Hostname: page-component-89b8bd64d-mmrw7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-05-09T22:23:59.677Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The risk and protective factors for suicidal burden among 251 763 school-based adolescents in 77 low- and middle-income to high-income countries: assessing global, regional and national variations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 July 2021

Rashidul Alam Mahumud Open the ORCID record for Rashidul Alam Mahumud [Opens in a new window] ,
Angela J. Dawson Open the ORCID record for Angela J. Dawson [Opens in a new window] ,
Wen Chen ,
Tuhin Biswas ,
Syed Afroz Keramat ,
Rachael Lisa Morton  and
Andre M.N. Renzaho Open the ORCID record for Andre M.N. Renzaho [Opens in a new window]
Rashidul Alam Mahumud*
Affiliation:
NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW-2006, Australia School of Social Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith 2751, Australia Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD-4350, Australia
Angela J. Dawson
Affiliation:
Faculty of Health, Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
Wen Chen
Affiliation:
Faculty of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China Center for Migrant Health Policy, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Tuhin Biswas
Affiliation:
Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, 80 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, QLD 4068, Australia
Syed Afroz Keramat
Affiliation:
Economics Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh
Rachael Lisa Morton
Affiliation:
NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW-2006, Australia
Andre M.N. Renzaho
Affiliation:
Translational Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, Australia Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne 3004, Australia
*
Author for correspondence: Rashidul Alam Mahumud, E-mail: rashid.mahumud@ctc.usyd.edu.au; md.mahumud@sydney.edu.au
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

Adolescent suicide is a global public health concern and the second leading cause of adolescent death worldwide. This study aimed to estimate the burden of adolescent suicidal behaviours and its association with violence and unintentional injury, psychosocial, protective, lifestyle and food security-related factors amongst school-based adolescents across 77 countries in the six World Health Organization (WHO) regions.

Methods

This study comprised a sample of 251 763 adolescents drawn from the latest Global School-based Student Health Survey of school-based adolescents, aged 11–17 years, across 77 countries. Logistic regression analyses were employed to estimate the adjusted effect of independent factors on adolescent suicidal behaviours.

Results

The population-weighted 12-month prevalence of suicidal ideation (SI), suicidal planning (SP) and suicidal attempts (SA) amongst school-based adolescents was 18, 18 and 16%, respectively. Adolescent suicidal behaviours (i.e. SI, SP and SA) were respectively associated with being physically attacked, physical fighting, high levels of anxiety, feeling lonely, being bullied, lack of parental support, poor peer support, not having close friends and high levels of sedentary behaviours. Overall, these associations also extended to the context of food insecurity across regions and country income groups, where the magnitude of association slightly varied from odds ratios of 1.25 times to 3.13.

Conclusions

The burden of school-going adolescent suicidal thoughts, suicide planning and suicide attempts is of particular concern in low-resource countries. Comprehensive suicide prevention programmes for school-going adolescents in LMICs are needed that address socio-cultural inequities related to violence and unintentional injury, social support and psychological factors, protective, and lifestyle-related factors.

Keywords

Adolescents' suicidal behavioursbullying victimisationparental and peer supportspsychological factorssedentary behavioursviolence and unintentional injury

Information

Type
Original Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 52 , Issue 2 , January 2022 , pp. 379 - 397
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

Footnotes

‡

The online version of this article has been updated since original publication. A notice detailing the changes has also been published at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721003858.

