Introduction
Tunisia faces many challenges related to mental health care. First, it is estimated that roughly 1% of the country's total public-sector healthcare budget is allocated to mental health, an area affecting a substantial portion of the population (World Health Organization and Ministry of Health Tunisia, 2008; Unité de Promotion de la Santé Mentale, 2013). It is important to note, however, that this amount is lower than the estimated average of 1.9% allocated to mental health in other lower and middle-income countries (World Health Organization, 2013a; Mackenzie & Kesner, Reference Mackenzie and Kesner2016). Moreover, of this 1% budget, half is used to sustain hospital settings treating mental illness, to the detriment of developing community-based mental health services (World Health Organization and Ministry of Health Tunisia, 2008). Second, there is a deficit of mental healthcare professionals (Bruckner et al. Reference Bruckner, Scheffler, Shen, Yoon, Chisholm, Morris, Fulton, Dal Poz and Saxena2011) and they are inequitably distributed across the country. For example, mental healthcare professionals mainly work in and around the capital, or along the coastline (World Health Organization and Ministry of Health Tunisia, 2008; Unité de Promotion de la Santé Mentale, 2013), despite much-needed services within the interior of the country (Unité de Promotion de la Santé Mentale, 2013). Third, there are challenges related to the integration of mental health at the primary care level namely due to deficits in mental health training and remaining echoes of stigma against mental illness (World Health Organization, 2013a). Lack of integration and effects of stigmatization encourage the use of the only standing and already overly crowded mental health hospital, as well as the limited psychiatric units located within general hospitals (Unité de Promotion de la Santé Mentale, 2013). With the burden caused by mental disorders, substance use disorders and suicide anticipated to increase given economic unrest in the country (Unité de Promotion de la Santé Mentale, 2013; Charara et al. Reference Charara, Forouzanfar, Naghavi, Moradi-Lakeh, Afshin, Vos, Daoud, Wang, El Bcheraoui, Khalil, Hamadeh, Khosravi, Rahimi-Movaghar, Khader, Al-Hamad, Makhlouf Overmeyer, Rafay, Asghar, Rana, Shaheen, Abu-Rmeileh, Husseini, Abu-Raddad, Khoja, Al Rayess, AlBuhairan, Hsairi, Alomari, Ali, Roshandel, Sulieman Terkawi, Hamidi, Refaat, Westerman, Ahmad Kiadaliri, Akanda, Daish Ali, Basha, Badawi, Bazargan-Hejazi, Faghmous, Fereshtehnejad, Fischer, Jonas, Kuate Defo, Mehari, Omer, Pourmalek, Uthman, Mokdad, Maalouf, Abd-Allah, Akseer, Arya, Borschmann, Brazinova, Brugha, Catalá-López, Degenhardt, Ferrari, Maria Haro, Horino, Hornberger, Huang, Kieling, Kim, Kim, Knudsen, Mitchell, Patton, Sagar, Satpathy, Savuon, Seedat, Shiue, Christoffer Skogen, Stein, Tabb, Whiteford, Yip, Yonemoto, Murray and Mokdad2017), barriers to effective and accessible mental health care are generating concern.
To address these challenges in the country, general practitioners (GPs) working at the primary care level are targets of health system reform given their strategic position in the healthcare system (Unité de Promotion de la Santé Mentale, 2013; Spagnolo et al. Reference Spagnolo, Champagne, Leduc, Piat, Melki, Charfi and Laporta2017). However, despite an estimated one-third of their consultations being related to mental health (Melki et al. Reference Melki, Bouslah and Fendri2003; Unité de Promotion de la Santé Mentale, 2013; World Health Organization, 2016), GPs continue to lack specific knowledge and skills to adequately address mental health-related issues (Unité de Promotion de la Santé Mentale, 2013). For example, it has been reported that most GPs have insufficient mental health training, a lack of mastery over the prescription of psychotropic medications, and a fear of treating mental illness (Melki et al. Reference Melki, Bouslah and Fendri2003; Unité de Promotion de la Santé Mentale, 2013). For these reasons, the Tunisian Ministry of Health (more specifically, the Presidents of the Committee for Mental Health Promotion and Technical Committee Against Suicide), in collaboration with the School of Public Health at the University of Montreal, the World Health Organization office in Tunisia and the Montreal World Health Organization-Pan American Health Organization Collaborating Center for Research and Training in Mental Health, implemented a training based on the Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) Intervention Guide (IG) (version 1.0) (World Health Organization, 2010), developed by the World Health Organization. The goal of the training is to assist in the delivery of effective mental health services by non-specialists, for conditions considered of high priority in low- and middle-income countries (World Health Organization, 2010; Eaton et al. Reference Eaton, McCay, Semrau, Chatterjee, Baingana, Araya, Ntulo, Thornicroft and Saxena2011).
