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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 23 April 2026

1 Robert W. Cox, Social Forces, States and World Order: Beyond International Relations Theory, 10 Millenium: J. Int’l Stud. 126, 128 (1981).
2 Id. at 129.
3 Id. at 130.
4 Id. at 129.
5 Antony Anghie, Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law (2004); B.S. Chimni, International Institutions Today: An Imperial Global State in the Making, 15 Eur. J. Int’l L. 1 (2004); Guy Fiti Sinclair, To Reform the World: International Organizations and the Making of Modern States (2017).
6 Jean d’Aspremont, The Love for International Organizations, 20 Int’l Org. L. Rev. 111 (2023).
7 Jan Klabbers, The EJIL Foreword: The Transformation of International Organizations Law, 26 Eur. J. Int’l L. 1 (2015).
8 Id. at 34.
9 Author’s analysis using the search function on the Journal’s website.
10 Kristina Daugirdas & Gian Luca Burci, Financing the World Health Organization: What Lessons for Multilateralism?, 16 Int’l Org. L. Rev. 299, 318 (2019) (describing this dynamic with respect to vertical interventions regarding immunizations).
11 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Arts. 28–45, Mar. 23, 1973, 999 UNTS 171.
12 World Health Organization, External Access to WHO Archives (2007), at https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/rules-of-external-access-to-who-archives.
13 World Bank, Policy on Access to Information (2015), at https://policies.worldbank.org/en/policies/all/ppfdetail/3693.
14 Miia Halme-Tuomisaari, Consultancy, Confidentiality & Scholarly Responsibility: Glimpses from the UN OHCHR, Humanity J. Blog (Sept. 5, 2019), at https://humanityjournal.org/blog/consultancy-confidentiality (describing her experience with a consultancy that involved an ethnographic study for the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights—and being precluded from using the results in scholarship because “the consultancy was accompanied by a confidentiality clause, making it impossible to share its results without authorization from the OHCHR”)
15 Janne E. Nijman, An Enlarged Sense of Possibility for International Law: Seeking Change by Doing History, in Contingency in International Law 92, 106 (Ingo Venzke & Kevin Jon Heller eds., 2021).