Online ordering is currently unavailable due to technical issues. We apologise for any delays responding to customers while we resolve this. For further updates please visit our website: https://www.cambridge.org/news-and-insights/technical-incident

Skip to main content Accessibility help

Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 23 May 2024

Gloria HY Wong ,

Maggie NY Lee and

Show author details

Gloria HY Wong: Affiliation:
The University of Hong Kong
Bosco HM Ma: Affiliation:
Hong Kong Alzheimer's Disease Association
Maggie NY Lee: Affiliation:
Hong Kong Alzheimer's Disease Association
David LK Dai: Affiliation:
Hong Kong Alzheimer's Disease Association

Summary

A summary is not available for this content. As you have access to this content, full HTML content is provided on this page. A PDF of this content is also available in through the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Type: Chapter
Information: Casebook of Dementia
A Reference Guide for Primary Care
, pp. 250 - 256

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108989336.009 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2024
Creative Commons: This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

abstract thinking. See cognition, abstract thinking.

abulia, 6

abuse, 226, 227

acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, 10

donepezil, 33–36, 43–44, 96, 112, 132–133, 179–181, 187

galantamine, 10, 220

rivastigmine, 10, 39–40, 42, 65, 125, 155, 164, 173

activities of daily living (ADL), 24–26, 173, 175, 178, 184–185, 186, 215–218

bathing, 32–34, 52–53, 59, 79, 81, 83, 133, 135

dressing, 24, 28, 30, 66, 71, 179, 183, 196

mobility, 7, 66, 68, 123, 179–181, 183, 185, 202, 203

toileting, 7, 9, 13, 120, 123, 126, 198, 202 See also incontinence.

transferring, 66, 179, 202, 203

wayfinding, 91, 114, 115, 143–144, 159, 183 See also instrumental activities of daily living.

adjustment disorder, 36, 46, 48, 73, 166, 239

advance care planning. See care planning.

aggression, 29, 203–204, 213, 238

agitation, 10, 29, 229, 238

alcohol use, 7, 188, 189, 212, 242

alexia, 6

allopurinol, 51, 57, 124

Alzheimer’s disease

aetiology, 6

age of onset, 113

comorbidities. See comorbidities.

diagnosis, 8, 15, 32

cognitive tests, 46, 48, 55 See also cognitive function.

differential diagnosis, 50, 112, 153, 182, 197, 213

early detection, 13

imaging, 100

symptom presentation, 25, 34, 43, 59, 106, 118–119

neuropathology, 6, 55

amyloid plaques, 6, 32, 54, 55, 69, 71, 112, 114

frontal lobe, 67, 110, 164, 171, 191

hippocampal sclerosis, 32, 94, 110

prevalence, 5

progression, 8, 9, 12–13, 63, 115

severe stage, 34, 36

risk factors, 98, 115

cardiovascular, 23, 114

cerebral, 42

Alzheimer’s Disease International (ADI), 1, 10, 220, 237

ambulation. See mobility.

