Hostname: page-component-77f85d65b8-45ctf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-03-29T22:09:37.278Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The mineralogical composition of the zeolitic rocks of Santorini Island and their potential use as feed additives and nutrition supplements

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 October 2024

Christina Mytiglaki Open the ORCID record for Christina Mytiglaki [Opens in a new window] ,
Soultana Kyriaki Kovaiou ,
Dimitrios Vogiatzis ,
Nikolaos Kantiranis Open the ORCID record for Nikolaos Kantiranis [Opens in a new window]  and
Anestis Filippidis Open the ORCID record for Anestis Filippidis [Opens in a new window]
Christina Mytiglaki
Affiliation:
Department of Mineralogy–Petrology–Economic Geology, School of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Soultana Kyriaki Kovaiou
Affiliation:
Department of Mineralogy–Petrology–Economic Geology, School of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Dimitrios Vogiatzis
Affiliation:
Department of Mineralogy–Petrology–Economic Geology, School of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Nikolaos Kantiranis*
Affiliation:
Department of Mineralogy–Petrology–Economic Geology, School of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Anestis Filippidis
Affiliation:
Department of Mineralogy–Petrology–Economic Geology, School of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
*
Corresponding author: Nikolaos Kantiranis; Email: kantira@geo.auth.gr
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The zeolitic rocks of Akrotiri, on Santorini Island (Aegean Sea, Greece), can be grouped according to the zeolite minerals present. The first group includes zeolitic rocks that contain only clinoptilolite, the second group contains clinoptilolite and mordenite and the third group contains only mordenite. Clinoptilolite accounts for up to 56 wt.% and mordenite for up to 69 wt.% of the rocks. All samples contain feldspars (8–36 wt.%), clay minerals (6–8 wt.%), quartz (3–6 wt.%), opal-CT (2 wt.%), amphibole (2–4 wt.%) and amorphous materials (4–7 wt.%). The studied samples were classified chemically as andesites or dacites. The ammonium-exchange capacity of the studied samples was 104–158 meq 100 g–1. According to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No. 651/2013, zeolitic rocks that contain ≥80 wt.% clinoptilolite, ≤20 wt.% clay minerals and are free of fibrous minerals and quartz can be used as feed additives in animal husbandry. Zeolites with fibrous habit (mordenite, erionite, secondarily roggianite and mazzite) and SiO2 minerals such as quartz, cristobalite and tridymite can be dangerous to both humans and animals. The mineralogical study showed that, due to their low clinoptilolite content and the presence of both quartz and fibrous mordenite, the studied zeolitic rocks do not conform with European Regulation No. 651/2013. As a result, their use as feed additives and nutrition supplements is prohibited.

Keywords

clinoptilolitefeed additivesfibrous zeolitesmordenitenutrition supplementsSantorini

Information

Type
Article
Information
Clay Minerals , Volume 59 , Issue 3 , September 2024 , pp. 192 - 201
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Mineralogical Society of the United Kingdom and Ireland

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

Footnotes

Editor: George Christidis

References

Armbruster, T. & Gunter, M.E. (1991) Stepwise dehydration of heulandite-clinoptilolite from Succor Creek, Oregon, U.S.A.: a single-crystal X-ray study at 100 K. American Mineralogist, 76, 1872–1883.Google Scholar
Baerlocher, C., McCusker, L. & Olson, D.H. (2007) Atlas of Zeolite Framework Types. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 398 pp.Google Scholar
Bain, C. & Smith, L. (1987) Chemical analysis. Pp. 248–274 in: A Handbook of Determinative Methods in Clay Mineralogy (Wilson, M., editor). Blackie, Glasgow, UK.Google Scholar
Colella, C. (2005) Natural zeolites. Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, 157, 13–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colella, C. (2011) A critical reconsideration of biomedical and veterinary applications of natural zeolites. Clay Minerals, 46, 295–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, J.M. (1993) In vivo assays to evaluate the pathogenic effects of minerals in rodents. Pp. 471–487 in: Health Effects of Mineral Dusts (Guthrie, G.D. Jr & Mossman, B.T., editors). Reviews in Mineralogy, 28. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC, USA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drakoulis, Α., Kantiranis, N., Filippidis, Α. & Stergiou, Α. (2005) The uptake ability of amorphous-rich industrial materials from Milos Island. Presented at: 2nd Congress of the Economic Geology, Mineralogy and Geochemistry Committee of the Geological Society of Greece. Greece, Thessaloniki, 7–9 October.Google Scholar
Driscoll, K. (1993) In vitro evaluation of mineral cytotoxicity and inflammatory activity. Pp. 489–511 in: Health Effects of Mineral Dusts (Guthrie, G.D. Jr & Mossman, B.T., editors). Reviews in Mineralogy, 28. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC, USA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Druitt, T.H., Edwards, L., Mellors, R.M., Pyle, D.M, Sparks, R.S.J., Lanphere, M. et al. (1999) Santorini Volcano. Geological Society Memoir 19. Geological Society, London, UK, 165 pp.Google Scholar
Dschaak, C. M., Eun, J.-S., Young, A.J., Stott, R.D. & Peterson, S. (2010) Effects of supplementation of natural zeolite on intake, digestion, ruminal fermentation, and lactational performance of dairy cows. The Professional Animal Scientist, 26, 647–654.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elliot, M. & Edwards, H. (1991) Comparison of the effects of synthetic and natural zeolite on laying hen and broiler chicken performance. Poultry Science, 70, 2115–2130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fendri, I., Khannous, L., Mallek, Z., Traore, A.I., Gharsallah, N. & Gdoura, R. (2012) Influence of zeolite on fatty acid composition and egg quality in Tunisian laying hens. Lipids in Health Disease, 11, 71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Filippidis, A. (2010) Environmental, industrial, and agricultural applications of Hellenic natural zeolite. Hellenic Journal of Geosciences, 45, 91–100.Google Scholar
Filippidis, A. & Kantiranis, N. (2007) Experimental neutralization of lake and stream waters from N. Greece using domestic HEU-type rich natural zeolitic material. Desalination, 213, 47–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Filippidis, A., Apostolidis, N., Paragios, I. & Filippidis, S. (2008) Zeolites clean up. Industrial Minerals, 485, 68–71.Google Scholar
Filippidis, A., Kantiranis, N., Papastergios, G. & Filippidis, S. (2015a) Safe management of municipal wastewater and sludge by fixation of pollutants in very high quality HEU-type zeolitic tuff. Journal of Basic and Applied Research International, 7, 1–8.Google Scholar
Filippidis, A., Kantiranis, N., Stamatakis, M., Drakoulis, A. & Tzamos, E. (2007) The cation exchange capacity of the Greek zeolitic rocks. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, 40, 723–735.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Filippidis, A., Kantiranis, N. & Tsirambides, A. (2016a) The mineralogical composition of Thrace zeolitic rocks and their potential use as feed additives and nutrition supplements. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, 50, 1820–1828.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Filippidis, A., Mytiglaki, C., Kantiranis, N. & Tsirambides, A. (2019) The mineralogical composition of Samos zeolitic rocks and their potential use as feed additives and nutrition supplements. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, 56, 84–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Filippidis, A., Papastergios, G., Kantiranis, N. & Filippidis, S. (2015b) Neutralization of dyeing industry wastewater and sludge by fixation of pollutants in very high quality HEU-type zeolitic tuff. Journal of Global Ecology and Environment, 2, 221–226.Google Scholar
Filippidis, A., Tziritis, E., Kantiranis, N., Tzamos, E., Gamaletsos, P., Papastergios, G. & Filippidis, S. (2016b) Application of Hellenic natural zeolite in Thessaloniki industrial area wastewater treatment. Desalination and Water Treatment, 57, 19702–19712.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Floros, G., Kokkari, A., Kouloussis, N., Kantiranis, N., Damos, P., Filippidis, A. & Koveos, D. (2018) Evaluation of the natural zeolite lethal effects on adults of the bean weevil under different temperatures and relative humidity regimes. Journal of Economic Entomology, 111, 482–490.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Francalanci, L., Vougioukalakis, G., Pinarelli, L., Petrone, C. & Eleftheriadis, G. (1995) Interaction between mafic and acid magmas: the case study of the post Minoan activity of the Santorini volcanic field, Greece. Plinius, 14, 166–167.Google Scholar