It is important to note that the mhGAP-IG and accompanying training content are standardized tools developed for use in a wide range of low- and middle-income countries to address the alarming mental health treatment gap (World Health Organization, 2010; Lund et al. Reference Lund, Tomlinson, De Silva, Fekadu, Shidhaye, Jordans, Petersen, Bhana, Kigozi, Prince, Thornicroft, Hanlon, Kakuma, McDaid, Saxena, Chisholm, Raja, Kippen-Wood, Honikman, Fairall and Patel2012). Within these countries, however, lie differences in the conception of mental health conditions and mental healthcare organization, factors that encourage varying socio-cultural contexts (Abdulmalik et al. Reference Abdulmalik, Kola, Fadahunsi, Adebayo, Yasamy, Musa and Gureje2013; Thornicroft & Patel, Reference Thornicroft, Patel, Thornicroft and Patel2014). Therefore, given the heterogeneity of low- and middle-income countries, the standard mhGAP-IG, training material and programme require adaptation before implementation (World Health Organization, 2010).
Since 2010, trainings based on the mhGAP-IG have been implemented in over 90 countries (Keynejad et al. Reference Keynejad, Dua, Barbui and Thornicroft2017). Evidence has emerged over the past years of the programme's effectiveness at improving non-specialists’ detection, treatment and management of mental health conditions within primary and community-based settings (Keynejad et al. Reference Keynejad, Dua, Barbui and Thornicroft2017). However, what is currently scarcer is knowledge on ‘how’ this complex intervention is adapted to specific settings as to make it culturally appropriate, and therefore useful. Generating such evidence is a current priority in global mental health, as it can aid in the sustainability and scale-up of the programme (Eaton et al. Reference Eaton, McCay, Semrau, Chatterjee, Baingana, Araya, Ntulo, Thornicroft and Saxena2011; Thornicroft & Patel, Reference Thornicroft, Patel, Thornicroft and Patel2014), as well as empower local stakeholders to take ownership of the implementation process.
The purpose of this article is to describe the phase prior to the implementation of a mental health training programme based on the mhGAP-IG (version 1.0) in the Greater Tunis area of Tunisia, and report on adaptations made to the standard training material and programme, essential before piloting. This project is part of a larger trial, seeking to evaluate the training programme implemented in the Greater Tunis area using a randomized controlled trial and implementation analysis. Competencies evaluated pre- and post-training include mental health knowledge, attitudes towards mental illness and the field of mental health, self-efficacy in detecting, treating and managing mental illness in primary care, as well as clinical practice in mental health (Spagnolo et al. Reference Spagnolo, Champagne, Leduc, Piat, Melki, Charfi and Laporta2017).
Methods
Preparing for the implementation of a mental health training programme based on the mhGAP-IG (version 1.0) began in September 2015, and necessitated multiple steps. The first step consisted of identifying mental health needs or gaps in the Greater Tunis area by: (1) using the Adaptation Guide, a tool developed by the World Health Organization to accompany the mhGAP-IG; (2) discussing with members of the Ministry of Health; and (3) consulting epidemiological studies on mental health trends, post-Tunisian Revolution of 2010–2011. The second step in preparing for implementation consisted of developing a preliminary training programme and schedule, tailored to the Greater Tunis area. The last step prior to implementation consisted of conducting field observations in primary healthcare clinics.
Step 1: identifying mental health needs
Three Tunisian psychiatrists were appointed by members of the Tunisian Ministry of Health as trainers given their expertise in mental health organization, and familiarity with the functioning of both institutional- and community-based mental health services in the Greater Tunis area. Using the Adaptation Guide as a roadmap for dialogue, three group discussions were conducted with the trainer-psychiatrists on language used in training material, context's impact on training content (including conditions’ specificities and the use of psychotherapy), availability of medication at the level of primary care, and availability of community-based mental health services. These discussions were important not only to aid in the adaptation of standard training material, but also to understand the types of resources (i.e. pharmacological, human and/or organizational) missing in the Greater Tunis area, as compared with the suggested, standard resources listed in the mhGAP-IG (version 1.0).
Discussions with members of the Ministry of Health validated the findings uncovered using the Adaptation Guide, and allowed us to further understand the current trends in mental disorders, substance use disorders and suicide. These trends were also confirmed by consulting the limited epidemiological studies on mental disorders, substance use disorders and suicide, especially post-Revolution in Tunisia. In addition, discussions with members of the Ministry of Health highlighted GPs’ available referral network for mental disorders, substance use disorders and suicide, and how it may be adapted for the purposes of the training.