References

Alaimo, K., Olson, C. M., & Frongillo, E. A. (2002). Family food insufficiency, but not low family income, is positively associated with dysthymia and suicide symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Nutrition, 132(4), 719–725. doi: 10.1093/jn/132.4.719CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, M. L., Gallagher, J., & Ritchie, E. R. (2018). School meal quality and academic performance. Journal of Public Economics, 168, 81–93. doi: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2018.09.013CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andover, M. S., Morris, B. W., Wren, A., & Bruzzese, M. E. (2012). The co-occurrence of non-suicidal self-injury and attempted suicide among adolescents: Distinguishing risk factors and psychosocial correlates. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 6(11), 1–7. doi: 10.1186/1753-2000-6-11CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Asante, K. O., Kugbey, N., Osafo, J., Quarshie, E. N. B., & Sarfo, J. O. (2017). The prevalence and correlates of suicidal behaviours (ideation, plan and attempt) among adolescents in senior high schools in Ghana. SSM – Population Health, 3, 427–434. doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.05.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asnaani, A., Richey, J. A., Dimaite, R., Hinton, D. E., & Hofmann, S. G. (2010). A cross-ethnic comparison of lifetime prevalence rates of anxiety disorders. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198(8), 551–555. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181ea169fCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baetens, I., Claes, L., Muehlenkamp, J., Grietens, H., & Onghena, P. (2011). Non-suicidal and suicidal self-injurious behavior among Flemish adolescents: A web-survey. Archives of Suicide Research, 15(1), 56–67. doi: 10.1080/13811118.2011.540467CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, A. T. (1983). Cognitive therapy of depression: New perspectives. In Clayton, P. J. & Barett, J. E. (Eds.), Treatment of depression: Old controversies and new approaches (pp. 265–290). New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
Biswas, T., Scott, J. G., Munir, K., Renzaho, A. M. N., Rawal, L. B.… Mamun, A. A. (2020). Global variation in the prevalence of suicidal ideation, anxiety and their correlates among adolescents: A population based study of 82 countries. EClinicalMedicine, 24(100395), 1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100395CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonell, C., Hinds, K., Dickson, K., Thomas, J., Fletcher, A. … Campbell, R. (2016). What is positive youth development and how might it reduce substance use and violence? A systematic review and synthesis of theoretical literature. BMC Public Health, 16(135), 1–13. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-2817-3Google ScholarPubMed
Cash, S. J., & Bridge, J. A. (2009). Epidemiology of youth suicide and suicidal behavior. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 21(5), 613–619. doi: 10.1097/MOP.0b013e32833063e1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Catalano, R. F., Skinner, M. L., Alvarado, G., Kapungu, C., Reavley, N.… Petroni, S. (2019). Positive youth development programs in low- and middle-income countries: A conceptual framework and systematic review of efficacy. Journal of Adolescent Health, 65(1), 15–31. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.01.024CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). Youth risk behavior survey data summary & trends report 2007–2017.Google Scholar
Chang, E. C., Wan, L., Li, P., Guo, Y., He, J., Gu, Y., … Hirsch, J. K. (2017). Loneliness and suicidal risk in young adults: Does believing in a changeable future help minimize suicidal risk among the lonely loneliness and suicidal risk in young adults. The Journal of Psychology, 151(5), 453–463. doi: 10.1080/00223980.2017.1314928CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christensen, H., Batterham, P. J., Mackinnon, A. J., Donker, T., & Soubelet, A. (2014). Predictors of the risk factors for suicide identified by the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behaviour. Psychiatry Research, 219(2), 290–297. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.05.029CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christensen, H., Batterham, P. J., Soubelet, A., & MacKinnon, A. J. (2013). A test of the interpersonal theory of suicide in a large community-based cohort. Journal of Affective Disorders, 144(3), 225–234. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.07.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davison, K. M., Marshall-Fabien, G. L., & Tecson, A. (2015). Association of moderate and severe food insecurity with suicidal ideation in adults: National survey data from three Canadian provinces. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50(6), 963–972. doi: 10.1007/s00127-015-1018-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Beurs, D., ten Have, M., Cuijpers, P., & De Graaf, R. (2019). The longitudinal association between lifetime mental disorders and first onset or recurrent suicide ideation. BMC Psychiatry, 19(345), 1–9. doi: 10.1186/s12888-019-2328-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dema, T., Tripathy, J. P., Thinley, S., Rani, M., Dhendup, T., & Laxmeshwar, C. (2019). Suicidal ideation and attempt among school going adolescents in Bhutan – a secondary analysis of a global school-based student health survey in Bhutan 2016. BMC Public Health, 19(1605), 1–12. doi: 10.1186/s12889-019-7791-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donker, T., Batterham, P. J., Van Orden, K. A., & Christensen, H. (2014). Suicide and Gender: An investigation in terms of gender roles, interpersonal relationship style, social support, and hopelessness. BMC Psychology, 2(20), 1–10.Google Scholar