Fytikas, M., Karydakis, G., Kavouridis, T.H., Kolios, N. & Vougioukalakis, G. (1990) Geothermal research on Santorini. Thera and the Aegean World III, 2, 241–249.Google Scholar
Gottardi, G. & Galli, E. (1985) Natural Zeolites. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 411 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gunter, M.E., Armbruster, T., Kohler, T. & Knowles, C.R. (1994) Crystal structure and optical properties of Na- and Pb-exchanged heulandite-group zeolites. American Mineralogist, 79, 675–682.Google Scholar
Hall, A., Stamatakis, M. & Walsh, J. (1994) Ammonium enrichment associated with diagenetic alteration in Tertiary pyroclastic rocks from Greece. Chemical Geology, 118, 173–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hcini, E., Ben Slima, A., Kallel, I., Zormati, S., Traore, A.I. & Gdoura, R. (2018) Does supplemental zeolite (clinoptilolite) affect growth performance, meat texture, oxidative stress, and production of polyunsaturated fatty acid of Turkey poults? Lipids in Health and Disease, 17, 177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, D. (1994) Industrial Minerals and Rocks. Braun-Brumfield, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI, USA, pp. 1129–1158.Google Scholar
Jha, B. & Singh, D.N. (2011) A review on synthesis, characterization and industrial applications of fly-ash zeolites. Journal of Materials Education, 33, 65.Google Scholar
Kantiranis, N., Chrissafis, C., Filippidis, A. & Paraskevopoulos, K. (2006) Thermal distinction of HEU-type mineral phases contained in Greek zeolite-rich volcaniclastic tuffs. European Journal of Mineralogy, 18, 509–516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kantiranis, N., Filippidis, A. & Georgakopoulos, A. (2005) Investigation of the uptake ability of fly ashes produced after lignite combustion. Journal of Environmental Management, 76, 119–123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kantiranis, N., Stamatakis, M., Filippidis, A. & Squires, C. (2004a) The uptake ability of the clinoptilolitic tuffs of Samos Island, Greece. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, 36, 89–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kantiranis, N., Stergiou, A., Filippidis, A. & Drakoulis, A. (2004b) Calculation of the percentage of amorphous material using PXRD patterns. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, 36, 446–453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karaca, M., Demir, H. & Onus, A. (2004) Use of natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) in agriculture. Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research, 12, 183–189.Google Scholar
Katsoulos, P.D., Panousis, N., Roubies, N., Christaki, E., Arsenos, G. & Karatzias, H. (2006) Effects of long-term feeding of a diet supplement with clinoptilolite to dairy cows on the incidence of ketosis, milk yield and liver function. Veterinary Record, 159, 415–418.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, C.-B., Yang, C.-J., Choi, O.J., Jung, H.N. & Shim, K.H. (2014) Effect of dietary supplementation of zeolite on the quality of pork shoulder before and after cooking. Korean Journal of Food and Cookery Science, 30, 193–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitsopoulos, K. (1997) Comparison of the methylene blue absorption and the ammonium acetate saturation methods for determination of CEC values of zeolite-rich tuffs. Clay Minerals, 32, 319-322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitsopoulos, K. (1999) Cation-exchange capacity (CEC) of zeolitic volcaniclastic materials: applicability of the ammonium acetate saturation (AMAS) method. Clay and Clay Minerals, 47, 688–696.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitsopoulos, K. (2001) The relationship between the thermal behavior of clinoptilolite and its chemical composition. Clays and Clay Minerals, 49, 236–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitsopoulos, K. & Dunham, A. (1996) Heulandite and mordenite-rich tuffs from Greece: a potential source for pozzolanic materials. Mineralium Deposita, 31, 576–583.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitsopoulos, Κ., Scott, P.W., Jeffrey, C. & Marsh, N. (2001) The mineralogy and geochemistry of zeolite-bearing volcanics from Akrotiri (Santorini Island) and Polyegos (Milos group of islands), Greece. Implications for geochemical classification diagrams. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, 34, 859–865.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Król, M. (2020) Natural vs. synthetic zeolites. Crystals, 10, 622.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larina, Y., Ezhkov, V., Fayzrakhmanov, R. & Ezhkova, A. (2020) Meat productivity and quality of goose meat when using nanostructural zeolite in feeding. BIO Web of Conferences, 27, 00028.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ly, J., Grageola, F., Lemus-Flores, C. & Castro, M. (2007) Ileal and rectal digestibility of nutrients in diets based on Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit) for pigs. Influence of the inclusion of zeolite. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 6, 1371–1376.Google Scholar
Mallek, Z., Fendri, I., Khannous, L., Hassena, A.B., Traore, A.I., Ayadi, M.A. & Gdoura, R. (2012) Effect of zeolite (clinoptilolite) as feed additive in Tunisian broilers on the total flora, meat texture and the production of omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid. Lipids in Health and Disease, 11, 35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meier, W.M. (1986) Zeolites and zeolite-like materials. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 58, 1323–1328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mercurio, M., Cappelletti, P., De Gennaro, B., De Gennaro, M., Bovera, F., Iannaccone, F. et al. (2016) The effect of digestive activity of pig gastro-intestinal tract on zeolite rich rocks: an in vitro study. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 225, 133–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mercurio, M., Langella, A., Cappelletti, P., De Gennaro, B., Monetti, V. & De Gennaro, M. (2012) May the use of Italian volcanic zeolite-rich tuffs as additives in animal diet represent a risk for the human health? Periodico di Mineralogia, 81, 393–407.Google Scholar
Miazzo, R., Rosa, C.A.R., Carvalho, E.D.Q., Magnoli, C., Chiacchiera, S.M., Palacio, G. et al. (2000) Efficacy of synthetic zeolite to reduce the toxicity of aflatoxin in broiler chicks. Poultry Science, 79, 1–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Misaelides, P., Godelitsas, A., Filippidis, A., Charistos, D. & Anousis, I. (1995) Thorium and uranium uptake by natural zeolitic materials. Science of the Total Environment, 173/174, 237–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, S., Michels, N., Kunze, K. & Perez-Ramirez, J. (2012) Visualization of hierarchically structured zeolite bodies from macro to nano length scales. Nature Chemistry, 4, 825–831.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mondal, M., Biswas, B., Garai, S., Sarkar, S., Banerjee, H., Brahmachari, K. et al. (2021) Zeolites enhance soil health, crop productivity and environmental safety. Agronomy, 11, 448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mumpton, F. & Fishman, P. (1977) The application of natural zeolites in animal science and aquaculture. Journal of Animal Science, 45, 1188–1203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nadziakiewicza, M., Kehoe, S. & Micek, P. (2019) Physico-chemical properties of clay minerals and their use as a health promoting feed additive. Animals, 9, 714.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olver, M.D. (1997) Effect of sweet lupins on duckling growth. British Poultry Science, 38, 115–117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Osman, A.A. & Soliman, S.A. (2021) Effects of dietary zeolite supplementation on milk yield, milk composition, digestion coefficients and Nutritive Values in Holsten Cows. Journal of Animal, Poultry & Fish Production, 10, 17–20.Google Scholar
Pank, K., Hansteen, T.H., Geldmacher, J., Hauff, F., Jicha, B., Nomikou, P. et al. (2022) Mineralogy and geochemistry of lavas from the submarine lower caldera walls of Santorini Volcano (Greece). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 427, 107556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Papaioannou, D., Katsoulos, P.D., Panousis, N. & Karatzias, H. (2005) The role of natural and synthetic zeolites as feed additives on the prevention and/or the treatment of certain farm animal diseases: a review. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 84, 161–170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Papaioannou, D., Kyriakis, C.S, Alexopoulos, C., Tzika, E.D., Polizopoulou, Z.S. & Kyriakis, S.C. (2004) A field study on the effect of the dietary use of a clinoptilolite-rich tuff, alone or in combination with certain antimicrobials, on the health status and performance of weaned, growing and finishing pigs. Research in Veterinary Science, 76, 19–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Papaioannou, D., Kyriakis, S.C., Papasteriadis, A., Roumbies, N., Yannakopoulos, A. & Alexopoulos, C. (2002) Effect of in-feed inclusion of a natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) on certain vitamin, macro and trace element concentrations in the blood, liver, and kidney tissues of sows. Research in Veterinary Science, 72, 61–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Papastergios, G., Kantiranis, N., Filippidis, A., Sikalidis, C., Vogiatzis, D. & Tzamos, E. (2017) HEU-type zeolitic tuff in fixed bed columns as decontaminating agent for liquid phases. Desalination and Water Treatment, 59, 94–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Papatsiros, V., Katsoulos, P., Koutoulis, K., Karatzia, M., Dedousi, A. & Christodoulopoulo, G. (2013) Alternatives to antibiotics for farm animals. CAB Reviews Perspectives in Agriculture Veterinary Science Nutrition and Natural Resource, 8, 32.Google Scholar
Pappas, A.C., Zoidis, E., Theophilou, N., Zervas, G. & Fegeros, K. (2010) Effects of palygorskite on broiler performance, feed technological characteristics and litter quality. Applied Clay Science, 49, 276–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paritova, А. (2014) The influence of Chankanay zeolites as feed additives on the chemical, biochemical and histological profile of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Aquaculture Research & Development, 5, 1000204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pond, W.G. & Mumpton, F.A. (1984) Zeo-Agriculture: Use of Natural Zeolites in Agriculture and Aquaculture. Westview Press, CO, USA, 296 pp.Google Scholar
