confirmatory factor analyses (N= 573 non-clinical subjects) were carried out on the Obsessive Beliefs Spanish Inventory-Revised (OBSI-R), designed to assess dysfunctional beliefs hypothetically related to OCD. An eight-factor model emerged as the best factorial solution: responsibility, over-importance of thoughts, thought-action fusion-likelihood, thought action fusion-morality, importance of thought control, overestimation of threat, intolerance of uncertainty and perfectionism. Study 2: The OBSI-R and other symptom measures were administered to 75 OCD patients, 22 depressed patients, and 25 non-OCD anxious patients. Results indicated that, although OCD patients differed from their non-clinical counterparts on all of the OBSI-R subscales, no evidence of OCD-specificity emerged for any of the belief domains measured, as the OCD subjects did not differ from the other two clinical groups of patients.

Hay un consenso internacional sobre la existencia de ciertas creencias disfuncionales que subyacen al desarrollo y/o al mantenimiento del trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo (TOC). No obstante, temas tales como la dimensionalidad de tales creencias y si son específicas del TOC, siguen pendientes de resolución. Este artículo examina estos aspectos mediante dos estudios diferentes: Estudio 1: Se realizaron análisis factoriales confirmatorios (573 sujetos no clínicos) del Inventario Español de Creencias Obsesivas-Revisado (ICO-R), que fue diseñado para evaluar creencias disfuncionales relacionadas con el TOC. La mejor solución factorial posible fue la de 8 factores: responsabilidad; importancia de los pensamientos; fusión pensamiento-acción probabilidad; fusión pensamiento-acción, moralidad; importancia de controlar los pensamientos; sobrestimar el peligro; intolerancia a la incertidumbre; y perfeccionismo. Estudio 2: El ICO-R se administró, junto con otros cuestionarios de síntomas, a 75 pacientes TOC, 22 deprimidos, y 25 pacientes con trastornos de ansiedad no-TOC. Los resultados indican que, si bien los pacientes TOC difieren de la población no clínica en todas las subescalas del ICO-R, ninguno de los dominios de creencias es específico del TOC, dado que estos pacientes no se diferenciaron de los otros dos grupos en ninguna de las subescalas del ICO-R.

Keywords

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorderdysfunctional beliefsObsessive Beliefs Spanish InventoryOBSIObsessive Beliefs QuestionnaireOBQtrastorno obsesivo-compulsivocreencias disfuncionalesInventario Español de Creencias ObsesivasICOCuestionario de Creencias ObsesivasOBQ

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
The Spanish Journal of Psychology , Volume 13 , Issue 1 , May 2010 , pp. 376 - 388
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Abramowitz, J. S., Whiteside, S., Lynam, D., & Kalsy, S. (2003). Is thought-action fusion specific to obsessive-compulsive disorder?: a mediating role of negative affect. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 1069–1079.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Psychological Association, APA (1994). DSM-IV-Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales. Barcelona: Masson.Google Scholar
Anholt, G. E., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Cath, D. C., van Oppen, P., Nelissen, H., & Smit, J. H. (2004). Do patients with OCD and pathological gambling have similar dysfunctional cognitions?. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 529–537.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, A. T.& Steer, R. A. (1993). Beck Depression Inventory. Manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Belloch, A., Cabedo, E., Morillo, C., Lucero, M., & Carrió, C (2003). Development of an instrument to assess dysfunctional beliefs in the obsessive-compulsive disorder: Preliminary results of the Obsessive Beliefs Inventory. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 3, 235–250.Google Scholar
Belloch, A., Morillo, C., & García-Soriano, G. (2009). Strategies to control unwanted intrusive thoughts: which are relevant and specific in obsessive-compulsive disorder? Cognitive Therapy and Research 33, 75–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bentler, P. M. (1995). EQS structural equations program manual. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software.Google Scholar
Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2002). The intolerance of uncertainty scale: psychometric properties of the English version. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 931–945.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burns, G. L., Keortge, S. G., Formea, G. M., & Sternberg, L. G. (1996). Revision of the Padua Inventory of obsessive compulsive disorder symptoms: Distinctions between worry, obsessions, and compulsions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 163–173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cabedo, E., Belloch, A., Morillo, C., Giménez, A., & Carrió, C. (2004). Strength of dysfunctional beliefs in relation to the increased obsessionality. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 4, 465–479.Google Scholar