Endo, K., Ando, S., Shimodera, S., Yamasaki, S., Sami, S., Okazaki, Y., … Nishida, A. (2017). Preference for solitude, social isolation, suicidal ideation, and self-harm in adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 61(2), 187–191. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.02.018CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Faught, E. L., Williams, P. L., Willows, N. D., Asbridge, M., & Veugelers, P. J. (2017). The association between food insecurity and academic achievement in Canadian school-aged children. Public Health Nutrition, 20(15), 2778–2785. doi: 10.1017/S1368980017001562CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finan, S. J., Swierzbiolek, B., Priest, N., Warren, N., & Yap, M. (2018). Parental engagement in preventive parenting programs for child mental health: A systematic review of predictors and strategies to increase engagement. Peer Journal, 6, 1–37. doi: 10.7717/peerj.4676CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Floden, A., & Combs, C. (2013). Reconceptualizing the association between food insufficiency and body weight: Distinguishing hunger from economic hardship. Sociological Perspectives, 56(4), 547–567. doi: 10.1525/sop.2013.56.4.547Google Scholar
Florence, C. S., Bergen, G., Atherly, A., Burns, E., Stevens, J., & Drake, C. (2017). The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A systematic review and meta-analysis of a decade of cross-national research. Physiology & Behavior, 143(12), 1313–1345. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000123.Google Scholar
Gau, S. S.-F., Chen, Y.-Y., Tsai, F.-J., Lee, M.-B., Chiu, Y.-N., ... Hwu, H.-G. (2008). Risk factors for suicide in Taiwanese college students. Journal of American College Health, 57(2), 135–142. doi: 10.3200/JACH.57.2.135-142CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, T. L., & Molock, S. D. (2000). Cultural orientation, family cohesion, and family support in suicide ideation and depression among African American college students. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 30(4), 341–353. doi: 10.1111/j.1943-278X.2000.tb01100.xGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hattangadi, N., Cost, K. T., Birken, C. S., Borkhoff, C. M., Maguire, J. L., ... Charach, A. (2020). Parenting stress during infancy is a risk factor for mental health problems in 3-year-old children. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1–7. doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-09861-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawton, K., Saunders, K. E., & O'Connor, R. C. (2012). Self-harm and suicide in adolescents. Lancet (London, England), 379(9834), 2373–2382. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60322-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hinton, D. E. (2012). Multicultural challenges in the delivery of anxiety treatment. Depression and Anxiety, 29(1), 1–3. doi: 10.1002/da.20889CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., & Hinton, D. E. (2010). Cultural aspects in social anxiety and social anxiety disorder. Depression Anxiety, 27(12), 1117–1127. doi: 10.1002/da.20759CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hofmann, S. G., & Hinton, D. E. (2014). Cross-cultural aspects of anxiety disorders. Current Psychiatry Reports, 16(6), 450–459. doi: 10.1007/s11920-014-0450-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
IFAD; UNICEF; WFP; WHO. (2020). Food security and nutrition around the world in 2020. International Food for Agricultural Development, United Nations Children's Fund, World Food Organization, World Health Organization. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/ca9692en/online/ca9692en.html#chapter-1_1Google Scholar
Jensen, E. (2013). How poverty affects classroom engagement. Educational Leadership, 70(8), 24–30. Retrieved from http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/may13/vol70/num08/How-Poverty-Affects-Classroom-Engagement.aspxGoogle Scholar
Joiner, T. E., van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Selby, E. A., Ribero, J. D.… Rudd, M. D. (2009). Main predictions of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior: Empirical tests in two samples of young adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(3), 634–646. doi: 10.1037/a0016500CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khan, M. M. A., Rahman, M. M., Islam, M. R., Karim, M., Hasan, M., & Jesmin, S. S. (2020). Suicidal behavior among school-going adolescents in Bangladesh: Findings of the global school-based student health survey. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 55, 1491–1502. doi: 10.1007/s00127-020-01867-zCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klaus, N. M., Mobilio, A., & King, C. A. (2009). Parent-adolescent agreement concerning adolescents’ suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 38(2), 245–255. doi: 10.1080/15374410802698412CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kokkevi, A., Rotsika, V., Arapaki, A., & Richardson, C. (2012). Adolescents’ self-reported suicide attempts, self-harm thoughts and their correlates across 17 European countries. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(4), 381–389. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02457.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koyanagi, A., Stubbs, B., Oh, H., Veronese, N., Smith, L., Haro, J. M., & Vancampfort, D. (2019). Food insecurity (hunger) and suicide attempts among 179,771 adolescents attending school from 9 high-income, 31 middle-income, and 4 low-income countries: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 248, 91–98. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.01.033CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kwon, S., Kim, O., & Lee, Y. (2018). Effects of students’ satisfaction with school meal programs on school happiness in South Korea. Nutrition Research and Practice, 12(4), 342–347. doi: 10.4162/nrp.2018.12.4.342CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LeCloux, M., Maramaldi, P., Thomas, K., & Wharff, E. (2017). A longitudinal study of health care resources, family support, and mental health outcomes among suicidal adolescents. Analyses of Social Issues Public Policy, 17(1), 319–338. doi: 10.1111/asap.12139CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linehan, M. M. (2015). DBT skills training manual. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Mahfoud, Z. R., Rema, A. A., Haddad, P. H., & Dejong, J. (2011). Prevalence and determinants of suicide ideation among Lebanese adolescents: Results of the GSHS Lebanon 2005. Journal of Adolescence Journal, 34, 379–384. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.03.009Google ScholarPubMed
Martin, M. S., Maddocks, E., Chen, Y., Gilman, S. E., & Colman, I. (2016). Food insecurity and mental illness: Disproportionate impacts in the context of perceived stress and social isolation. Public Health, 132, 86–91. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2015.11.014CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCullough, J. P. (2003). Treatment for chronic depression using cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy (CBASP). Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(8), 833–846. doi: 10.1002/jclp.10176CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McIntyre, L., Williams, J. V. A., Lavorato, D. H., & Patten, S. (2013). Depression and suicide ideation in late adolescence and early adulthood are an outcome of child hunger. Journal of Affective Disorders, 150(1), 123–129. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.11.029CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKinnon, B., Gariépy, G., Sentenac, M., & Elgar, F. J. (2016). Adolescent suicidal behaviours in 32 low- and middle-income countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 94, 340–350. doi: 10.2471/BLT.15.163295CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McLaughlin, K. A., Green, J. G., Alegría, M., Jane Costello, E., Gruber, M. J., ... Kessler, R. C. (2012). Food insecurity and mental disorders in a national sample of U. S. adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(12), 1293–1303. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2012.09.009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Metwally, A. M., El-Sonbaty, M. M., El Etreby, L. A., El-Din, E. M. S., Hamid, N. A., … Monir, Z. M. (2020). Impact of national Egyptian school feeding program on growth, development, and school achievement of school children. World Journal of Pediatrics, 16(4), 393–400. doi: 10.1007/s12519-020-00342-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, A. B., Esposito-Smythers, C., & Leichtweis, R. N. (2015). Role of social support in adolescent suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Journal of Adolescent Health, 56(3), 286–292. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.10.265CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mushtaq, R., Shoib, S., Shah, T., & Mushtaq, S. (2014). Relationship between loneliness, psychiatric disorders and physical health? A review on the psychological aspects of loneliness. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 8(9), 1–4. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2014/10077.4828Google Scholar
Naghavi, M. (2019). Global, regional, and national burden of suicide mortality 1990 to 2016: Systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016. BMJ, 364(194), 1–11. doi: 10.1136/bmj.l94Google ScholarPubMed
Nilsson, S. F., Laursen, T. M., Hjorthøj, C., Thorup, A., & Nordentoft, M. (2017). Risk of psychiatric disorders in offspring of parents with a history of homelessness during childhood and adolescence in Denmark: A nationwide, register-based, cohort study. Lancet Public Health, 2(12), e541–e550. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30210-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nord, M., Andrews, M., & Carlson, S. (2006). Household food security in the United States, 2005. Retrieved from https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/45655/29206_err29_002.pdf?v=41334Google Scholar
Pandey, A. R., Bista, B., Dhungana, R. R., Aryal, K. K., Chalise, B., & Dhimal, M. (2019). Factors associated with suicidal ideation and suicidal attempts among adolescent students in Nepal: Findings from global school-based students health survey. PLoS ONE, 14(4), e0210383. doi: 10.1371/journal. pone.0210383CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peltzer, K., & Pengpid, S. (2012). Suicidal ideation and associated factors among school-going adolescents in Thailand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 9(2), 462–473. doi: 10.3390/ijerph9020462CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pierce, M., Abel, K. M., Muwonge, J., Wicks, S., Nevriana, A., , … Kosidou, K. (2020). Prevalence of parental mental illness and association with socioeconomic adversity among children in Sweden between 2006 and 2016: A population-based cohort study. Lancet Public Health, 5(11), e583–e591. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30202-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pillai, A., Andrews, T., & Patel, V. (2009). Violence, psychological distress and the risk of suicidal behaviour in young people in India. International Journal of Epidemiology, 38, 459–469. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyn166CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Qualter, P., Brown, S. L., Munn, P., & Rotenberg, K. J. (2010). Childhood loneliness as a predictor of adolescent depressive symptoms: An 8-year longitudinal study. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 19(6), 493–501. doi: 10.1007/s00787-009-0059-yCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Randall, J. R., Doku, D., Wilson, M. L., & Peltzer, K. (2014). Suicidal behaviour and related risk factors among school-aged youth in the Republic of Benin. PLoS ONE, 9(2), e88233. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088233CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Renzaho, A., Mellor, D., Mccabe, M., & Powell, M. (2013). Family functioning, parental psychological distress and child behaviours: Evidence from the Victorian child health and wellbeing study. Australian Psychologist, 48(3), 217–225. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-9544.2011.00059.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ribeiro, J. D., Franklin, J. C., Fox, K. R., Bentley, K. H., Kleiman, E. M., ... Nock, M. K. (2016). Self-injurious thoughts and behaviors as risk factors for future suicide ideation, attempts, and death: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Medicine, 46(2), 225–236. doi: 10.1017/S0033291715001804CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romo, M. L., Abril-Ulloa, V., & Kelvin, E. A. (2016). The relationship between hunger and mental health outcomes among school-going Ecuadorian adolescents. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51(6), 827–837. doi: 10.1007/s00127-016-1204-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruch, D. A., Sheftall, A. H., Schlagbaum, P., Rausch, J., Campo, J. V., & Bridge, J. A. (2019). Trends in suicide among youth aged 10 to 19 years in the United States, 1975 to 2016. JAMA Network Open, 2(5), e193886. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.3886CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Runnels, V. E., Kristjansson, E., & Calhoun, M. (2011). An investigation of adults’ everyday experiences and effects of food insecurity in an urban area in Canada. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 30(1), 157–172. doi: 10.7870/cjcmh-2011-0011CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schinka, K. C., VanDulmen, M. H., Bossarte, R., & Swahn, M. (2012). Association between loneliness and suicidality during middle childhood and adolescence: Longitudinal effects and the role of demographic characteristics. The Journal of Psychology, 146(1–2), 105–118. doi: 10.1080/00223980.2011.584084CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seidu, A. A., Amu, H., Dadzie, L. K., Amoah, A., Ahinkorah, B. O., Ameyaw, E. K., … Kissah-Korsah, K. (2020). Suicidal behaviours among in-school adolescents in Mozambique: Cross-sectional evidence of the prevalence and predictors using the global school-based health survey data. PLoS ONE, 15(7), e0236448. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236448CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shayo, F. K., & Lawala, P. S. (2019). Does food insecurity link to suicidal behaviors among in-school adolescents? Findings from the low-income country of sub-Saharan Africa. BMC Psychiatry, 19(227), 1–8. doi: 10.1186/s12888-019-2212-6Google ScholarPubMed