Step 2: developing a preliminary training programme and schedule
The next step in preparing for the implementation of the mhGAP-IG (version 1.0) consisted of developing a preliminary training programme and schedule, tailored to the Greater Tunis area. This preliminary programme and schedule was developed as a collaborative effort between members of the Ministry of Health in Tunisia (WM, FC), the School of Public Health at the University of Montreal (JS, FC, NL), the Montreal World Health Organization-Pan American Health Organization Collaborating Center for Research and Training in Mental Health (ML) and the World Health Organization office in Tunisia (ALG). This training programme and schedule was presented to the three trainer-psychiatrists and seven GPs in charge of continuing medical education in the Greater Tunis area, for comments and suggestions. Members of the Tunisian Ministry of Health enlisted GPs responsible for continuing medical education because they are well-versed in mental health knowledge and skills, and would be able to assist trainer-psychiatrists during and post-training. Both trainer-psychiatrists and the seven GPs in charge of continuing medical education in the Greater Tunis area participated in a Training of Trainers, as an orientation to the proper use of the mhGAP-IG (version 1.0).
Step 3: conducting field observations
The last step in preparing for the implementation of the mhGAP-IG (version 1.0) consisted of conducting field observations, between November and December 2015. Field observations included visits to primary healthcare clinics in the Greater Tunis area.
Results
Required adaptation 1: selecting training modules
Rates of anxiety, depressive and substance use disorders, as well as suicide, are on the rise in Tunisia (Unité de Promotion de la Santé Mentale, 2013; Ouanes et al. Reference Ouanes, Bouasker and Ghachem2014; Ben Khelil et al. Reference Ben Khelil, Gharbaoui, Farhani, Zaafrane, Harzallah, Allouche, Zhioua and Hamdoun2016a,Reference Ben Khelil, Zgarni, Ben Mohamed, Allouche, Benzarti, Banasr and Hamdounb; World Health Organization, 2016; Ben Khelil et al. Reference Ben Khelil, Zgarni, Ben Mohamed, Allouche, Benzarti, Banasr and Hamdoun2017; Charara et al. Reference Charara, Forouzanfar, Naghavi, Moradi-Lakeh, Afshin, Vos, Daoud, Wang, El Bcheraoui, Khalil, Hamadeh, Khosravi, Rahimi-Movaghar, Khader, Al-Hamad, Makhlouf Overmeyer, Rafay, Asghar, Rana, Shaheen, Abu-Rmeileh, Husseini, Abu-Raddad, Khoja, Al Rayess, AlBuhairan, Hsairi, Alomari, Ali, Roshandel, Sulieman Terkawi, Hamidi, Refaat, Westerman, Ahmad Kiadaliri, Akanda, Daish Ali, Basha, Badawi, Bazargan-Hejazi, Faghmous, Fereshtehnejad, Fischer, Jonas, Kuate Defo, Mehari, Omer, Pourmalek, Uthman, Mokdad, Maalouf, Abd-Allah, Akseer, Arya, Borschmann, Brazinova, Brugha, Catalá-López, Degenhardt, Ferrari, Maria Haro, Horino, Hornberger, Huang, Kieling, Kim, Kim, Knudsen, Mitchell, Patton, Sagar, Satpathy, Savuon, Seedat, Shiue, Christoffer Skogen, Stein, Tabb, Whiteford, Yip, Yonemoto, Murray and Mokdad2017). First, data suggests that consultations specifically for anxiety and depression have increased post-Tunisian Revolution (Unité de Promotion de la Santé Mentale, 2013; Ouanes et al. Reference Ouanes, Bouasker and Ghachem2014). Second, records show that the number of suicide deaths rose 1.8 times and self-immolation, three times during the 4 years following the Revolution (Ben Khelil et al. Reference Ben Khelil, Gharbaoui, Farhani, Zaafrane, Harzallah, Allouche, Zhioua and Hamdoun2016a; Ben Khelil et al. Reference Ben Khelil, Zgarni, Ben Mohamed, Allouche, Benzarti, Banasr and Hamdoun2017). Third, there is a recorded increase in the rates of substance use (MedSPAD Committee, 2015) and substance use disorders, specifically of opioids, cannabis, ecstasy and alcohol, and especially among people under the age of 35 (Unité de Promotion de la Santé Mentale, 2013; MedSPAD Committee, 2015). The rise in anxiety, depressive and substance use disorders, as well as suicide is argued to be associated with triggering events during the Revolution (Ouanes et al. Reference Ouanes, Bouasker and Ghachem2014; Ben Khelil et al. Reference Ben Khelil, Zgarni, Ben Mohamed, Allouche, Benzarti, Banasr and Hamdoun2017) and current instabilities such as difficult working and living conditions (Unité de Promotion de la Santé Mentale, 2013; Ouanes et al. Reference Ouanes, Bouasker and Ghachem2014).
While records do not show a significant increase in the rise of schizophrenia since the Revolution, there is worry about potential complications associated with this disorder, even if underdiagnosed. More specifically, in Tunisia, schizophrenia has been linked with suicide and suicide attempts (Ghachem et al. Reference Ghachem, Boussetta, Benasr and Oumaya2009). In addition, it is reported that annual mortality rates associated with schizophrenia have increased (Ghachem et al. Reference Ghachem, Boussetta, Benasr and Oumaya2009).
Given this contextual knowledge, members of the Ministry of Health selected specific modules from the mhGAP-IG (version 1.0) to address pressing and growing needs in the country. The selected modules include depression, psychosis, self-harm/suicide and alcohol/ drug use disorders. In addition, a general introduction to the mhGAP-IG and the module ‘General Principles of Care’ were included in the training. These modules provide an overview of the programme's goal, how to use the guide in consultation and appropriate clinical practices in the field of mental health.
It is important to note that the inclusion of the ‘General Principles of Care’ module was reinforced by field observations. More specifically, during visits to primary healthcare clinics, JS observed that some GPs shared offices to provide care, were interrupted during consultations by waiting patients and/or answered phone calls during consultations. Thus, discussions on confidentiality and clinical practices for effective communication and interactions of healthcare professionals with people seeking mental health care needed to be discussed. In addition, trainer-psychiatrists thought it appropriate to share with trainees some effective ways to engage in active listening, and ways to respectfully and effectively probe for information about mental health problems.
While rates of anxiety disorders have increased post-Revolution and remain concerning, at the time of adaptation, the accompanying training material (i.e. PowerPoints) for the module on conditions specifically related to stress (World Health Organization, 2013b) was not available in the country's working languages: French and Tunisian Arabic. This unavailability was a major implementation barrier to a much-needed module in the country. However, anxiety disorders were covered indirectly by the depression module of the standard mhGAP-IG (version 1.0) (World Health Organization, 2010).
Required adaptation 2: developing a training format
The training based on the mhGAP-IG was designed to accommodate the work schedule of participants. Given that GPs conduct clinical work between 8 h and 14 h, Monday through Saturday, and continuing medical education occurs outside of these hours, the implementation of one afternoon training session per week was thus envisioned.
Training sessions would be conducted in French, the language in which medical school is taught, and all medical staff is well-versed. The sessions, as suggested by standard material, would consist of a general lecture, learning videos and group discussions. Due to high demand for training, GPs were randomly assigned to one of three work groups prior to the implementation of the training as to facilitate role plays and discussion following the general lecture. Each group would be animated by a trainer-psychiatrist and GPs responsible for continuing medical education in the Greater Tunis area. Groups would remain the same for the entirety of the training, allowing GPs from different governorates to become acquainted and share experiences with regards to mental health care. It is important to note that it was thought best by members of the Ministry of Health, trainer-psychiatrists and GPs in charge of continuing medical education in the Greater Tunis area to translate instructions for standard role plays into Tunisian Arabic, and implement them in that language as to mirror ‘real-world’ consultation in primary healthcare clinics. Translation was facilitated by the three Tunisian trainer-psychiatrists, and trainees engaged in simulation of consultations in Tunisian Arabic.
While the World Health Organization encourages ongoing supervision after the implementation of a training based on the mhGAP-IG, this task would not be feasible in the Greater Tunis area given the heavy time constraints of specialists. However, a 2-h support session, in respective work groups, was envisioned 1-week post-training to encourage GPs to discuss mental health cases, under the supervision of specialists. In addition, role plays were selected from the standard introduction module by trainer-psychiatrists to help further integrate knowledge, and to answer any remaining questions on the general content of the training. These role plays were also translated into Tunisian Arabic by trainer-psychiatrists and conducted by trainees in that language, as well.
As ongoing supervision by trainer-psychiatrists would not be feasible, the goal of members of the Ministry of Health was therefore to create a realistic support network for trainees, during and post-training. This support network was created by appointing GPs in charge of continuing medical education in the Greater Tunis area as ‘tutors’. This initiative seemed appropriate for several reasons. First, seeing as tutors are already well-versed in mental health care and had participated in the Training of Trainers along with the trainer-psychiatrists, they would be equipped to answer participants’ mental health questions between and post-training sessions. Second, being a peer to GP trainees, tutors thoroughly understand the clinical reality in primary care and can address questions or concerns using non-specialized language. Third, given that the module on conditions specifically related to stress (World Health Organization, 2013b) could not be implemented, tutors would be able to play an instrumental role in filling this knowledge gap. Lastly, given that tutors are already involved in continuing medical education, it was feasible for them to attempt to organize, every month following training and in collaboration with their directors, mental health support sessions regrouping trainees from each governorate. These scheduled sessions would thus provide trainees with the opportunity to present and gain insight on challenging clinical cases. It is important to note that trainer-psychiatrists agreed that tutors could contact them directly should more in-depth consultation or a referral be necessary.
Discussions with members of the Ministry of Health during the adaptation process highlighted available referral networks for mental disorders, substance use disorders and suicide, as well as challenges with these networks. This information is important given that the standard mhGAP-IG often specifies to ‘Consult a specialist’. In these cases, specialists are psychiatrists, and they may be consulted primarily by referral. Referrals to specialized care are done by letter. To facilitate and accelerate referrals (if needed during the implementation of the training programme), trainer-psychiatrists provided trainees with their telephone numbers.
The training content and format, as conducted in the Greater Tunis area, are presented in Table 1.
Outline of the Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) Intervention Guide (IG) training as tailored for the Greater Tunis area (Tunisia)
Required adaptation 3: adapting content to context
Context's influence on conditions’ specificities
Important observations were made regarding context's influence on conditions’ specificities, thus encouraging changes to standard training material, such as PowerPoints. Discussions and modifications were needed in three principal areas of the standard training: (1) self-harm/suicide; (2) substance use disorders; and (3) the development and use of psychotherapeutic skills, as suggested by certain standard training modules. Changes to standard PowerPoints were made by JS. Adapted PowerPoints were then sent to members of the Ministry of Health and trainer-psychiatrists for final review before training implementation.
The standard training specifies that the most common means of suicide in low- and middle-income countries are the use of firearms and ingestion of pesticides (World Health Organization, 2010). However, in Tunisia, the rate of suicide by firearm is 0.27% given that privately owned guns are rare (Ministère de la santé, 2016). For example, Tunisia ranked 173rd out of an examined 178 countries regarding the number of privately owned guns, and 178th based on the rate of owning a gun (Karp, Reference Karp2007). In addition, the rate of suicide associated with the ingestion of pesticides in Tunisia is relatively low, at 2.74% (Ministère de la santé, 2016). Changes to the training material thus required the addition of the two most prominent means of completed suicide in Tunisia: hanging (58.63%) and immolation (15.89%) (Ben Khelil et al. Reference Ben Khelil, Gharbaoui, Farhani, Zaafrane, Harzallah, Allouche, Zhioua and Hamdoun2016a; Ministère de la santé, 2016). Hanging is widespread given the accessible and affordability of the means, and immolation has been used especially after the public immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi, sparking the Revolution (Ben Khelil et al. Reference Ben Khelil, Gharbaoui, Farhani, Zaafrane, Harzallah, Allouche, Zhioua and Hamdoun2016a,Reference Ben Khelil, Zgarni, Zaafrane, Chkribane, Gharbaoui, Harzallah, Banasr and Hamdounb; Ben Khelil et al. Reference Ben Khelil, Zgarni, Ben Mohamed, Allouche, Benzarti, Banasr and Hamdoun2017). However, it is important to note that while the rate of completed suicide by ingestion of pesticides is quite low in comparison with hanging and immolation, it was not removed from the training material because it is a prominent means of attempted suicide. Readily available and easily purchased (i.e. often costing <1 Tunisian dinar) pesticides cause concern given rising consultations at emergencies and suicidal tendencies in the country.
In Tunisia, the rise of substance use disorders is worrisome, especially given that these disorders are heavily stigmatized (Unité de Promotion de la Santé Mentale, 2013). Stigmatization encourages healthcare professionals to often dismiss substance use disorders as moral faults. Therefore, it was imperative to add the following information to the standard PowerPoints related to substance use disorders: (1) biological facts about the impact of alcohol and drugs on the brain and how they may cause dependency, especially among those living with certain preconditions; and (2) specific details on substance use disorders in Tunisia. More specifically, given no national epidemiological study on the prevalence of substance use disorders in the country, estimated statistics provided by the Ministry of Health were added to the standard PowerPoints. Such statistics show that of the estimated 350000 people living with substance use disorders in the country, 70% of them are under the age of 35 (Unité de Promotion de la Santé Mentale, 2013). In addition, current drugs in circulation and their local names were shared. These include: opioids (local names: Buprenorphine and Subutex), cannabis (local name: Zatla) and ecstasy (local name: Fliss).
Many standard modules of the mhGAP-IG selected for training include therapeutic interventions (i.e. behavioural activation, interpersonal therapy, cognitive–behavioural therapy, contingency management therapy, family counselling/therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy or motivational enhancement therapy) as part of the management skills to be developed by trainees. It is important to note, however, that limited trainings on such therapies have only recently been introduced in Tunisia, consequently reserving many of these types of therapeutic interventions to psychosocial care providers, such as psychologists or psychiatrists. Thus, psychotherapy is very rarely conducted by GPs. These therapies were removed from the standard training content, but were mentioned orally to highlight other types of treatment than pharmacological.
GPs in the Greater Tunis area do, however, engage in psychoeducation with people consulting for mental health problems, substance use disorders and suicidal ideation. Thus, during training, appropriate information to be shared with people consulting with mental illness or suicidal ideation, as listed in the standard guide, would be taught and reinforced.
Context's impact on the availability of medication
Context plays a significant role on the availability of psychotropic medications in healthcare clinics in the Greater Tunis area. First, while many psychotropic medications listed in the mhGAP-IG and the World Health Organization Model List of Essential Medicines are available in primary care settings, differing internal procedures on the inclusion of medication in clinics cause uneven distribution and difficulty in prescribing. For example, certain non-standardized procedures were established to counter the stealing of Trihexyphenidyl mainly in areas where crime rates were high post-Revolution. In addition, Benzodiazepines, despite their availability in certain primary healthcare settings, are very rarely used by GPs. Conditional to their use are the following: a suggested minimal level of mental health training and knowledge of the drugs (which very few GPs attain given limited medical education on pharmacology in Tunisia), or prescription renewal by these trained GPs. Thus, unavailability of needed treatment in primary healthcare settings and unattainable conditions for GPs to be able to prescribe force often unnecessary referrals to specialized or private settings. Information on uneven distribution of medication across healthcare clinics and barriers to prescription if medication is available was included in the training as to highlight health inequity in practice.
Second, stigmatization of substance use disorders has greatly limited the availability of medication for these disorders in primary healthcare clinics, their prescription mainly reserved for emergency settings (Unité de Promotion de la Santé Mentale, 2013). For example, Naltrexone is a medication listed in the mhGAP-IG for treatment of alcohol dependence. While it is available in Tunisia, it only exists in injectable form, and is mainly utilized by resuscitators in emergency settings. Acamprosate and Disulfiram, also listed as medications in the mhGAP-IG to treat alcohol use disorders, are currently not available in Tunisia. In addition, Methadone, used to reduce withdrawal symptoms caused by heroin, is unobtainable in Tunisia. Bringing these deficits to light would be an attempt to show GPs that many cases of substance use disorders may be treated in primary care, given treatment availability and proper support.
Context's impact on the availability of community-based mental health services
Community-based mental health resources, ones that promote recovery and reintegration into economic and social activities through supported employment, housing and education opportunities, are important components of the mhGAP-IG (version 1.0) (World Health Organization, 2010). However, in Tunisia, while the Ministry of Health aims to support the transition from institutional- to community-based care, most of the mental health budget continues to be used to sustain hospital settings treating mental illness, to the detriment of developing and sustaining community-based mental health resources (World Health Organization and Ministry of Health Tunisia, 2008; Unité de Promotion de la Santé Mentale, 2013). More specifically, little investment in subsidized housing makes affordable housing scarce and difficult to obtain, while supported housing, assisted living facilities and supported employment initiatives are currently not available in the public sector. Only very limited sheltered homes (i.e. a maximum of approximately 200 beds for the entire country, and long ago filled) are available in the public sector for people living with mental illness but without any family support (World Health Organization and Ministry of Health Tunisia, 2008).
In addition, there is a deficit of psychosocial care providers in the country, whose mandate is to help people living with mental illness further develop skills and connect with needed resources in the community. In Tunisia, there are approximately 2.9 psychosocial care providers for 100000 people (Bruckner et al. Reference Bruckner, Scheffler, Shen, Yoon, Chisholm, Morris, Fulton, Dal Poz and Saxena2011), and they mainly work in institutional/specialized settings or the private sector (World Health Organization and Ministry of Health Tunisia, 2008). To meet current need in Tunisia, however, an estimated minimum of 9.8 psychosocial care providers per 100000 people are encouraged (Bruckner et al. Reference Bruckner, Scheffler, Shen, Yoon, Chisholm, Morris, Fulton, Dal Poz and Saxena2011), specifically working within the community.
Tunisia's mental health programme at the level of the Ministry of Health was created to point out these deficits in needed community-based mental health resources. The importance of missing community-based mental health resources was therefore highlighted in the adapted training, with the hope of encouraging GPs to also advocate for such services in the Greater Tunis area.
Of note, stigmatization of drug and alcohol use disorders in Tunisia has prevented the development and implementation of a standardized structure of care, beginning in the community, for people living with these conditions (Unité de Promotion de la Santé Mentale, 2013). For example, the mhGAP-IG suggests referrals to residential rehabilitation programmes. However, people needing such services in Tunisia are inevitably referred to psychiatric units, emergency medical centres or the private sector. These services are very rarely specialized in the treatment of substance use disorders, as they merely engage in general psychiatric treatments, preventing care from being adequately adapted to those consulting for needed services. In addition, the mhGAP-IG suggests referrals to formal support/self-help groups for people living with substance use disorders, useful for peer contact, sharing, support and networking. However, formally, support groups for this population do not exist and are not recognized in Tunisia.
Given the emphasis put on ‘emergency’ care for substance use disorders, and thus short-term follow-up, trainer-psychiatrists sought to help trainees better understand the benefits of developing longer term treatment plans for people presenting with these disorders in primary care, with the support of specialists. The training thus included teachings on scheduling future appointments and building therapeutic alliances. In addition, trainer-psychiatrists insisted that adapted training material include referrals to formal support/self-help groups even though they do not formally exist in the Greater Tunis area, with the hope that this information would encourage GPs to recognize their importance and advocate for their creation.
Required adaptations: summary
Required adaptations to the training content and standard programme, as well as the realities that fuelled them, are summarized in Table 2.
Adaptations made to the standard Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) Intervention Guide (IG) to meet realities of the Greater Tunis area (Tunisia)
Discussion
To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to adapt a training based on the mhGAP-IG in Tunisia, and one of the first in a French-speaking nation (Keynejad et al. Reference Keynejad, Dua, Barbui and Thornicroft2017; Spagnolo et al. Reference Spagnolo, Champagne, Leduc, Piat, Melki, Charfi and Laporta2017). The decision to implement and adapt a mental health training programme in Tunisia was in direct response to the current health system reform seeking to further develop proximity health services (World Health Organization and Ministry of Health Tunisia, 2008; Unité de Promotion de la Santé Mentale, 2013; Comité technique du dialogue societal, 2014), and facilitate the integration of mental health into primary care, an international effort (World Health Organization, 2010; Cohen et al. Reference Cohen, Patel, Minas, Patel, Minas, Cohen and Prince2014; Prince et al. Reference Prince, Rahman, Mayston, Weobong, Patel, Minas, Cohen and Prince2014).
The training's adaptation to the Greater Tunis area, which involved multiple stakeholders and processes, such as validation of materials, discussions and field observations, is one example of the ways in which the standard mhGAP-IG training material and programme can be adapted to meet local needs. The process highlighted that context has a direct impact on modules selected for training, ways in which the programme is to be designed and offered, conditions’ specificities, availability of psychotropic medications in healthcare clinics, and availability of community-based mental health services that aim to promote recovery and reintegration. Without the involvement of local decision-makers, psychiatrists and GPs, the production of location-specific training material and the creation of a realistic programme that can be sustained or reproduced would not have been possible.
Uncovering systemic gaps in primary mental health care was, in our opinion, one of the most important outcomes of the adaptation process. These include lack and uneven distribution of psychotropic medications across healthcare clinics in the Greater Tunis area, as well as deficits in community-based mental health services for people living with mental illness. The adaptation process was tailored by members of the Ministry of Health in part to make clearer where there are gaps in service delivery.
All stakeholders aimed to address systemic barriers to effective mental health care in the adapted training programme for the Greater Tunis area by: (1) emphasizing primary care as a plausible setting in which mental illness may be detected, treated and managed; (2) developing a practical and feasible structure to support trainees during and post-training; and (3) highlighting the needed but unavailable public resources explicitly listed in the standard mhGAP-IG. We hoped that highlighting unavailable resources would help improve trainees’ attitudes towards mental illness and mental health integration within primary care, empower trainees to advocate for the uniform availability of psychotropic medications, and encourage trainees to campaign for the funding, development and implementation of non-existent community-based mental health services in the public sector.
We acknowledge that encouraging GPs to advocate for mental health services within primary or community-based settings all the while building their mental health capacity with an adapted training is not enough to foster the programme's success and sustainability in the Greater Tunis area. First, adapting a training programme before implementation becomes redundant if decision-makers outside of the realm of mental health do not acknowledge the importance of funding non-specialized mental health resources (Jacob, Reference Jacob2011). In other words, ‘policy makers need to be convinced about the reality of unmet needs and the fact that simple and affordable interventions are available’ (Gureje et al. Reference Gureje, Abdulmalik, Kola, Musa, Yasamy and Adebayo2015). In Tunisia, the Committee for Mental Health Promotion was created to ensure that mental health is a priority in Ministry. The development of the National Strategy for the Promotion of Mental Health in Tunisia, a response of this Committee, also confirms that mental health is being recognized in policy (Unité de Promotion de la Santé Mentale, 2013). However, while political recognition is important, it is essential to ensure that adequate funding continues to be invested as to facilitate the transition from institution to community-based care in the country. More specifically, appropriate funding, reflecting the country's burden caused explicitly by mental disorders, substance use disorders and suicide, should be invested as to develop and sustain the needed but unavailable public resources, examples of which are listed in the standard mhGAP-IG. Without adequate and continued funding allocated to non-specialized mental health resources within the community, this adapted training, and future ones under the auspices of the Ministry of Health, will most likely be unsuccessful and unsustainable.