amlodipine besylate, 57, 102, 108, 162, 164, 169, 173, 174

amyloid cascade hypothesis, 6

amyloid plaques, 6, 137, 144, 153, 170, 177

cerebral load, 48, 63, 69, 71, 73, 131, 137, 144

cognitive reserve against, 54, 55, 69

deposition, 170

hippocampal sclerosis and, 32, 94

imaging for, 114

anaemia, 84

antidepressants, 77, 164, 187, 194

antipsychotics, 30, 32, 34, 61, 63, 205, 237, 238

anxiety, 40, 42, 46, 90, 135, 136, 166, 187

apraxia, 81, 83, 127, 191, 209–214, 226, 234

aspirin, 98, 110, 138, 164, 169, 173, 194

asthma, 79–80, 106

atrial fibrillation, 45–46, 56, 94, 96–126, 130, 132, 162

attention deficit, 6, 24, 36, 75, 96–97, 113–114, 186, 201–202

Barthel Index, 24, 25–26, 36–38, 43, 50–53, 68–70, 73–75, 81–83

basal ganglia, 6, 110, 173

bathing, 32–34, 52–53, 59, 79, 81, 83, 133, 135

bed/chair transfers, 66, 179, 202, 203

behavioural dysfunction, 66–67, 135, 189, 191, 196–198, 230, 231, 238–239

aggression, 29, 203–204, 213, 238

agitation, 10, 29, 229, 238

disinhibition, 6, 214, 238

hoarding, 7, 197, 239

behavioural dysfunction, overeating, 29, 66–67, 120, 178–179, 213, 214

biopsychosocial model, 11, 149, 218, 239

bladder incontinence. See urinary incontinence.

blood assays

complete blood picture, 45, 47, 92, 96, 108, 171, 173

ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate), 41, 60, 92, 96, 110, 138, 149, 216

TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), 45, 96, 149, 150, 152, 154, 156, 173

blood pressure, 72, 136, 138, 166

bowel control, 73, 159, 179, 196, 202

bradycardia, 94, 195–196

bradykinesia, 6, 50, 199, 213

brain imaging. See imaging.

brain insulin resistance, 115

brain reserve, 170 See cognitive reserve.

bronchiectasis, 31

Calcichew, 49, 108, 138

cancer, 104, 162, 174

care homes, 123, 226

care planning, 10–14, 55, 57, 83, 106, 119, 225–228

Certified Dementia Care Planner, 10, 14

integrated care, 10, 13

carers, 4, 23, 30, 108, 111, 112, 176, 229–231, 234–236, 246–247

assessment by, 71, 75, 123, 129

community care and, 4

delusions involving, 34, 110

domestic assistance, 34, 77, 170, 172–173, 180, 188, 194, 207–208

family members as, 50–52, 54, 77, 226, 230, 231–233, 238–241

preparation for deterioration, 44, 191

primary care and, 15, 23, 24, 86

prompting by, 34, 88

reports by, 23, 27, 71, 191, 236

skills and education, 30, 50, 52, 82–83, 86, 104, 111, 203

communication skills, 34, 36, 44, 117, 137, 172, 233

preparation for deterioration, 44, 191

specialist care and, 4, 13

well-being and support of, 2, 10–12, 199, 209

stress, 102, 170, 189, 204, 210–212, 225, 229–230, 231

care services and resources, 237, 240

community centres, 4, 38, 100, 132, 142, 162

day care, 11, 52, 133, 168, 198, 199

social support networks, 57, 59, 73, 166, 215, 229

social workers, 4–5, 13, 46, 79, 81, 117–119, 131, 186–188

technology

location-tracking devices, 26, 30, 38, 48, 65, 79, 97, 100

carotid bruit, 84, 130, 132, 162, 171, 197

cataract, 25, 66, 68, 109, 110, 145, 149, 156

CBD. See cortobasical degeneration.

CBP. See complete blood picture.

CDR. See Clinical Dementia Rating.

cerebral atrophy, 52, 82, 88, 106, 108, 110, 124, 127

cerebral infarction, 187

cerebrovascular accident, 40–42, 126, 169–170, 173, 179–180, 182, 202

cervical myelopathy, 124

chlordiazepoxide, 169

cholinesterase inhibitors, 23, 63, 77, 92–93, 94, 127, 156, 184

chronic illnesses, 64, 80, 236

circadian cycle. 26, 48 See also sleep.

Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), 8, 47–72, 75–76, 96–97, 139–141, 217, 219

mild dementia, 49, 118

moderate dementia, 53, 58, 60, 62, 118, 150, 188, 200

questionable dementia, 45

Clock Drawing Test, 24

clock copying section, 61, 63, 65, 70, 71–73, 161, 163, 165

not completed, 24, 65, 77, 79, 80, 148, 150

executive element impairment, 24, 25–26, 30–31, 34, 36, 61, 63, 65

no impairment, 24, 29, 47, 48, 139, 163, 172, 180

interlocking pentagon task and, 92, 100

sensitivity, 38

significant impairment, 28, 32, 42, 56, 58, 61, 81, 93

slight impairment, 24, 28, 50, 84, 123, 137, 139

time denotation, 36, 38, 40, 91, 93, 139–163, 165

clopidogrel, 134

clothing, 28, 30, 49, 51, 63–64, 66, 120–121, 126 See also dressing.

