Index

José Juan Pérez Meléndez

doi:10.1017/9781009281874.018

Index

A Immigração (newspaper), 304

A Reforma (newspaper), 266

Aberdeen Act, 122, 141–142

Aberdeen, Lord, 140

abolitionists

British, 2, 6

Chinese laborers and, 220, 290

corporate, 81

initiatives by, 5

O Philantropo (newspaper) and, 199

Abrantes, visconde/marquês de. See Almeida, Miguel Calmon du Pin

Abreu, Antônio Paulino Limpo de, 101, 123, 146–148

abuse

arbitrary detention and, 314–315

of Chinese coolies, 177–180, 182–183, 269–270, 287

colonization crisis and, 211–217

of colonos, 107–108, 112

Emigrant Transport Ordinance and, 223

of enslaved laborers, 139–141, 206

general, 205–207

of Italian colonos, 310–311

of Portuguese colonos, 206–208

of São Paulo workers, 310

of Swiss recruits, 209–213

Additional Act of 1834, 82

Affonsiada (colony), 146

aforamentos, 196, 199, 201

Africans

enslaved, 36, 66–67, 156

liberated, 11, 23, 104, 106, 130, 202, 249

Agassiz, Louis, 138, 232

Alcântara, prince Pedro de, 120. See also Pedro I

Alexander I, tsar, 56

Algeria, 226, 237–238, 256

Almeida, Baptista Caetano de, 93

Almeida, Caetano Furquim de, 239–240

Almeida, Miguel Calmon du Pin e, 74–75, 77–78, 90–100, 115, 121–123, 129–130, 138–145, 149, 151, 159–160, 201

Amaral, Manuel Maria do, 119, 127

Amazon

colonization of, 29, 35

colonization plans for, 111, 322

Hastings and, 294–295

Journey in Brazil (Agassiz), 232

pine plantations in, 39

Plan for National Integration and, 329–332

Transamazonian Highway in, 329–330

as tropical Siberia, 315

US expansion into, 287–288

Amazon Navigation and Colonization Company, 179, 206–207, 223–224, 240, 244, 301

Andrada brothers, 58–59

Andrada, Antônio Carlos de, 57–58, 117–118, 190

Andrada, Martim Francisco Ribeiro de, 36, 58

Anglo-Brazilian Times (newspaper), 232–233

Angola, 36, 116, 142, 201–203, 239

Annino, Antonio, 310

Antonina, barão de, 117–119, 200

Araújo, Joaquim Aurelio Barreto Nabuco de, 284

Araújo, José Tomás Nabuco de, 210, 237, 266

Arco do Cego, 36

Argentina, 13, 16, 209, 268, 280, 286

Asian Workers Import Association. See Sociedade Importadora de Trabalhadores Asiáticos

Asseiceira (colony), 116

Associação Central de Colonização (Central Colonization Association) (ACC), 197–198, 203–204

cotton production and, 233

emigration enterprise and, 224, 233

foundational leadership of, 198–205

general, 187–190

Mucury Company and, 195, 197, 220–223

Olinda’s new rules for, 215–216

Ottoni’s appeal to, 197

post-1860 developments, 219–220

problems in the, 207–210

Associação Promotora da Colonisação Polaca (Association for the Promotion of Polish Colonization), 227–228

Aubé, Léonce, 148–149, 204

áulicos (palace insiders), 122, 150–153, 181, 183, 190–191, 200–201

Australia

Chinese laborers in, 272, 274

colonization literature from, 127–128

colonization regulations from, 90

colonos vs. slaves in, 184

joint-stock companies in, 82

model work colonies in, 12

Society for the Promotion of Colonization (SPC), 106–107

South Australia Colonization Company, 95

Torrens Act in, 297

Vergueiro on, 183

Wakefield system from, 160

Auswanderer-Behörde (Hamburg Emigration Authority), 214

Avelar, João Severino de, 114–116

Avellaneda, Nicolás de, 13–14

Aymard, Jacques-Marie, conde de Gestas, 100–101

Azambuja, Bernardo Augusto Nascentes de, 158, 198–202, 246

Azambuja, Joaquim Nascentes de, 146–147

Azores

colonos from, 15, 30, 37, 82–83, 107–112, 114–115, 162, 171, 203

Fayal, 93, 97, 110

Flores, 93

general, 28–30, 34, 117

migrants in Rio de Janeiro, 115–116

Pedro I resident in, 76

São Miguel, 93, 109

Terceira, 93, 110

vice-consul politics in, 103

Badaró, Giovanni Battista Libero, 76

Baependi, visconde de, 113, 164–165

Bahia (province), 19, 40–41. See also Companhia Colonizadora da Bahia

Chinese colonos in, 180–181

colonization beginnings in, 118–119

Freyreiss in, 41

German colonos in, 43–44, 48, 57–58, 64

government focus on, 173

Irish colonos in, 71

Italian/Portuguese colonos in, 219

land grants in, 56

Martins in, 169

Olinda on, 131

Rio Pardo colony in, 226

shareholder oligarchies in, 82

Sociedade Bahiana de Imigração in, 295–304

Sociedade Internacional de Imigração in, 240

Sturz in, 89

trafficking ploys in, 114, 156–158

troubles in, 53, 81

Vergueiros in, 173, 183

Bahia Colonization Company (Companhia Colonizadora da Bahia), 90–100

Bahne, Luiz, 167

Balaiada (in Maranhão), 81

Ball, Molly, 333–334

Bandeira, Sá da, 108, 116

banks

Banco de Ultramar, 299

Banco di Napoli, 313

Banco do Brasil, 114, 252, 275

Banco Mercantil Portuense, 255

Bancos da lavoura (rural banks), 197

Barbacena, visconde/marquês de, 70, 75, 77, 103, 127. See also Pontes, Felisberto Caldeira Brant

Barbosa, Januário da Cunha, 66

Barbosa, Rui, 316–317

Barros, Domingo Borges de, 51, 70, 127

Barros, Sebastião do Rego, 167

Bastos, Aureliano Tavares, 224, 240–241, 245, 255–256

Bastos, José Tavares, 210–211

Becquay plan, 85–86

Benguela, 36, 144

Benjamin, George, 117–119

Bentham, Jeremy, 1

Bittencourt, Antonio Correia de Mendonça, 171

Bivar, Diogo Soares da Silva, 106, 110–113

Bloêm, Johann, 118

Blumenau (colony), 167, 256

Blumenau, Hermann, 130, 204, 212–213

Blumenbach, Johann, 39–40

Bocaiúva, Quintino, 239–244, 246–247, 249, 262–265

Bodio, Luigi, 312–313

Bolívar, Simón, 14

Bolivia, 329

Bonaparte, Jérôme, 41–42

Bonito, Rio, 286

Bordier, Arthur, 298

Borrell, Charles-Louis, 41–42

Bösche, Eduard, 61–62

Bosi, Alfredo, 4

Bragança dynasty, 5, 27, 32

Bragança, duke of. See Pedro I

Bragança, João de, 27. See also João VI

Bragança, Miguel de, 73

Bragança, Pedro de, 38–39, 50–51. See Pedro I

Branco, Manuel Alves (visconde de Caravelas), 93–94, 159

Brazil and the Brazilians (Fletcher, Kidder), 232, 269

Brazilian Colonization Company, 109–110, 319

Bremen, 63, 118, 134–135, 205, 218–219

Breves, Joaquim José de Souza, 158

British American Land Company, 95

British East India Company, 30–31, 325

British Isles. See Great Britain

Brunilati, Attilo, 311

Bülow, baron Heinrich von, 141

Burajiru Takushoku Gaisha (Brazil Colonization Company), 109–110, 319

Burlamaque, Frederico Leopoldo César, 146, 160

Bussche, W.F. baron von dem, 41–42

Cabanagem rebellion, 81, 212

Cairu, barão de (Lisboa, Bento da Silva)), 161–162

Callado, Eduardo, 282–283, 287

cameral sciences and cameralism, 1, 28, 35, 37, 39

Campos, Francisco Alvares da Silva, 308

Canada Company, 95–96

Canary Islands, 15, 101–102

Canavieiras (port), 44

Canitz, baron Karl Ernst von, 141–142

Cape of Good Hope, 12, 56, 213, 239, 280, 316–317

Caravelas, visconde de. See Branco, Manuel Alves

Cardoso, Manoel de Almeida, 175

Carvalho, Augusto de, 298–299

Carvalho, José da Costa (marquês de Monte Alegre), 118, 129–130, 168, 201, 204

Carvalho, José Murilo de, 10, 145–146

Carvalho, Pedro Affonso de, 146

Casa da Moeda, 35–36

Cavalcanti, Antônio Francisco de Paula Holanda, 92, 111–112, 114–115, 123

Caymari, Bernardo, 244–246, 282

CCB. See Companhia Colonizadora da Bahia

Ceará, 81

Central Association for German Emigration and Colonization Matters, 217–218

Central Colonization Association (ACC). See Associação Central de Colonização

Central Immigration Society. See Sociedade Central de Imigração

Chamber of Deputies

Almeida and, 114

authority over colonization, 77

Azambuja and, 246

Bastos’ liberal agenda and, 314

commission on takeover plans (1833), 97–98

Conselho de Estado and, 128, 158

d’Escragnolle Taunay and, 297

fraud claims and, 327–328

Hamburger Colonisations-Vereins and, 189

Monmerqué project, 212–213

Mure project and, 124–125

Olinda and, 164

Ottoni and, 236, 246, 276–277

Parigot project, 125

Pedro I and, 89–91

peopling policies and, 66, 84, 108–109, 282

post-abdication deliberations, 81, 123–124

projeto no. 94 and, 128–130, 145

Rio Doce valley development, 86, 110

Society for the Promotion of Colonization (SPC) and, 103

van Koseritz elected to provincial, 295

Veiga project and, 203–204

Chile, 17, 213–215, 280

Chinese immigration, 154, 173–181, 184, 194–195, 261–277, 306

Chinese question, 262–263, 274–277, 281–290

Circal, barão de, 174–175

Cisplatina province, 34, 38–39, 52–53, 71, 127

Cisplatina War, 54–55, 73

class divisions, 277–278, 333–334

Clermont-Tonnerre, Stanislas de, 59–60

Coahuila y Texas (Mexican state), 9–10

coffee trade

abuse of Italian colonos and, 296, 309–310

Chinese laborers and, 321, 336

decline of, 297–299

duties on, 173

factors, 301–302, 318

Hamburg merchant exports of, 134, 148, 168

internationalization of, 285

Land Law (1850) and, 181, 191–192, 231–232

legislation and, 128, 146, 152

production, 34, 110, 171, 205–208, 298, 315

versus sugar production, 211–212

Cohn, Francisco Leão, 241

Coimbra University, 35–36, 59, 81, 95, 101, 114, 123

Colombia, 316

colônias de parceria (sharecropping colonies), 118–119, 162, 172, 224–225, 249–251

colonisation chez les peuples modernes, La (Leroy-Beaulieu), 270–271, 298, 322

colonization companies, early, 81–83

colono trade

clandestine, 95

colonization agents and, 168–169, 174–180, 252–253

Cuba and Puerto Rico and, 15

Emigrant Transport Ordinance and, 216, 234, 245, 269–271, 303

emigration promotion and, 219–221, 231–232, 246–248

general, 9–10, 17, 22, 103, 113–115, 183, 205–206, 241–242

Olinda and, 195–199

Ottoni and, 195–196

recruitment drive, 116–118, 121, 123–124, 206–208

slave trafficking and, 95, 195–199

Sociedade Promotora de Colonização and, 127–132

Vergueiro & Co., 172–173

colonos. See also Azores: colonos from

abuse of, 107–108, 112

African, 114

from China, 284–285

German, 42, 59–60, 92, 333

Italian, 310–311

migrant cultural identity and, 334–336

misbehavior of, 73

at Nova Friburgo, 47, 49, 165

Ottoni, Teófilo and, 195–196

recruitment of, 45, 97, 205

riots, 54–55

Saxony, 52–53

Swiss, 42, 47–48, 69

trade in general, 259–260

trade, Brazil-wide, 70, 114–116, 218–220

Comissão Central Directora da Colonização (Central Commission for Directing Colonization), 135–137

Commercial Code, 16–17

Companhia Colonizadora da Bahia (Bahia Colonization Company, 90–100

Companhia Colonizadora da Bahia (CCB)

history of, 90–100

influentialness of, 117

organizational structure of, 202

problems in the, 114

slave trafficking and, 149

Sociedade Promotora de Colonização and, 100–101, 103

Companhia de Comércio e Imigração Chineza (Chinese Commerce and Immigration Company), 287