Calamari, J. E., Cohen, R. J., Rector, N. A., Szacun-Shimizu, K., Riemann, B. C., & Norberg, M. M. (2006). Dysfunctional belief-based obsessive-compulsive disorder subgroups. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1347–1360.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, D. A. (2004). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for OCD. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Coles, M. E., & Horng, B. (2006) A prospective study of cognitive vulnerability to obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 30, 723–734.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dugas, M. J., Gagnon, F., Ladouceur, R., & Freeston, M. H. (1998). Generalized anxiety disorder: a preliminary test of a conceptual model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 215–226CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Faull, M., Joseph, S., Meaden, A., & Lawrence, T. (2004). Obsessive beliefs and their relation to obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 11, 158–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foa, E. B., Huppert, J.D., Leiberg, S., Langner, R., Kichic, R., Hajcak, G., & Salkovskis, P. M. (2002). The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version. Psychological Assessment, 14, 485–496.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frost, R. O., Novara, C., & Rhéaume, J. (2003). Perfectionism in obsessive-compulsive disorder. In Frost, R. O., & Steketee, G. (Eds.). Cognitive approaches to obsessions and compulsions: Theory, assessment and treatment. Oxford: Pergamon.Google Scholar
Frost, R. O., & Steketee, G. (1997). Perfectionism in obsessive-compulsive disorder patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 291–296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fullana, M. A., Tortella-Feliu, M., Caseras, X., Andión, O., Torrubia, B. A. R., & Mataix-Cols, D. (2005). Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised in a non-clinical simple. Anxiety Disorders 19, 893–903.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerbing, D. W., & Anderson, J. C. (1993). Monte Carlo evaluations of goodness-of-fit indices for structural equation models. In Bollen, K. A. and Long, J. S. (eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 40–65). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Giménez, A., Morillo, C., Belloch, A., Carrió, C., & Cabedo, E. (2004). Creencias disfuncionales asociadas a síntomas obsesivo-compulsivos: una aproximación a la especificidad. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 9, 1–18.Google Scholar
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1995). Evaluating model fit. In Hoyle, R. H. (Ed.), Structural equation modelling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 76–99). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Ibáñez, I., Olmedo, E., Peñate, W., & González, M (2002). Obsesiones y compulsiones: Estructura del Inventario de Padua. International Journal of Clinical & Health Psychology, 2, 263–288.Google Scholar
Julien, D., O'Connor, K. P., & Aardema, F. (2007) Intrusive thoughts, obsessions, and appraisals in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a critical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 366–383.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Julien, D., O'Connor, K. P., Aardema, F., & Todorov, C. (2006). The specificity of belief domains in obsessive–compulsive symptom subtypes. Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 1205–1216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaplan, D. (2000). Structural equation modeling: foundations and extensions. Thousand Oaks, CA: SageGoogle Scholar
Luciano, J. V., Belloch, A., Morillo, C., & Garcia-Soriano, G. (2006). Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Obsessive Beliefs Inventory-Revised (OBSI-R). EABCT 2006 Congress, Paris.Google Scholar
Marsh, H. W., Balla, J. R., & Hau, K. T. (1996). An evaluation of incremental fit indices: A clarification of mathematical and empirical properties. In Marcoulides, G. A. and Schumacker, R. E. (Eds.), Advanced structural equation modeling: Issues and techniques (pp. 315–353). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Mataix-Cols, D., Sanchez-Turet, M., & Vallejo, J. (2002). A Spanish version of the Padua Inventory: Factor structure and psychometric properties. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 30, 25–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mathews, A. (1990). Why worry? The cognitive function of anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 455–468.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McFall, M. E., & Wollersheim, J. P. (1979). Obsessive-compulsive neurosis: A cognitive-behavioral formulation and approach to treatment. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 3, 333–348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 487–495.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morillo, C., Belloch, A., & García-Soriano, G. (2007). Clinical obsessions in obsessive–compulsive patients and obsession-relevant intrusive thoughts in non-clinical, depressed and anxious subjects: Where are the differences?. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 1319–1333.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Myers, S. G., Fisher, P. L., & Wells, A. (2008). Belief domains of the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire-44 (OBQ-44) and their specific relationship with obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 475–484.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Obsessive-Compulsive Cognitions Working Group. (1997). Cognitive assessment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 667–681.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Obsessive-Compulsive Cognitions Working Group. (2001). Development and initial validation of the obsessive beliefs questionnaire and the interpretation of intrusions inventory. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 987–1006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Obsessive-Compulsive Cognitions Working Group. (2003). Psychometric validation of the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire and the Interpretation of Intrusions Inventory: Part I. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 863–878.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Obsessive-Compulsive Cognitions Working Group. (2005). Psychometric validation of the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire and the Interpretation of Intrusions Inventory-Part II: Factor analyses and testing of a brief version. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 1527–1542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rachman, S. J. (1997). A cognitive theory of obsessions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 793–802.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rassin, E., Merckelbach, H., Muris, P., & Schmidt, H. (2001). The thought-action fusion scale: further evidence for its reliability and validity. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 537–544.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salkovskis, P. M. (1999). Understanding and treating obsessive–compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 29–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salkovskis, P. M., Wroe, A. L., Gledhill, A., Morrison, N., Forrester, E., Richards, C., Reynolds, M., & Thorpe, S. (2000). Responsibility attitudes and interpretations are characteristics of obsessive compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 347–372.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanavio, E. (1988). Obsessions and compulsions: The Padua Inventory. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 26, 169–177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sandín, B., & Chorot, P. (1991). Adaptación española del Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Madrid: UNED.Google Scholar
Sanz, J., & Vázquez, C. (1998). Fiabilidad, validez y datos normativos del Inventario para la depresión de Beck. Psicothema, 10, 303–318.Google Scholar
Seisdedos, N. (1988). Cuestionario de Ansiedad Estado-Rasgo. Adaptación española. Madrid: TEA.Google Scholar
Shafran, R., Thordason, D. S., & Rachman, S. (1996). Thought-action fusion in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 10, 379–391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sookman, D., & Pinard, J. (2003). Overestimation of threat and intolerance of uncertainty in obsessive-compulsive disorder. In Frost, R.O., & Steketee, G. (Eds.). Cognitive approaches to obsessions and compulsions: Theory, assessment and treatment. Oxford: Pergamon.Google Scholar
Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1970). STAI, Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Self evaluation Questionnaire). Palo Alto, California: Consulting Psychologist Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, S., Abramowitz, J. S., McKay, D., Calamari, J. E., Sookman, D., Kyrios, M., Wilhelm, S., & Carmin, C. (2006). Do dysfunctional beliefs play a role in all types of obsessive–compulsive disorder? Anxiety Disorders, 20, 85–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, S., McKay, D., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2005). Hierarchical structure of dysfunctional beliefs in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 34, 216–228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tolin, D. F., Worhunsky, P., & Maltby, N. (2006). Are “obsessive” beliefs specific to OCD?: A comparison across anxiety disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 469–480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vázquez, C., & Sanz, J. (1999). Fiabilidad y validez de la versión española del Inventario para la Depresión de Beck en pacientes con trastornos mentales (Reliability and validity of the Spanish version of the Beck Depression Inventory in patients with psychological disorders). Clínica y Salud, 10, 59–81.Google Scholar
Woods, C. M., Tolin, D. F., & Abramowitz, J. A. (2004). Dimensionality of the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26, 113–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, K. D., & Carter, S. A. (2008). Further investigation of the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire: factor structure and specificity of relations with OCD symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 824–836.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yorulmaz, O., Yilmaz, A. E., & Gençöz, T. (2004). Psychometric properties of the thought-action fusion scale in a Turkish sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 1203–1214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar