Book contents
- State and Nation Making in Latin America and Spain
- State and Nation Making in Latin America and Spain
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Notes on Contributors
- Preface
- Part I Introduction
- Part II Economic and Territorial Power
- Part III Infrastructural Power: Reform Strategies
- 6 Two Roads of Neoliberal Reform in Higher Education
- 7 Reinvented Governments in Latin America
- 8 The Devil Hides in the Details
- 9 Neoliberal Reform of Transport Institutions in Brazil, Argentina, and Chile
- 10 The End Game of Social Policy in a Context of Enduring Inequalities
- Part IV Symbolic Power: Identities and Social Protest
- Part V Conclusions
- Index
- References
6 - Two Roads of Neoliberal Reform in Higher Education
Past Policy Decisions Establishing Today’s Type of Reforms in Peru and Chile
from Part III - Infrastructural Power: Reform Strategies
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 03 August 2023
Book contents
- State and Nation Making in Latin America and Spain
- State and Nation Making in Latin America and Spain
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Notes on Contributors
- Preface
- Part I Introduction
- Part II Economic and Territorial Power
- Part III Infrastructural Power: Reform Strategies
- 6 Two Roads of Neoliberal Reform in Higher Education
- 7 Reinvented Governments in Latin America
- 8 The Devil Hides in the Details
- 9 Neoliberal Reform of Transport Institutions in Brazil, Argentina, and Chile
- 10 The End Game of Social Policy in a Context of Enduring Inequalities
- Part IV Symbolic Power: Identities and Social Protest
- Part V Conclusions
- Index
- References
Summary
Chile and Peru underwent ambitious neoliberal reforms in the early 1980s and mid-1990s that had many similarities in their design and goals. Their university systems were no exception. Both countries’ higher education reforms stressed the proliferation of private institutions and market competition as a solution for the alleged shortcomings of public higher education. Despite these similarities, the two reform projects also had many differences, leading to distinct outcomes and grievances in recent times. While Chile placed more emphasis on reforming both public and private universities based on neoliberal models and allocated state-sponsored student loans, in Peru, the reform left the public system untouched and did not create incentives for student recruitment in private higher education. These divergent paths, we argue, explain the different backlashes against the shortcomings of these neoliberal reforms. While the Chilean counter-reform is characterized by a bottom-up process that aims to bring back the state and guarantee more equality in the higher education system, in Peru, the top-down reform focuses on creating and strengthening regulatory institutions to ameliorate low-quality education. In both cases, neoliberal policy feedback processes enlighten why the outcomes are very much still part of the neoliberal framework.
Information
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- State and Nation Making in Latin America and SpainThe Neoliberal State and Beyond, pp. 213 - 242Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2023
References
ANR – Asamblea Nacional de Rectores (2012). “Datos Estadísticos Universitarios.” Dirección de Estadística de la ANR. http://censos.inei.gob.pe/cenaun/redatam_inei/doc/ESTADISTICA_UNIVERSITARIAS.pdfGoogle Scholar
Arce, Moises. “The Politics of Pension Reform in Peru.” Studies in Comparative International Development 36, No. 3 (2001): 88–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atria, Fernando & Sanhueza, Claudia. “Propuesta de gratuidad para la educación superior chilena.” Clave de Políticas Públicas, No. 17 (November 2013).Google Scholar
Barrenechea, Rodrigo. Becas, bases y votos: Alianza para el Progreso y la política subnacional en el Perú. Lima: IEP, 2014.Google Scholar
Beach, Derek, Schäfer, David & Smeets, Sandrino, “The Past in the Present – The Role of Analogical Reasoning in Epistemic Learning About How to Tackle Complex Policy Problems.” Policy Studies Journal 0, No. 0 (2019): 1–27.Google Scholar
Béland, Daniel. “Reconsidering Policy Feedback: How Policies Affect Politics.” Administration & Society 42, no. 5 (September 2010): 568–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benavides, Martín, León, Juan, Haag, Frida & Cueva, Selene, “Expansión y diversificación de la educación superior universitaria, y su relación con la desigualdad y la segregación,” Documento de Investigación No. 78. Lima: GRADE, 2015.Google Scholar
Bernasconi, Andrés & Rojas, Fernando, Informe sobre la educación superior en Chile: 1980–2003 (Caracas: UNESCO International Institute for Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean), https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000140395Google Scholar
Bril-Mascarenhas, Tomás and Maillet, Antoine, “How to Build and Wield Business Power: The Political Economy of Pension Regulation in Chile, 1990–2018,” Latin American Politics and Society 61, no. 1 (2019): 101–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
British Council, La reforma del sistema universitario peruano: Internacionalización, avance, retos y oportunidades. Lima. Octubre 2016.Google Scholar
Brunner, José J. “Educación superior en Chile: Instituciones, mercados y políticas gubernamentales 1967–2007.” PhD diss. University of Leiden, 2008), http://200.6.99.248/~bru487cl/files/jjbrunner_final.pdfGoogle Scholar
Campbell, Andrea. How Policies Make Citizens: Senior Political Activism and the American Welfare State. Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, Andrea, “Policy Makes Mass Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science, 15 (June 2012): 333–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casas, Frank. “Reformismo sin reforma. El papel del Estado en el proceso de transformación de las políticas de creación de universidades desde el Conafu, entre 1995–2010.” Master’s thesis, PUCP, 2012. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/20.500.12404/4973Google Scholar
Chaccha, Hilda “El poder de las coaliciones en la arena de las políticas públicas: Caso ley universitaria.” Master’s thesis, PUCP, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/14322Google Scholar
Colclough, Chris “Education and the Market: Which Parts of the Neoliberal Solution are Correct?,” World Development 24, no. 4 (1996): 589–610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuenca, Ricardo. “Democratización del acceso y la precarización del servicio. La masificación universitaria en el Perú, una introducción.” In La educación universitaria en el Perú: Democracia, expansión y desigualdades, edited by Cuenca, Ricardo, 9–18. Lima: IEP, 2015.Google Scholar
Cuenca, Ricardo and Reátegui, Luciana, “La (incumplida) promesa universitaria en el Perú,” Documento de Trabajo N 230. Serie Educación, 11 (Lima: IEP, 2016)Google Scholar
Culpepper, Pepper D. Quiet Politics and Business Power: Corporate Control in Europe and Japan. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dargent, Eduardo. Technocracy and Democracy in Latin America: The Experts Running Government. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Dargent, Eduardo & Chávez, Noelia, “Impacts and Legacies of Political Violence in Peru’s Public Universities.” In Politics After Violence: Legacies of the Shining Path Conflict in Peru, edited by Soifer, Hillel D. & Vergara, Alberto, 132–56. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Degregori, Carlos I. and Pablo, Sandoval, Antropología y antropólogos en el Perú: La comunidad académica de Ciencias Sociales bajo la modernización neoliberal. Lima & Buenos Aires: IEP/Clacso, 2009.Google Scholar
Disi, Rodolfo “Policies, Politics, and Protests: Explaining Student Mobilization in Latin America.” PhD diss., University of Texas at Austin, 2017. https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/60377Google Scholar
Disi, Rodolfo “Sentenced to Debt: Explaining Student Mobilization in Chile,” Latin American Research Review 53, No. 3 (2018):448–65.Google Scholar
Ewig, Christina and Kay, Stephen, “Postretrenchment Politics: Policy Feedback in Chile’s Health and Pension Reforms,” Latin American Politics and Society 53, No. 4 (2011): 67–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fairfield, Tasha. Private Wealth and Public Revenue in Latin America: Business Power and Tax Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grindle, Merilee S., “Governance Reform: The New Analytics of Next Steps.” Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions, 24, no. 3 (July 2011), pp. 415–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, Peter. “Policy Paradigms, Social Learning, and the State: The Case of Economic Policymaking in Britain.” Comparative Politics 25, No. 3 (April 1993): 275–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurtz, Marcus, Latin American State Building in Comparative Perspective: Social Foundations of Instiutional Order. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynch, Nicolás, Los jóvenes rojos de San Marcos: Radicalismo Universitario de los años 70. Lima: El Zorro de Abajo Ediciones, 1990.Google Scholar
