The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines on managing depression in primary and secondary care, having been in gestation since 2001, were finally delivered in December 2004. They should be widely welcomed by practitioners and people with depression alike. The guidelines are clear, concise and cover the key aspects of diagnosis and management: screening (high-risk groups only); distinguishing between mild, moderate and severe depression; assessing risk of self-harm and suicide; the benefits of ‘watchful waiting’ for mild depression; when to offer cognitive-behavioural therapy (mild or moderate depression); the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors as first-line therapy in most circumstances; and the early use of combined treatment for severe depression. There is also guidance on maintenance treatment, and what to watch out for when discontinuing antidepressants. These are all areas of clinical uncertainty, which have provoked substantial debate in recent years. Given that the majority of people are treated in primary care, the guidelines will be most relevant there.

There is plenty of work to be done to improve care for people with depression. Although depressive disorders are common - in the UK, depression affects between 5% and 10% of individuals and is the third most common reason for consultation in general practice (Reference Singleton, Bumpstead and O'BrienSingleton et al, 2001) — they may go unrecognised. Eighty per cent of patients with depression can consult with non-specific physical complaints, without spontaneously divulging the psychological nature of their problems (Reference Kirmayer, Robbins and DworkindKirmayer et al, 1993). It has been reported that depressive symptoms are not recognised in UK general practice in about half of attending patients with depressive disorders, ascertained by research diagnostic interview rather than questionnaire (Reference Dowrick and BuchanDowrick & Buchan, 1995). Unrecognised major depression is associated with poor treatment outcomes (Reference Rost, Zhang and FortneyRost et al, 1998), whereas there is evidence that early and vigorous intervention for depression improves outcome (AHCPR Depression Guideline Panel, 2000). Hence the importance of the NICE guidelines, which aim to put this research into day-to-day practice.

However, will the guidelines lead to this improvement in outcomes for people with depression? The short answer is: no, not unless organisational support in primary care for treating the vast majority of people is considerably extended, which includes enhancing the working relationship between primary and secondary care (Gilbody et al, Reference Gilbody, Whitty and Grimshaw2002, Reference Gilbody, Whitty and Grimshaw2003). Our systematic review of educational and organisational interventions to improve the management of depression in primary care provides the evidence base for how these guidelines should be implemented (Gilbody et al, Reference Gilbody, Whitty and Grimshaw2002, Reference Gilbody, Whitty and Grimshaw2003). Although the studies reviewed included sophisticated educational interventions (for example, ‘academic detailing’), guideline implementation strategies were successful only when educational interventions were accompanied by an organisational intervention to enhance care, such as nurse case management (Reference Rost, Nutting and SmithRost et al, 2001) or collaborative and stepped care (Reference Katon, Von Korff and LinKaton et al, 1999; Reference Lin, Von Korff and RussoLin et al, 2000). Collaborative care includes patient and clinician education, along with shared care between primary care physicians, psychiatrists and psychologists, i.e. a substantial enhancement in the working relationship between primary and secondary care. An almost uniform feature of positive studies was the incorporation of some form of case management — usually by primary care nurses or graduate psychologists — to improve the delivery of care. In some studies, nurse involvement was of low intensity, and involved little more than brief medication counselling (Reference Peveler, George and KinmonthPeveler et al, 1999) or psychosocial support over the telephone (‘nurse telehealth care’; Reference Hunkeler, Meresman and HargreavesHunkeler et al, 2000). In others, case management was a core ingredient of an effective complex strategy. For example, in the QuEST study (Reference Rost, Nutting and SmithRost et al, 2001) non-psychiatrically trained practice nurses were given training in the management of depression, and provided a level of ongoing support and monitored therapy, out-patient attendance and treatment response according to well-established algorithms.

The NICE guidelines do include a recommendation on telephone support for monitoring antidepressant regimens (paragraph 1.5.6.1), but not on any of the other organisational interventions that have been identified as being effective. Further, they soften this recommendation with the preamble that ‘In primary care the following strategies can improve the effectiveness of treatments offered’ (our italics; paragraph 1.5.6). A new section of the UK National Health Service workforce has recently come into existence — one thousand graduate primary mental health workers, as promised in the National Service Framework for mental health (Secretary of State for Health, 1999). There is a clear opportunity and evidence base to guide their role in primary care, by implementing case management and acting as a link between primary and secondary care. Although the full NICE guidelines raise the question of whether these new workers might ‘potentially and significantly affect this situation’ (5.1, p. ), the summary guideline avoids making specific recommendations for primary care trusts and mental health trusts as to what they should do. There is therefore a danger that they will sink into overstretched services without a clear vision of their role, thus making little impact.

The implication is clear for the NICE depression guidelines: local publicity and educational events, audit of the guidelines and review by the Healthcare Commission will not be enough to help more people with depression get better. To do this, investment in case management and related organisational interventions in primary care are needed, together with an enhancement of the relationship between primary and secondary care services. The new graduate primary care health workers need to be part of this investment. Let us hope that policy makers will grasp this nettle: this is a unique opportunity to improve outcomes for people with depression.