Companhia de Navegação, Comércio e Colonização do Rio Doce. See Rio Doce Company

Companhia do Rio Doce. See Rio Doce Company

Companhia Geral de Grão-Pará e Maranhão, 30–31

Companhia Geral de Pernambuco e Paraíba, 35–36

Companhia Progresso Agrícola, 300

Companhia Promotora da Colonisação de Chins (Company for the Promotion of Chinese Colonization), 30–31, 173, 180

Companhia União e Indústria, 196–197

conciliation (conciliação)

cabinet, 166, 168, 210

politics of, 188, 222–223

post-, 197, 221

Confederados, 265, 319, 335–336

Confederate emigration, 228, 230–239, 287, 296–298, 302–303

Congress of Vienna, 38–39

Conselho de Estado (Council of State)

1856 credit line and, 220

Affonsiada (colony) and, 146

Araújo Lima’s tenure in, 121–122

Confederate emigration and, 237

Delrue contracts and, 144–145

establishment of, 59–60

naturalized citizens’ rights and, 222

regulatory and policy oversight by, 122–133, 252, 255, 259, 272, 281–282

royal authority over, 149–151

Conselho de Imigração e Colonização (Council on Immigration and Colonization) (CIC), 324–327

Conservatives

colonization policy-making, 145–146, 209, 323

Free Womb bill/law and, 6–7, 328–329

Olinda and, 266, 277–278

Ottoni versus, 236–237

Party of Order and, 154

party pendulum and, 149–150

restorationist talk and, 99

Constant, Benjamin, 59–60

constitutionalists, 73–74

convicts and convict colonies, 1, 30–31, 73, 106–107, 121

Coolie Honeypot Affair, 265–269

Coolie trade, 23

Coolies

from China, 154–155, 173–181, 184, 194–195, 261–262, 269–277, 287, 306

from Mauritius, 278, 280–281, 289–290

corporate colonization, 187

Costa, João Severiano Maciel da, 59

Cotegipe, barão de. See Dantas, Rodolfo de Sousa (barão de Cotegipe)

Cotter, William, 64

cotton production

in Algeria, 237–238

British, 69

international ventures in, 238

in Maranhão, 146

in São Paulo province, 237–238

in southern Bahia, 43–44

in United States, 139

World Cotton Centennial, 285

Coutinho, Aureliano de Souza Oliveira, 93, 120–122, 133–136

Coutinho, Rodrigo de Souza, 31–35

Coutinho, Saturnino de Souza Oliveira, 136–147

Criminal Process Code, 81

Crispi, Francesco, 310–312

Cuba, 15

colonos from, 15, 23

coolie trade to, 261–263, 268, 270, 276

deportations to, 11

peopling policies in, 16

recruitment network in, 244–255

slave trade and slavery in, 114–116, 149–150

sugar trade in, 277–278

Ten Years’ War and, 254

cultural identity, migrant, 334–336

Da liberdade religiosa no Brasil (Macedo), 240–241

Dantas, Rodolfo de Sousa (barão de Cotegipe), 246–247, 255, 267–268, 301

Davatz, Thomas, 209–213

degredos. See convict colonies

Delrue, Charles and Delrue affair, 142–147

Desterro, 11, 37, 199

Deutscher Freihafen (newspaper), 148

Diário do Rio de Janeiro (newspaper), 230, 241–242, 254, 262, 264

Dona Francisca colony, 130, 150–151, 167, 302–304

Drummond, Antônio Menezes de Vasconcelos, 92, 101, 121–124, 159

Drummond, Gaspar de Vasconcelos, 158–159

Dutch East India Company, 67, 325

Duval, George Vincent, 69, 139–140

Duval, Jules, 256, 298–299

East India Company, 30

Eben, Friedrich Christian von, 44–45

Emigrant Transport Ordinance (1858), 216, 234, 245, 269–271, 303

emphytheusis, 34, 199

England and America (Wakefield), 146–147

epidemics, 101–102, 158, 206–207, 260, 278, 314

Eschwege, Wilhelm von, 36

Estudos sobre o casamento civil (Herculano), 240–241

exaltados, 74, 76, 81, 190

Farol Paulistano (newspaper), 71

Farroupilha rebellion, 99–100

Feijó, Diogo Antonio, 96–97, 111

Felício, Rodrigo Pereira, 240

Felizardo, Manoel, 172–173, 183–184, 201, 212–213

Fernando Noronha island, 306–307

Ferraz, Luiz Pedreira do Couto, 166–167, 174, 176, 199, 213

Ferraz, Ângelo Muniz da Silva, 213, 219

Ferreira, Silvestre Pinheiro, 36, 94–95, 161

Fialho, Francisco José, 201

Filadelfia (colony), 194, 196, 222, 321–322

Filho, José Pereira Rego, 298–299

Fonseca, Deodoro da, 308, 314

Fonseca, Manoel Pinto da, 156

forais (ecclesiastical and Crown lands), 34

foreign workers. See colonos

Fourier, Charles, 11, 125, 161

França, Ernesto Ferreira, 214–215

França, Manuel José de Sousa, 66

France

collective business organizations in, 85–86

February Revolution in, 183

invasion of French colonies, 33

relations with, 75, 284–285

shareholding in, 103

Société Jean-François Cail & Compagnie, 277–278

Treaty of Villafranca, 272

treaty with Great Britain, 279

Francis I (Austria), 56. See also Francis II

Francis II (Holy Roman Emperor), 38–39

Francisca, princess, 122, 130, 148–149

Franco, Bernardo de Souza, 119, 127–130, 159, 223

Frankfurt, 48, 142, 148, 219–220

Free Womb bill/law and, 6–7, 328–329

Freese, John Henry, 87

Freitas, Augusto Teixeira de, 304–306

Freyreiss, Georg Wilhelm, 40–42

Fröbel, Günther, 141

Fundação Brasil Central (Central Brazil Foundation) (FBC), 326, 328

Gachet, Sébastien-Nicolas, 55–56

Galt, John, 95

Galvão, Ignácio da Cunha, 161–162, 264, 266, 268–269

Galvão, Manoel da Cunha, 163

Gama, Nicolau Antonio Nogueira Valle da (visconde de Baependi), 264

Gama, Nogueira da family, 102–103

Gaston, James McFadden, 234

Gavião, Bernardo José Pinto, 117–119

Germany

Badaró, Giovanni Battista Libero, 76

as business model, 42

colonos from, 42, 49, 69, 73, 104, 114, 131–132, 147, 171, 189–190, 205, 209, 268, 270–271, 273

empresarios from, 32, 40–41, 48–53, 69, 130, 217–218

ideas from, 32, 50, 62

migrant cultural identity with, 334–336

São Leopoldo colony and, 59–60

travelers from, 47

workers from, 52–53, 332

Gestas, conde de, 100–101

Glicério Law, 305–306, 309

Godeffroy, Johann, 214–215

Godwin, William, 1, 72

Goicuria, Domingo de, 248–255

golpe da maioridade (Majority Coup), 114, 120

Gomes, Higino Pires, 156–158, 183

Gordon, Robert, 64

Göttingen University, 17, 35–36, 39–42, 49, 117–118, 167, 217–218

Goyanna Brasileira company, 117–118

Great Britain. See also Portuguese Civil War

Anglo-Brazilian relations, 138–140, 145

British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, 287

British East India Company, 30–31, 325

British emigration, 127

Chinese colonization project and, 287

Chinese colonos and, 174, 180, 216, 270–271, 277, 280, 283

colono trade and, 89–90, 103

commercial treaties with, 12–13

coolie repatriation efforts, 289

France’s treaty with, 279

imperialism over Brazilian Empire, 12, 224–225

slave trade, suppression of by, 2, 6, 38

sociedade anônima and, 16

South American Corporation and, 316–317

Sugar Duties Act, 142

war with Chinese empire and, 174–175

Grossi, Vincenzo, 322–323

Guangdong province, 218

Guarapuava (sertão de), 37, 85

Guerra, Alves, 97

Gunther, Charles Godfrey, 251

H. Laemmert & C., 113, 301

Haack, Carlos Charles, 143

Hahnemann, Samuel, 125

Hall, Michael, 295, 300

Hamburg, 218

Barbacena in, 103

coffee export business in, 134, 148, 168

colono vessels from, 48, 52, 150–151

as emigrant exit port, 135, 148, 218

Georg Friedrich Schmidt in, 127

Menezes in, 92

recruitment activity and, 167, 194, 197, 213, 221

Schäffer’s activities in, 61–62

Sloman’s activities in, 213

Hamburg Emigration Authority (Auswanderer-Behörde), 214

Hamburger Colonisations-Vereins (Hamburg Colonization Society) (HCV), 136–147, 184–191, 218

origins, 183

reorganization of, 218

settlers imported by, 150–151

Vasconcelos critique of, 150

Hamilton-Gordon, George. See Aberdeen, Lord

Harrah, C. J., 240

Hastings, Lansford Warren, 235–236

Haupt, Herman, 240

HCV. See Hamburger Colonisations-Vereins

Herculano, Alexandre, 240–241

Heusser, Jakob, 209–213

Heydt Rescript, 297, 302

Heydt, August von der, 218

Hilldebrand, Daniel, 63

Histoire de l’émigration (Duval), 298–299

Hofwil (school), 85, 161

Holanda, Sérgio Buarque de, 6

Holy Alliance, 32, 45, 47, 61, 67, 75

Hong Kong, 181, 219–220

Hörmeyer, Joseph, 213–214

hospedarias, 293–295

Hubert, Adolph, 241

Hudson, James, 159

Hühn, W., 217–218

Ibicaba plantation, 118–119, 217–218, 263–264

Idéas sobre colonisação (Werneck), 201

IHGB (Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro), 90, 214–215

immigration infrastructure, 293–295

Impressão Régia, 37

Indian workers, 262

Indians (índios)

colonization of, 50–51, 68

Companhias Gerais policy and, 31

Directorate of, 30, 87, 191

racism against, 265, 270–271

repatriation question and, 288–289

servitude of, 45, 194, 262–263, 277–281

Sociedade contra o Tráfico de Africanos e Promotora da Colonização e da Civilização dos Indígenas (Society for the End of the African Slave Trade and for the Promotion of Colonization and the Civilization of Indians, SCT), 154, 159–164, 193, 199–205, 333–334

war against, 37, 45, 69, 85, 194, 200

indigenous peoples

class and racial divisions and, 333–334

colonies for, 212, 249–251

colonization versus settler-colonialism and, 4–5

Comissão Central Directora da Colonização (Central Commission for Directing Colonization and, 135

Commission on Indigenous Catechism, Statistics and Colonization, 88

Directorate of Indians and, 35

displacement of, 322

Filadelfia (colony) and, 240–241

management of, 10, 22–23, 41, 67–68, 84–85, 266

Portuguese Crown and, 33

Rio Doce aldeamento of, 111

sale of to Goicuria family, 308

Schäffer in Leopoldina and, 51

treatment of, 45

Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro (Historical and Geographic Institute of Brazil) (IHGB), 90, 214–215

Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro (IHGB), 90, 214–215

International Immigration Society. See Sociedade Internacional de Imigração

Interpretive Law of the Additional Act (1840), 122. See also Additional Act of 1834