Madariaga, Aldo “Mechanisms of Neoliberal Resilience: Comparing Exchange Rates and Industrial Policy in Chile and Estonia.” Socio-Economic Review 15, No. 3 (2017): 637–60.Google Scholar
Maillet, Antoine. “Variedades de Neoliberalismo: Innovación conceptual para el análisis del rol del Estado en los mercados.” Revista de Estudios Políticos 169, (2015): 109–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martins, Carlos B. “Reconfiguring Higher Education in Brazil: The Participation of Private Institutions,” Análise Social 208, xlviii (3º), (2013): 622–58.Google Scholar
Ministerio de Educación del Perú (MINEDU), Informe sobre la Universidad en el Perú (Lima: Oficina de Coordinación Universitaria, MINEDU, 2005).Google Scholar
Mönckeberg, María O. El negocio de las universidades en Chile. Santiago: Penguin Random House, 2014.Google Scholar
Orellana, Víctor and Miranda, Camila, “La mercantilización de la educación en Chile.” In Entre el mercado gratuito y la educación pública: Dilemas de la educación chilena actual, edited by Orellana, Víctor, 95–156. Santiago: LOM Ediciones, 2018.Google Scholar
Pierson, Paul. Dismantling the Welfare State: Reagan, Thatcher, and the Politics of Retrenchment. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pierson, Paul “When Effect Becomes Cause: Policy Feedback and Political Change.” World Politics 45, no. 4 (1993): 595–628.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodríguez Ponce, Emilio “La educación superior en Chile y el rol del mercado: ¿Culpable o inocente?” in Ingeniare 20, No 1, 2012: 126–35.Google Scholar
Sandoval, Pablo. Modernización, democracia y violencia política en las universidades peruanas (1950–1995). Buenos Aires: Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales, 2002.Google Scholar
Sanhueza, José M. and Carvallo, Fernando, “Conflictos y transformaciones en la educación superior chilena.” In Entre el mercado gratuito y la educación pública: Dilemas de la educación chilena actual, edited Víctor Orellana, 209–58. Santiago: LOM Ediciones, 2018.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Vivien A., and Thatcher, Mark. “Theorizing Ideational Continuity: The Resilience of Neo-Liberal Ideas in Europe.” Chapter. In Resilient Liberalism in Europe’s Political Economy, edited by Schmidt, Vivien A. and Thatcher, Mark, 1–50. Contemporary European Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silva, Eduardo. Challenging Neoliberalism in Latin America. Cambridge Studies in Contentious Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Silva, Patricio. “Technocrats and Politics in Chile: From the Chicago Boys to the CIEPLAN Monks.” Journal of Latin American Studies 23, no. 2 (1991): 385–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skocpol, Theda. Protecting Soldiers and Mothers. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England: Harvard University Press, 1992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sota, Javier. El sentido de la II reforma universitaria en el Perú: Las reformas en la educación superior en América Latina y El Caribe. Lima: Asamblea Nacional de Rectores, 2004.Google Scholar
Weir, Margaret. “When Does Politics Create Policy? The Organizational Politics of Change,” in Rethinking Political Institutions: The Art of the State, eds. Shapiro, Ian, Skowronek, Stephen and Galvin, Daniel, 171–86. New York: NYU Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Weyland, Kurt. Bounded Rationality and Policy Difussion: Social Sector Reform in Latin America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006).Google Scholar
Yamada, Gustavo Pablo Lavado & Martínez, Joan. “¿Una promesa incumplida?: La calidad de la educación superior universitaria y el subempleo profesional en el Perú,” Documento de Discusión, DD/05/14. Lima: Centro de Investigación de la Universidad del Pacífico, 2014. https://repositorio.up.edu.pe/handle/11354/1102.Google Scholar
Accessibility standard: Unknown
Why this information is here
This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.Accessibility Information
Accessibility compliance for the HTML of this chapter is currently unknown
and may be updated in the future.