Secondly, adapted mental health training programmes may become unsuccessful if people living with mental health problems or substance use disorders do not access developed services, resources or GPs who have been trained in effective mental health care. Therefore, anti-stigma interventions targeting the public have been declared a priority in global mental health (Wainberg et al. Reference Wainberg, Scorza, Shultz, Helpman, Mootz, Johnson, Neria, Bradford, Oquendo and Arbuckle2017). In Tunisia, this role has been traditionally left to individual, non-governmental organizations, without clear implementation guidelines or follow-up (Unité de Promotion de la Santé Mentale, 2013). However, the recent publication of the National Strategy for the Promotion of Mental Health in Tunisia includes anti-stigma initiatives under the mandate of the Committee for Mental Health Promotion, thus ensuring more standardized implementation and follow-up (Unité de Promotion de la Santé Mentale, 2013).
In recent years, the Committee for Mental Health Promotion has attempted to target the echoes of stigma attached to mental illness by actively speaking about mental health through mass media. More specifically, members of the Committee regularly organize interviews with popular Tunisian channels and national television chains to discuss important topics, such as depression and suicide. In addition, in 2017, World Mental Health Day was celebrated, in collaboration with the World Health Organization office in Tunisia and members of the Ministry of Health, by encouraging directors of governorates to organize events on depression for primary healthcare professionals across the country.
Other initiatives to decrease mental health stigma and encourage prevention include the development of national suicide prevention and substance use strategies. The development of these important documents is a collaboration between multiple stakeholder groups, to reflect the intersectionality of these issues. In addition, equipped with lessons learned from this adaptation and implementation, trainings based on the mhGAP-IG in other areas of Tunisia are envisioned.
Limitations
Limitations of the training programme are worthy of note. First, due to financial and human constraints, it was not possible to create a new guide for trainees, comprising the adaptations made to standard content. To compensate, adaptations were made to material used in training sessions, such as PowerPoints. A second limitation to the training is the little emphasis placed on psychotherapies, given that these are considered the responsibility of psychosocial care providers in Tunisia. Lastly, in our opinion, it would have been beneficial to involve, during discussion about mental health needs and gaps, personnel beyond psychiatrists and GPs. Diverse types of personnel could help highlight the mental health realities in the Greater Tunis area from complimentary lenses.
Conclusion
The adaptation of a training based on the mhGAP-IG to the Greater Tunis area of Tunisia was needed for location-specific use. The adaptation process highlighted required changes to the standard training and programme, influenced by contextual realities. However, it is important to note that systemic issues, such as the lack and uneven distribution of medication, echoes of stigmatization towards mental illness and the field of mental health, and the unavailability of community-based mental health services that promote recovery and reintegration, may hinder the successful implementation and sustainability of the adapted programme. These barriers are important to consider as they may perpetuate the growing mental health treatment gap. Therefore, systemic barriers must inevitably be addressed by initiatives beyond the adapted training programme.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to acknowledge: (1) Dr Guido Sabatinelli, former World Health Organization Representative in Tunisia, for his support in the development of this project and technical support while in Tunisia; (2) Dr Sonda Trabelsi, for her dedication to the project, and valuable input on the adapted training programme; and (3) general practitioners responsible for continuing medical education in the Greater Tunis area, for their comments on the preliminary adapted training programme. They include Dr Bouabid Leila, Dr Ben Hadj Hassine Ganzoui Sana, Dr Saoud Zeined, Dr Zine Elhem, Dr Bannour Saida, Dr Ben Mhenni Mongi and Dr Riahi Ali. Recognition also goes to the World Health Organization office in Tunisia. Jessica Spagnolo is funded by Fonds de recherche du Québec – Santé (FRQS, project #33774) and Mitacs Globalink (research fellowship, #IT06835). The overall project in which this adaptation was inscribed is funded by Institut de recherche en santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (IRSPUM) – New Initiatives grants. Financial support for publication was provided by Institut de recherche en santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (IRSPUM).
Declaration of Interest
Ann-Lise Guisset is a staff member of the World Health Organization (WHO) and Marc Laporta, a staff member of the Montreal WHO-PAHO Collaborating Center for Research and Training in Mental Health. The other authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Ethical Standards
The authors assert that all procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional committees on human experimentation and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2008.
Open access