Ipanema, visconde de, 178, 201

Irish mercenary recruits, 14, 64, 66–67, 70–71, 77, 88–89, 114

Isabel, princess regent, 259–260

Italy

Brazilian Conference on Immigration and Colonization and, 327

colonos from, 99, 218–219, 302, 308–309

Prinetti decree and, 309–320

Jardim, Lourenço Justiniano, 93–94

Jasienski, Anton von Ladislaw, 227–230

Jefferson, Thomas, 31

Jequitinhonha, visconde, 237

João VI

Bahia (province) exploration and, 41

dízima imposed, 32

enterprises sanctionned by, 44

Liberal Revolution and, 50

migrant reception policy and, 46–47

peopling policies and, 21–22, 28

strategic maneuvers, 38–39

Joinville, prince of, 148–149

Journey in Brazil (Agassiz), 232

Kaigai Kōgyō Kabushiki Gaisha (Overseas Development Company), 319

Kalkmann, Louis Friedrich, 62–63, 136

Kardec, Allan, 241

Koeler, Julius Friedrich, 111–113, 136–137, 144

Koster, Henry, 27

Kruzenshtern, Adam J. von, 40

Laborde, Alexandre, 85–86

Lacaille, Jean-Baptiste, 177–178

Laemmert, Henrique, 113, 301

Laërne, C. van Delden, 287–288

Lage, Antônio Martins, 111, 269

Lage, Mariano Procópio Ferreira (Procópio), 197, 327–330

Lahmeyer, Henrique, 241

Lajes, Senator Conde de, 94

land bills

of 1827, 70, 127

of 1840, 127–131

of 1843, 121–122

provincial law (1840), 135, 143

Land Law (1850), 119, 145–146, 181, 189–192, 198–199, 231–232

land leases (aforamentos), 196, 199, 201

Land Ordinance (1854), 198–199

Lands and Colonization Directorate, 198–199, 201, 246, 305, 318

Langsdorff, Georg Heinrich von, 38–41, 44, 48–50

Leão, Honório Hermeto Carneiro (Paraná, marquês de), 85, 103, 137, 234, 271

Lede, Charles van, 126, 131–132, 146–147

lei locação de serviços

of 1828 and 1830, 103–106

of 1837, 106, 149

of 1879, 297

Lemos, Miguel, 284–285

Leopoldina (colony), 42–44, 298

Leopoldina, princess, 38–39, 42–43, 51, 53, 62, 73

Leroy-Beaulieu, Paul, 270, 298–299, 307, 322

Liberal Revolution, 50

liberals

centrist, 266

colonization law and, 145–146

French, 85–86

generation of 1870, 286–287

multi-party cooperation and, 188, 213–214

partisan see-sawing and, 149–150

party organization, 267–268

radical, 68

Sociedade contra o Tráfico (SCT) and, 154, 159–164, 193, 199–205, 333–334

Lima, José Cerqueira, 95–96, 98

Lima, José Custódio Alves de, 283

Lima, Pedro de Araújo (visconde/marquês de Olinda)

Interpretive Law of the Additional Act and, 122

Pedro I restoration plans and, 77

policy-making, 119, 121–123, 129–131

political capital of, 78, 113

Regresso and, 123

Sociedade Promotora de Colonização (Society for the Promotion of Colonization) and, 101, 103, 111

Lisboa, Bento da Silva, 130–131, 147. See also barão de Cairu

Lisboa, José Antônio, 67

Lisboa, José da Silva, 28, 161–162

Lopes, Valentim José da Silveira, 300

Lu, Sidney, 318–319

Macau, 51, 332–333

Macedo, Joaquim Manuel de, 2–5, 44, 159

Machado, João da Silva (barão de Antonina), 117–119, 200

Madeira, 29–30

Majority Coup (golpe da maioridade), 114, 120

Malê Muslims, 81

Malheiro, Pedro Miranda, 46–47, 52, 63–64, 66, 70

Malthus, Thomas, 1, 91

Maranhão (state of), 81, 127, 146, 170, 179

María Carlota, princess, 33

Maria da Glória (Maria II), 73–75, 107–108, 116

Maria I, 38–39

Marinho, Joaquim Saldanha, 230

Marlière, Guido Thomas, 87

Martins, Francisco Gonçalves, 169–170, 198

Martins, Maria Fernanda Vieira, 123–124

Martius, Carl Friedrich Philip von, 130–131

Marx, Karl, 11

Masurel, Victor, 256–257

Mattos, Raimundo da Cunha, 68–69

Mauá, visconde de (Souza, Irineu Evangelista de)

Amazon Navigation and Colonization Company and, 179

collapse of dominion, 277–281

Lansford Warren Hastings and, 235

Mucury Company and, 191

repatriation question and, 277–281

Mauritius

Coolies from, 278, 280–281, 289–290

French threat of invasion, 33

Indian workers in, 278, 280–281, 289

Maury, Matthew Fontaine, 231–234

Maximilian I (Mexican empire), 15

Melo, Sebastião José de Carvalho e (marquês de Pombal), 8, 30–31, 33, 67, 91

Mendes, Cândido, 271

Menezes. See Drummond, Antônio Menezes de Vasconcelos

mercenaries. See Pedro I (Pedro de Bragança); Irish mercenary recruits

1828 revolts by, 70–71

conscripted by Pedro I, 21, 52–54, 77

Irish, 76–77

Pedro I’s peopling policy and, 71

press reports about, 73

Merck, Ernst von, 148

Mesquita, Elpidio de, 314–315

Metternich, prince (Austria), 56, 61

Mexico, 92, 233–234, 282–283, 294

migrant settlers. See colonos

migrants. See colonos

migration, mass, 293–296

miguelistas, 73–74

Mikoszewski, Karol, 228–229

Milet, Henri Auguste, 272

Miller, George (Henrique), 87

Minas Gerais, 12

Moçâmedes, 202

moderados, 76

moderating power, 71–72, 153–154

Mongolization. See Chinese question

Monmerqué, Gustave Oelsner de, 170

Monte Alegre, visconde/marquês de (Costa Carvalho, José da), 118, 129–130, 168, 201, 204

Montezuma, Francisco Jê de Acaiaba (visconde Jequitinhonha), 112, 237

Montravel, Félix de, 204, 213

Mora, Fausta, 244–246

Moreira, Henrique Correa, 273–274

Moreira, Joaquim Baptista, 206–207

Moreira, José Antonio (visconde de Ipanema), 178, 201

Moreira, Nicolau, 264–265, 271, 301

Mota, Artur Silveira da, 282–283

Mota, José Inácio Silveira da, 241, 282–283, 294, 301

Mozambique, 33

Mucury Company, 179, 187–188, 221–223

Municipal Code (1838), 106

Mure, Benoît Jules, 124–125

Muritiba, barão de (Manuel Vieira Tosta), 197, 204–205, 208–209, 273

Nabuco, Joaquim, 284

Napoléon, 5, 21, 27, 31, 38

Napoléon III, 272

Nathan, Charles, 245

Nathan, George, 269

National Guard, 81

naturalization

mass, 304–305

under Pedro I, 90–91

policies, 92, 148, 164–165, 187, 207, 247–248

reforms, 304–306, 314

of Schäffer, Anton von, 63

Nelis, Joseph Ludgero, 125–126

New Brunswick & Nova Scotia Land Company, 95

New York

Anglo-Brazilian Times in, 232

Bocaiúva in, 280, 302

contrasted with Brazil, 15

Cuban migrants via, 304–307

emigration packages from, 303

Ohio Canal in, 108

US Southerner emigration from, 296

William Godwin on, 91

New Zealand (Colonization) Company, 134

Nicholas I, tsar, 11

Nicosia, Salvatore, 307–309

Nova Friburgo (colony), 45–48, 65, 166–167, 334–335

Nova Friburgo, barão de, 168–169, 203, 206–207

O Brazil: colonisação e emigração (de Carvalho), 298–299

O Philantropo (newspaper), 159–162, 199–203

O Repúblico (journal), 73

O Tamoio (newapaper), 58

Oberacker, Carlos, 335

Observador Constitucional, 76

oligarchies, 277. See also shareholder oligarchies

Olinda Law School, 170–171

Olinda, visconde/marquês de. See also Araújo Lima, Pedro de

colonization crisis and, 211–217

colonization reform and, 274–279

ministry of, 188–198

policy-making, 21, 131–132, 169

Oliveira, Cândido Baptista de (Vadius), 144, 204–205, 271

Ordinance for State Colonies (1867), 21, 257

Orléans, Louis-Phillipe d’, 148–149

Ortiz de Ayala, Tadeo, 14

Ottoni brothers, 146, 196

Ottoni, Honório Esteves, 191

Ottoni, Teófilo

A Reforma (newspaper) and, 266

Chinese laborers and, 179

colono-purveying and, 195–196, 208

eponymous colony, 321–322

Mucury Company and, 220–223

policy-making, 122, 187

SCT membership, 159

Overseas Development Company (Kaigai Kōgyō Kabushiki Gaisha), 319

Owen, Robert, 161

Oxenford, Edward, 69

palace insiders (áulicos), 122, 150–153, 181, 183, 190–191, 200–201

Pará (province), 117, 140, 168, 179, 227, 308–309, 322, 329

Paraná, marquês de, 188. See also Leão, Honório Hermeto Carneiro

Paravicini, Emil, 209–213

Parigot, Jules, 125, 135–142

Parisian recuitment agencies, 208–209

Passos, Manuel da Silva, 107

Patrocíno, José do, 284

Pedro I (Pedro de Bragança), 50–51, 120

abdication, 71, 76

colonization under, 22, 53–55, 71–73, 78

Conselho de Estado (Council of State) and, 59–60

constraints on financial power, 65–66

executive/legislative cleavage under, 55–56

marriage, 39

mercenary troops and, 21, 52–54, 58

military defense and, 61

post-independence government and, 60

reclaiming Portuguese crown, 75–78

recolonizing party and, 74

slave trade treaty and, 64–65

Pedro II, emperor

áulicos and moderating power of, 120–133

Bocaiúva and, 245–246

conciliação and 1857 cabinet, 187–190

Ferraz and, 154–167

general, 15, 114, 146, 197

IIFA meeting and, 264

Jasienski and, 227–228

land bill project, 127–128

Petrópolis plans and, 135–138

railroads and railways, 208, 318, 327–330

Regency of, 81

travels of, 259–260

Peel, Robert, 140

Peixoto, Bernardo Gavião, 118

Peixoto, Floriano, 308

Pernambuco (state of), 56, 81, 106

Pessoa, José Eloy, 66–67

Petrópolis (colony), 137–138, 141, 152, 170–172, 178–179, 191, 207, 213–214, 245, 277

Peycke, Peter, 41–42

Pimentel, Manuel do Valadão, 101–102

Pinheiro, José Feliciano Fernandes, 34–35, 59–60, 70

Pinto, Antonio Clemente (barão de Nova Friburgo), 165, 168–169, 207

Platine War, 154

Poland

Associação Promotora da Colonisação Polaca (Association for the Promotion of Polish Colonization), 227–228

emigration from, 227–230

rebellion of 1863, 227

Sociedade Colonizadora Pereira Alves, Bendaszewski & Cia, 229–230

Polish uprising (1831), 98

Pombal, marquês de (Sebastião José Carvalho e Melo), 8, 30–31, 33, 67, 91

Pontes, Felisberto Caldeira Brant (marquês de Barbacena), 55–56, 64, 66, 75

Portugal

anti-abuse law, 207

civil war, 54–55, 73, 103–105

colonos from, 196–197, 200–201, 206–207

succession crisis, 73

Portugal, Tomás Antônio de Vilanova, 44–49

Portuguese Civil War, 54–55, 73, 103–105

posses (of land), 127–128, 192. See also squatters

Prado family, 300–304

Prado, Antônio da Silva, 117–119, 266–267, 310, 316, 318

Prado, Caio, Jr., 6

Prado, Joaquim da Silva, 117–119

press, Chinese laborers and, 274–277

press gag law, 102

press reports, 54, 70–71

“coolie honeypot” affair in, 267

attitudes to colonos in, 72, 246–247

Chinese laborers in, 177–179, 264

colono contract irregularities in, 207–208

Delrue affair in, 143–144

Diário do Rio de Janeiro, 241–242, 254, 262, 264

land distribution practises in, 331

slavers’ activities in, 156

prestação de serviço ( law on service contracts), 98

Prinetti decree, 296, 309–320

Prosperidade Company, 171

provincial law (1840), 135

Provincias Unidas de la Plata, 13

Puerto Rico, 15, 18, 54

Qing empire, 10, 174, 261–264, 273–276, 282–283, 288

Queirós, Eusébio de, 104–106, 178, 237

Queirós, Francisco Antonio de Sousa, 118. See also Machado, João da Silva

Racine, Eduardo, 146

racism and prejudice

anti-Black sentiment, 235–236

against Chinese, 264–265, 272, 274–275, 284–285, 290, 321–322

class divisions, 277–278, 333–334

colonization as applied science and, 298–299

color-blind race principles in migration policy, 382

race divisions and, 333–334

racial whitening, goal of, 6

railroads and railways

Belgian, 155

Cail & Co. and, 277–278

Chinese laborers and, 232, 327

Gaston and, 234

Gunther and, 309

impact on colonization, 17

land prices impacted by, 199

Metropolitan Rail, 307–308

Pedro II, 208, 318, 327–330

Petrópolis Railroad Company, 261

Santos-Jundiaí, 280

Transcontinental, 322

Ramos, Matheus, 127

Ravan, François, 256

Real Ordem do Cristo, 62–63

Rebello, José Silvestre, 86

Rebouças, André Pereira, 299–300

Recke, Adalbert von der, 131

recruitment, 206–208

colono trade and, 45, 97, 116–118, 121, 123–124, 205–208

in Cuba, 244–255

in Hamburg and, 167, 194, 197, 213, 221

Parisian agencies for, 208–209

Regency, 27, 76, 78, 99–105, 159, 259–260

Regresso, 123

Regulamento de transporte de emigrantes (Emigrant Transport Ordinance), 216, 234, 245, 269–271, 303

Reis, Arthur Cezar Ferreira, 329

Rezanov, Nicolai, 40

Rheingantz, Jacob, 204

Ribeiro, Duarte da Ponta, 92

Ribeiro, José Cesário de Miranda, 127–128, 131, 145–146

Ricardo, David, 91

Rio de Janeiro. See also Diário do Rio de Janeiro (newspaper)

Azorean migrants in, 115–116

Chinese migrant entries into, 174–175

coffee production and, 29

colonos importation numbers in, 248, 259, 305

Commercial Association membership, 241

enslaved labor in, 2

hospedarias in, 294

Immigration Service in, 317

Positivist Society of, 284–285

provincial colonization in, 133–138, 164, 181, 224–225

transformation to capital, 5, 27

Río de la Plata, 33

Rio Doce Company, 86–90

Rio Grande de São Pedro (province), 29. See also Rio Grande do Sul (province)

Rio Grande do Sul (province)

colono trade set for, 224

descendants from, 322

enslaved Africans in, 156

Germans in, 90, 209–210, 273

highway development in, 322, 329–330

hospedarias in, 294

impact of social history in, 333

Koseritz in, 295

peopling policies in, 21, 40–41, 71–72

presidency of, 266

Ripon, Lord, 140

Rivadavia, Bernardino, 13

Rocha Galvão, Inocêncio da, 159–163, 234, 251, 265, 268

Rodrigues de Carvalho, João Antonio, 66

Rodrigues, António Coelho, 272

Rodrigues, Antônio Marques, 170–171

Rodrigues, Francisco Marques, 170–172

Rodrigues, Isidoro Marques, 171

Rosales, Vicente Pérez, 13–14

Rosas, Juan Manuel de, 13, 140, 154

Rossi, Adolfo, 310

Rothschild, Nathaniel, 61

Ruffino, Augusto Bosco di, 311–312

Russell, John, 89–90

Russian-American Company, 11, 40, 42

Sabinada (in Bahia), 81

Sabinada rebellion, 99–100, 159

SAIN. See Sociedade Auxiliadora da Indústria Nacional

Saint-Simon, Henri and Saint-Simonians, 11, 84, 149, 161, 215, 256

Salvador, 81, 98, 106, 109–110, 115, 181

Sampson & Tappan operation, 175–176, 194–195

Santa Catarina

Azorean colonos in, 30

d’Escragnolle Taunay in, 297

displacement and environmental degradation in, 322

Joinvilles in, 148–149

purveying colonos to, 150–151, 156

settlements in, 124

Sociedade Central de Imigração in, 301

van Lede in, 126

Santo Amaro, marquês de, 75

Santos

colonization company, 146–148, 163–164, 249–250

French Consul in, 170

general, 144–145, 302–305, 310

migrant arrivals in, 179–180, 305

Santos-Jundiaí railroad, 280

Santos colonization company, 118–119, 129–130, 200

Santos, Ezequiel Corrêa dos, 159

São Francisco, barão de, 173

São Leopoldo colony, 59–60

São Paulo

background, 21

colonization companies for, 117

cotton production in, 237–238

German immigrants in, 333

hospedarias in, 294

migrant imports into, 207–208, 283, 309–310, 319, 322

Prado family in, 300–304

province, 6–7, 21, 118–119, 147, 164, 228, 234, 319, 334

racism in, 272

representative Bonifácio and, 50

Sociedade Central de Imigração in, 296

Sociedade Promotora de Imigração in, 301–304

Vergueiros family in, 118–120, 144–145, 154, 164, 183

São Paulo Law School, 118, 166

Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino, 13–14, 137–138

Saúde, Ferreiras da, 156

Schäffer, Anton von, 42–43, 53, 56, 59–64, 73, 92

Schleswig-Holstein War, 150, 167, 183

Schlichthorst, Carl, 73

Schmidt, Georg Friedrich, 127, 134

Schmidt, H. G., 49–51, 127, 148

Schröder, Christian Mathias, 136–147, 159, 183–190, 217–218

SCI. See Sociedade Central de Imigração

Scully, William, 232, 240, 264

Seixas, Romualdo Antônio de, 68, 95–96

Senate

Abrantes’ proposed interventions, 160

general plan and, 87–88

Mendes speech in, 334–335

privilege and, 3

restorationist talk and, 99

Treaty of Villafranca, 272

Sentinella da Liberdade, 56

Sequeira Joaquim José de, 72, 78, 82–86, 117–118, 126–127, 146

service contract law (lei locação de serviços). See work contract laws

sesmarias (royal land grants), 41–42, 50, 87, 128

Setragni, Pedro, 316

Sexagenarian Law (1885), 295–304

sharecropping colonies (colônias de parceria), 118–119, 162, 172, 224–225, 249–251

shareholder oligarchies, 82, 124, 128. See also oligarchies

Siedler, Carl, 73

Sieveking, Karl, 134

Sigaud, Joseph François Xavier, 101–102

SII. See Sociedade Internacional de Imigração International Immigration Society

Silva Júnior, Antônio da, 93

Silva, Caetano Dias da, 204, 255–256

Silva, Francisco Bento da, 315

Silva, João Antônio de Miranda e, 326–331

Silva, José Bonifácio de Andrada e, 35–37, 50, 66–69

Silva, Teodoro Machado Freire Pereira da, 266

Silveira, Miguel de Arriaga Brum da, 37

Sinimbú, João Lins Vieira Cansansão de, 166–167, 271–272, 275–276, 281–282

SITA. See Sociedade Importadora de Trabalhadores Asiáticos

slavery and slave trade. See also Sociedade contra o Tráfico de Africanos e Promotora da Colonização e da Civilização dos Indígenas (Society for the End of the African Slave Trade and for the Promotion of Colonization and the Civilization of Indians) (SCT)

abolition of, 2, 5–6, 66–67, 138, 159, 176, 226, 248, 254, 259, 263, 284–285, 295–304, 317

abuse and, 139–141, 206, 257–261

background, 12, 81

Confederate emigration to Brazil, 236–237, 242

confounded with colonization, 114–115, 155–159, 165, 205–206

in Cuba, 114–116, 149–150

enslaved rebellion, 81

free labor as substitute for, 144, 173, 199–205, 229–230, 246, 270

German slaveholders, 42–43, 335

Indian laborers and, 41–42

Indians and, 154

Pedro I and, 64–65

post-independence, 9–10

in Rio de Janeiro, 2

Rio Grande do Sul and, 156

Sexagenarian Law (1885) and, 302, 304

slaveholders, 34, 42–44, 55, 160–161, 168–169, 194, 206, 212, 265

supression, 22–23, 45–46, 94, 150

trafficking, 119–120, 195–199, 308

white, 107–108, 141, 206, 233–234, 257–259

Sloman, Robert Miles, 213–215, 217–218

Soares, Caetano Alberto, 163

Sociedade Auxiliadora da Indústria Nacional (Society for the Aid of National Industry) (SAIN), 2, 96, 100–101, 160, 264–265

Sociedade Bahiana de Imigração, 295–304

Sociedade Central de Imigração (Central Immigration Society) (SCI), 295–305, 307, 309, 317–318

Sociedade Colonizadora Pereira Alves, Bendaszewski & Cia, 229–230

Sociedade contra o Tráfico de Africanos e Promotora da Colonização e da Civilização dos Indígenas (Society for the End of the African Slave Trade and for the Promotion of Colonization and the Civilization of Indians) (SCT), 154, 159–164, 193, 199–205, 333–334

Sociedade de Agricultura, Comércio e Indústria da Bahia (Agricultural, Commercial and Industrial Society of Bahia) (SACIB), 94–96

Sociedade de Agricultura, Comércio e Indústria da Bahia (Bahian Agricultural, Commercial and Industrial Society) (SACIB), 94–95

sociedade em comandita, 16–17

Sociedade Importadora de Trabalhadores Asiáticos (Asian Workers Import Association) (SITA)

as powerful colonization vehicle, 281–288

Chinese question and, 281–290

Coolie emigration obstacles and, 270

Coolie honeypot affair and, 265–269

Coolie importation efforts and, 269, 271–273, 276–277

Indian laborer importation efforts and, 277

origins of, 265–266

Sino-Brazilian treaty and, 282

Sociedade Internacional de Imigração (International Immigration Society) (SII), 239–247, 251, 253–256

Société Belge-Brasilienne de Colonisation, 131–132, 146–147

Société Jean-François Cail & Compagnie, 277–278

sociétés anonymes, 85–86

sociétés en comandite par actions, 85–86

Society for the Aid of National Industry. See Sociedade Auxiliadora da Indústria Nacional

Society for the Promotion of Colonization (SPC), 101–119, 123, 158, 202, 207, 211–212, 220, 237

South Australia Colonization Company, 95

Southern, Henry, 156

Souza Breves family, 102–103

Souza, Antonio Francisco de Paula, 230, 245

Souza, Francisco de Paula, 213

Souza, João Cardoso de Menezes e, 270–271

SPC. See Sociedade Promotora de Colonização

squatters, 196. See also posses (of land)

Storia della colonizzazione europea al Brasile (Grossi), 322–323

Sturz, Johann Jakob, 86–90, 140, 148, 199, 216–217, 244

Such, George, 69

Sugar Duties Act, 142

sugar trade, 142, 149–150, 169, 181, 184

Taiping Rebellion, 218

Talleyrand, marquis de, 38

Tappan, Lewis W., 176. See also Sampson & Tappan operation

Taunay, Alexandre d’Escragnolle, 297–298, 302

Taunay, Alfredo d’Escragnolle, 297–298

Taunay, Carlos Augusto, 2–5, 146, 297

Ten Years’ War, 254

Texas, 146–147

Texas German Colonization Society, 134–135

Theses sobre colonização (Menezes e Souza), 298–299

Torrens Act, 304–305

Torrens, Robert, 1

Torres, Joaquim José Rodrigues, 128–130, 145–146

Tosta, Manuel Vieira (barão de Muritiba), 204–205

Trabalhadores Asiáticos (Mendonça), 275–276

trafficking, 95, 114, 119–120, 149, 156–158, 195–199, 308

Transamazonian Highway, 329–330

Treaty of Villafranca, 272

United Kingdom. See Great Britain

United States and Brazil Mail Steamship Company (USBM), 244–248

United States emigrants, 228, 230–239, 287, 296–298, 302–303

Urquiza, Justo José de, 13–14

USBM. See United States and Brazil Mail Steamship Company

Vadius, 144, 204–205, 271. See also Cândido Baptista de Oliveira

Valadão, Manuel do, 101–102

Valdez, Francisco Travassos, 239

Vandelli, Domingos, 35

Vargas, Getúlio and Vargas regime, 323–328

Varnhagen, Francisco de, 199

Varnhagen, Friedrich, 36

Vasconcelos, Bernardo Pereira de, 67–69, 88, 127, 145, 149–150, 190

Vasconcelos, Diogo, 128–131

Vasconcelos, Zacarias de Góis e, 200, 266–268

Veiga, Eugênio Aprígio da, 162–163

Veiga, Evaristo da, 190

Vergueiro & Co., 172–173

Vergueiro, José, 172–173

Vergueiro, Luiz, 117–119, 209–213

Vergueiro, Nicolau Pereira de Campos, 85, 117–119, 122, 136–147, 154, 183–184

Vergueiros brothers, 212

Viana, Cândido José de Araújo, 145–146

Viana, José da Costa Lima, 326–331

visconde de Francenthal Jacarandá. See Schäffer, Anton von

visconde de São Leopoldo. See Pinheiro, José Feliciano Fernandes

Wakefield, Edward Gibbon, 1, 127–128, 146–147, 160

Wanderley, João Maurício, 156–157, 173

Wappäus, Dr., 13–14, 217–218

Werneck, Luiz Peixoto de Lacerda, 165–166, 178, 201

Werneck, Manoel Peixoto de Lacerda, 178

Westin, Lorenz, 40–41

Weyl, Pedro, 89

white

population, 30, 45

privilege, 123

slavery, 107–108, 141, 206, 233–234, 257–261

supremacy, 15, 45, 129, 226, 233, 242–243

Wied-Neuwied, Maximilian zu, 41

work contract laws (lei locação de serviços)

of 1828 and 1830, 104–106

of 1837, 106, 149

of 1879, 297

Wright, Robert Clinton, 269

Zentral-Verein für deutsche Auswanderungs-und Kolonisations-Angelegenheiten (Central Association for German Emigration and Colonization Matters), 217–218

Zolberg, Aristide, 23, 293

Zollverein customs union, 138–142

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