Pond, W.G. & Yen, J.T. (1983) Reproduction and progeny growth in rats fed clinoptilolite in the presence or absence of dietary cadmium. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 31, 666–672.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prvulović, D., Jovanović-Galović, A., Stanić, B., Popović, M. & Grubor-Lajšić, G. (2007) Effects of a clinoptilolite supplement in pig diets on performance and serum parameters. Czech Journal of Animal Sciences, 52, 159–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rehakova, M., Čuvanová, S., Dzivak, M., Rimár, J. & Gaval'Ová, Z. (2004) Agricultural and agro-chemical uses of natural zeolite of the clinoptilolite type. Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science, 8, 397–404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodríguez-Beltrán, J., Rodriguez-Rojas, A. & Blazquez, J. (2013) The animal food supplement sepiolite promotes a direct horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance plasmids between bacterial species. Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy, 57, 2651–2653.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, M., Nolan, R., Langer, A. & Cooper, W. (1993) Health effects of various mineral dusts other than asbestos. Pp. 361–407 in: Health Effects of Mineral Dusts (Guthrie, G.D. Jr & Mossman, B.T., editors). Reviews in Mineralogy, 28. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC, USA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saribeyoglu, K., Aytac, E., Pekmezci, S., Saygili, S., Uzun, H., Ozbay, G. et al. (2011) Effects of clinoptilolite treatment on oxidative stress after partial hepatectomy in rats. Asian Journal of Surgery, 34, 153–157.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seki, Y. (1970) Alteration of bore-hole cores to mordenite-bearing assemblages in Atosanupuri active geothermal area, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Japan Geological Society, 76, 605–611.Google Scholar
Simona, M. & Camelia, T. (2019) Zeolites Applications in Veterinary Medicine. Ch. 7 in: Zeolintes – New Challenges (Margeta, K. & Farkaš, A., editors). IntechOpen, London, UK.Google Scholar
Slamova, R. & Trckova, M. (2011) Clay minerals in animal nutrition. Applied Clay Science, 51, 395–398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Souza, I.M., García-Villén, F., Viseras, C. & Pergher, S.B. (2023) Zeolites as ingredients of medicinal products. Pharmaceutics, 15, 1352.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stamatakis, M., Hall, A. & Hein, J. (1996) The zeolite deposits of Greece. Mineralium Deposita, 31, 473–481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Subramaniam, M. & Kim, I.H. (2015) Clays as dietary supplements for swine: a review. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 6, 2–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trckova, M., Vondruskova, H., Zraly, Z., Alex, P., Hamrik, J., Kummer, V. et al. (2009) The effect of kaolin feeding on efficiency, health status and course of diarrhoeal infections caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains in weaned piglets. Veterinari Medicina, 54, 47–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsirambides, A. & Filippidis, A. (2012) Exploration key to growing Greek industry. Industrial Minerals, 533, 44–47.Google Scholar
Tsolis-Katagas, P. & Katagas, C. (1989) Zeolites in pre-caldera pyroclastic rocks of the Santorini Volcano, Aegean Sea, Greece. Clays and Clay Minerals, 37, 497–510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valpotic, H. & Gracner, D. (2017) Zeolite clinoptilolite nanoporous feed additive for animals of veterinary importance: potentials and limitations. Periodicum Biologorum, 119, 159–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vogiatzis, D., Kantiranis, N., Filippidis, A., Tzamos, E. & Sikalidis, C. (2012) Hellenic natural zeolite as a replacement of sand in mortar: mineralogy monitoring and evaluation of its influence on mechanical properties. Geosciences, 2, 298-307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vougioukalakis, G.E. (2006) The Minoan eruption and the Aegean world. ALS, 4, 21–55.Google Scholar
Wawrzyniak, A., Kapica, M., Stepien-Pysniak, D., Luszezewska-Sierakowska, I., Szewerniak, R. & Jarosz, L. (2017) The effect of dietary supplementation of Transcarpathian zeolite on intestinal morphology in female broiler chickens. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 26, 421–430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, Y., Wu, Q., Zhou, Y., Ahmad, H. & Wang, T. (2013) Effects of clinoptilolite on growth performance and antioxidant status in broilers. Biological Trace Elements Research, 155, 228–235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhou, P. & Tan, Y.Q. (2014) Effects of dietary supplementation with the combination of zeolite and attapulgite on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, secretion of digestive enzymes and intestinal health in broiler chickens. Asian–Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 27, 1311–1318.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed