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8 - Universal Amnesty

From Utopian Dream to His Majesty’s Splendor

from Part II - A Paralyzed Justice System: “Creating” Unlawful Commoners via Redemption and Amnesty

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 January 2026

Liang Cai
Affiliation:
University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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Summary

This chapter examines universal amnesty through a previously ignored lens of utopian discourse. Chinese scholars, particularly Confucians, articulated the ideal of a crime-free society as an intellectual foundation to support their teachings. However, their theoretical construct was appropriated by the Han emperors, who embraced this philosophical discourse as both an aspiration and a benchmark for their governance. Self-congratulatory emperors extolled their reigns as golden ages by granting amnesties, thereby temporarily transforming a tainted world plagued by wickedness into a realm devoid of criminals. Self-reflective emperors used frequent amnesties to acknowledge their inability to attain ultimate peace, promising a fresh start for their era as a way to secure their legitimacy. Contemporary scholars and officials recognized that frequent, widespread pardoning of criminals compromised the justice system. However, canceling crimes no longer merely aimed to pardon criminals but served as an instrumental strategy to re-establish a semblance of normality and thereby secure the legitimacy of the dynasty. To pursue a perfect society, Western Han politics became the enemy of good.

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  • Universal Amnesty
  • Liang Cai, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
  • Book: Convict Politics
  • Online publication: 09 January 2026
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009019866.009
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  • Universal Amnesty
  • Liang Cai, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
  • Book: Convict Politics
  • Online publication: 09 January 2026
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009019866.009
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Universal Amnesty
  • Liang Cai, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
  • Book: Convict Politics
  • Online publication: 09 January 2026
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009019866.009
Available formats
×