Stuff, J. E., Casey, P. H., Szeto, K. L., Gossett, J. M., Robbins, J. M., … Bogle, M. L. (2004). Household food insecurity is associated with adult health status. The Journal of Nutrition, 134(9), 2330–2335. doi: 10.1093/jn/134.9.2330CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swahn, M. H., & Bossarte, R. M. (2007). Gender, early alcohol use, and suicide ideation and attempts: Findings from the 2005 youth risk behavior survey. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(2), 175–181. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.03.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tang, J. J., Yu, Y., Wilcox, H. C., Kang, C., Wang, K., , … Chen, R. (2020). Global risks of suicidal behaviours and being bullied and their association in adolescents: School-based health survey in 83 countries. EClinicalMedicine, 19(100253), 1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2019.100253CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, E. A., Mazza, J. J., Herting, J. R., Randell, B. P., & Eggert, L. L. (2005). The mediating roles of anxiety, depression, and hopelessness on adolescent suicidal behaviors. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 35(1), 14–34. doi: 10.1521/suli.35.1.14.59266CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uddin, R., Burton, N. W., Maple, M., Khan, S. R., & Khan, A. (2019). Suicidal ideation, suicide planning, and suicide attempts among adolescents in 59 low-income and middle-income countries: A population-based study. Lancet Child and Adolescent Health, 3(4), 223–233. doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30403-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
United Nation. (2020). Global indicator framework for the Sustainable Development Goals and targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Goals and Targets (from the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development). Retrieved from https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global Indicator Framework after 2020 review_Eng.pdfGoogle Scholar
Van Loon, L. M. A., Van de Ven, M. O. M., Van Doesum, K. T. M., Witteman, C. L. M., & Hosman, C. M. H. (2014). The relation between parental mental illness and adolescent mental health: The role of family factors. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(7), 1201–1214. doi: 10.1007/s10826-013-9781-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Cukrowicz, K. C., Braithwaite, S. R., Selby, E. A., & Joiner, T. E. (2010). The interpersonal theory of suicide. Psychological Review, 117(2), 575–600. doi: 10.1037/a0018697CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Gordon, K. H., Bender, T. W., & Joiner, T. E. (2008). Suicidal desire and the capability for suicide: Tests of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior among adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(1), 72–83. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.76.1.72CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waid, J., & Uhrich, M. (2020). A scoping review of the theory and practice of positive youth development. British Journal of Social Work, 50, 5–24. doi: 10.1093/bjsw/bcy130Google Scholar
Weismoore, J. T., & Esposito-Smythers, C. (2010). The role of cognitive distortion in the relationship between abuse, assault, and non-suicidal self-injury. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(3), 281–290. doi: 10.1007/s10964-009-9452-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitaker, R. C., Phillips, S. M., & Orzol, S. M. (2006). Food insecurity and the risks of depression and anxiety in mothers and behavior problems in their preschool-aged children. Pediatrics, 118(3), e859–e868. doi: 10.1542/peds.2006-0239CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wold Bank. (2021). World Bank country and lending groups. Retrieved from https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groupsGoogle Scholar
World Health Organisation. (2011). Youth and health risks. Report by the Secretariat. SIXTY-FOURTH WORLD HEALTH ASSEMBLY A64/25. Provisional agenda item 13.16. Available at: https://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA64/A64_25-en.pdf.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2014). Preventing suicide: A global imperative. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/mental_health/suicide-prevention/world_report_2014/en/Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2018). Disease and injury country estimates. Health Statistics and Information Systems. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_country/en/Google Scholar
World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Global school-based student health survey (GSHS). Noncommunicable Diseases and Their Risk Factors. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/gshs/en/Google Scholar
Wyman, P. A. (2015). Developmental approach to prevent adolescent suicides: Research pathways to effective upstream preventive interventions. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 47(3), S251–S256. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2014.05.039CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yoshikawa, H., Aber, J. L., & Beardslee, W. R. (2012). The effects of poverty on the mental, emotional, and behavioral health of children and youth: Implications for prevention. American Psychologist, 67(4), 272–284. doi: 10.1037/a0028015CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Mahumud et al. supplementary material

Mahumud et al. supplementary material 1

Download Mahumud et al. supplementary material(File)
File 40.6 KB
Supplementary material: File

Mahumud et al. supplementary material

Mahumud et al. supplementary material 2

Download Mahumud et al. supplementary material(File)
File 32.2 KB
Supplementary material: File

Mahumud et al. supplementary material

Mahumud et al. supplementary material 3

Download Mahumud et al. supplementary material(File)
File 53.7 KB
Supplementary material: File

Mahumud et al. supplementary material

Mahumud et al. supplementary material 4

Download Mahumud et al. supplementary material(File)
File 42.3 KB