cognitive function

abstract thinking, 9, 63, 71, 145, 146, 183, 186, 191

ADL function and

dissociation, 59

attention deficit, 6, 24, 36, 75, 96–97, 113–114, 186, 201–202

cognitive frailty, 75, 112, 146, 153, 175, 192, 194–195, 201

deterioration, 34, 36, 55, 73, 78, 92, 201, 206

executive function, 6, 7, 22–24, 63–64, 108–109, 145–146, 166–168, 170

naming, 22, 145, 146, 183, 186, 191

screening tests, 7, 36, 46, 52, 55, 209, 212, 216–218

cognitive reserve, 54, 55, 114, 115, 119, 131, 210, 215

cognitive stimulation therapy (CST), 10, 160, 233, 237–238

cognitive tests. See cognitive function, screening tests.

colchicine, 57

community care, 75–77, 79, 81, 99, 101–102, 133, 240–242, 247

community centres, 4, 38, 100, 132, 142, 162

community engagement (of patient), 9, 49–50, 76, 101, 122, 141, 167, 168

comorbidities, 6, 12, 53–54, 178, 239

anaemia, 83, 84

cardiovascular conditions, 39

chronic illnesses, 80, 236

depression, 4, 46, 61, 89

urinary tract infection, 96

vascular dementia, 46, 57 See also mixed dementia.

complete blood picture, 45, 47, 92, 96, 108, 171, 173

computed tomography. See CT.

conduction dysphasia, 182

Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia, 55

corticobasal degeneration, 126–127, 213–214

counselling, 14, 36, 46, 227, 232

CT (computed tomography imaging), 41–42, 59, 60, 88, 177, 182, 190–191, 215–216

daily living activities. See activities of daily living.

day care, 48, 50, 52, 71, 72–73, 74, 132–133, 167–168

deafness. See hearing impairment.

delayed recall, 34, 38, 42–44, 105–107, 135, 139–141, 149–150, 174–175

delirium, 147, 171, 192, 209, 213, 239

delusions, 31–35, 60–63, 89–91, 107–114, 116–118, 153–154, 169–172

defined, 212

depression, 45–47, 58–170, 184–188

assessments in case studies, 45, 46, 57, 76, 89–91

carer stress and, 142

IADL dependency and, 42

pharmacological interventions, 77, 102, 164, 187, 194

prevalence, 219

as pseudodementia, 7

as risk factor, 92

suicidal ideation and, 101

Describe, Investigate, Create, Evaluate (DICE) model, 238

diabetes, 90–92, 98, 115, 173, 174, 177, 178, 239

dialectic model, 11

diazoxide, 174

diet, 34, 35, 59, 61, 84, 86, 113, 177–179

digoxin, 57, 94, 96

disinhibition, 6, 214, 238

disorientation, 24, 32, 35, 57, 61, 95, 199–200, 202

distressed behaviours, 40, 196, 201, 204, 229, 230, 238

DLB. See Lewy body dementia.

donepezil, 33–36, 43–44, 96, 112, 132–133, 179–181, 187

dressing, 24, 28, 30, 66, 71, 179, 183, 196

drinking. 7 See alcohol use.

dyslipidaemia, 98, 106, 124, 126, 162, 164, 169, 173

early dementia, 15, 50, 70, 81, 87, 108, 177, 213–214

early detection services, 13, 209, 215, 216, 218, 231, 234, 241

EDS (Hong Kong), 13–15

early intervention services, 1, 4–13, 83, 84, 209, 215, 220

end-of-life care, 209, 228

enduring power of attorney (EPA/EPOA), 13, 191, 227

escitalopram, 135, 187, 194

esomeprazole, 115

ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate), 41, 60, 92, 96, 110, 138, 149, 216

executive function, 6, 7, 22–24, 63–64, 108–109, 145–146, 166–168, 170

exercise (physical), 10, 27–28, 31–32, 34, 59, 86, 231, 238

family care. See carers.

famotidine, 45, 88, 171

fasting lipids profile, 45, 47–98, 124, 127, 171, 173

fasting sugar profile, 94, 96–173, 202–203

FAST. See Functional Assessment Staging.

flupentixol, 169

forgetfulness. See memory impairment.

frailty, 75, 110, 125, 127, 153, 157, 194, 234–236

frontal lobe pathology, 67, 110, 164, 171, 191

frontotemporal dementia (FTD), 6–7, 8, 15, 179, 190–191, 204, 208, 213–214

Functional Assessment Staging (FAST), 8, 12, 129, 151, 209, 219, 226

gait abnormalities. 6, 123, 130, 132, 162, 171 See also ambulation; mobility.

galantamine, 10, 220

gaze palsy, 50

GDS. See Global Deterioration Scale.

General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition. See GPCOG.

glaucoma, 145, 149

Global Action Plan on the Public Health Response to Dementia 2017–2025, 2, 220

Global Deterioration Scale, 8, 217, 219

goitre, 45

gout, 23, 29, 31, 56, 74, 78, 86, 124

GPCOG Informant Interview, 211–212

grocery shopping. See shopping.

hallucinations, 6, 10, 123, 125, 172, 189, 199–201, 213 See also delusions.

head injury, 98–99, 212, 216

hearing impairment, 47, 138–139, 150–151, 204, 215, 242

heart disease, 60, 98, 124, 138, 156, 169

hippocampal sclerosis, 32, 94, 110

hip replacement, 25, 33, 45, 202, 239

hoarding, 7, 197, 239

hobbies, 74, 97, 99, 103, 105, 122, 143–144

home care, 3, 11–13

home modifications, 12, 100, 166

home safety, 4, 129, 166, 225

household tasks, 26, 95, 107, 129, 136, 198, 201

housekeeping, 24–26, 51, 53, 58, 60, 73, 117

hygiene

environmental, 65, 68, 126, 139

personal, 6, 120, 126–131, 139, 196–197, 214, 239

hypercholesterolaemia, 115, 116, 177, 178, 180, 182, 202, 204

hyperlipidaemia, 56, 90, 188

hyperorality, 7

hyperplasia, 31, 80, 118, 124, 174, 196–197, 199, 204

hypertension, 29, 31, 66, 72–150

hypotension, 6, 195–196

hysterectomy, 88, 173

ICD-11, 8

imaging, 3, 8, 46, 100, 191, 196, 208, 216

CT (computed tomography), 41–42, 59, 60, 88, 177, 182, 190–191, 215–216 See also magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)

X-ray, 3

incontinence, 198, 214

bowel control, 73, 159, 179, 196, 202

urinary, 6, 47, 73, 89, 96–97, 126, 196, 202

independence, 69, 78–79, 83–85, 110, 129, 142, 144, 146

insomnia. See sleep.

Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL), 218

aids and support

reminders, 26, 85, 127–129, 137, 153–155, 159, 163–164, 197–198

assessment tools, 218

grocery shopping, 24–26, 36, 38, 58, 60, 64, 66, 68

laundry, 24, 26, 51, 53, 58, 60, 73, 75

meal preparation, 24, 28, 47, 49, 58, 60, 87, 193–195

medication management, 47, 104, 125, 211, 234

integrated care, 10, 13

ipratropium bromide, 80, 124

irritability. See also aggression, 29, 61, 90, 91, 123, 164, 189–191, 207

isosorbide dinitrate, 96

isosorbide mononitrate, 124, 138

language impairment, 34, 38, 54–55, 81–83, 100–101, 121–125, 190–191, 207–208

laundry, 24, 26, 51, 53, 58, 60, 73, 75

Lewy body dementia, 6, 8, 10, 50, 125, 199, 200, 213

life events, 11–12, 233

lifestyle factors, 52, 54, 179, 242

alcohol use, 7, 188, 189, 212, 242

smoking, 7, 215, 242

living tasks. See activities of daily living (ADL).

location-tracking devices, 26, 30, 38, 48, 65, 79, 97, 100

low motivation, 52, 77, 87, 92, 109, 133, 163, 172

magnetic resonance imagine (MRI), 45–46, 47, 106, 113, 140, 169, 205–206, 215–216

meal preparation, 24, 28, 47, 49, 58, 60, 87, 193–195

mecobalamin, 84, 163

medial lateral temporal atrophy, 57, 82, 140, 171

mediastinum, 138

memantine, 55, 59, 61, 179, 181, 182, 184, 237

memory clinics, 3–5, 13, 92

memory impairment, 47, 48, 71, 72–161

Alzheimer’s disease

early stage, 8

carer concerns, 72–129

delayed recall, 34, 38, 42–44, 105–107, 135, 139–141, 149–150, 174–175

deterioration, 79, 117, 125, 129, 166, 168

family reported, 22–24, 59–81, 89–91

IADL and, 51

Lewy body dementia, 6

masking, 110

misplacement of belongings, 121, 139, 141, 144

patient insight, 48

meningioma, 110, 206

mental health, 147, 196, 212, 229, 239–240

anxiety, 40, 42, 46, 90, 135, 136, 147, 166, 187 See also depression.

suicidal ideation, 101, 102, 189, 227

metformin, 92, 98–99, 124, 126, 162–163, 173

methotrexate, 49

methyldopa, 185–186

metoprolol succinate, 169, 173

mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 7–19, 153, 162, 164, 168, 173, 175, 177

mild dementia, 41, 47, 49, 118, 145–146, 159–160, 176–177

Mini-Mental State Examination. See MMSE.

mixed dementia, 61, 88, 102, 127, 182, 203, 237

MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination), 168, 191, 216–217, 234

interlocking pentagon task, 34, 38, 90, 92, 99, 100, 158, 160

mobility, 66, 68, 123, 179–181, 183, 185, 202, 203

moderate Alzheimer’s disease, 9, 29, 70–71, 76, 78, 83, 234, 237

moderate cognitive impairment, 123

moderate dementia, 4, 10, 28, 30, 35, 40, 66

Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), 145, 146, 147, 155–156, 161–162, 168, 170, 217–218

mood change. 46–47, 56–58, 76–77, 89–90, 92–95, 99–103, 107–110, 185–186 See also depression.

morphine, 138

Multispecialty Interprofessional Teams, 4

naming, 22, 145, 146, 183, 186, 191

National Dementia Strategy, 3

neurofibrillary tangles, 6

neuroimaging. See imaging.

neuroleptics, 90, 172, 237

Neuropsychiatric Interview Questionnaire, 55

NICE (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence), 5, 215, 220, 237, 240

non-Alzheimer’s dementia, 29, 31, 35, 37, 43, 45, 49, 213–214

non-pharmacological interventions, 10–11, 12, 23–24, 30, 32, 40, 112, 237

object agnosia, 6

obstructive pulmonary disease, 80, 96, 124

occupational therapists, 4–5, 10, 13, 144

old age, extreme, 32

osteoarthritis, 23, 88, 173, 195, 204

osteoporosis, 45, 138, 156

overeating, 29, 66, 120, 178–179, 213, 214

palliative care. See end-of-life care.

pancytopenia, 31

pantoprazole, 49, 94, 98, 102, 110, 126, 156, 164

paracetamol, 126, 171

Parkinson disease dementia (PDD), 10, 50, 213

parkinsonism, 6, 50, 125, 189, 198–199, 213–214

atypical, 50

bradykinesia, 6, 50, 199, 213

pepcidine, 169

personal care. 9, 72, 74, 76, 101, 167 See also activities of daily living (ADL).

personality change, 6, 11, 32, 100, 133, 206–208, 229, 231

person-centred care, 2, 5, 11, 15, 40, 226, 238

PET (positron emission tomography), 6, 177

physical exercise, 10, 238

power of attorney (EPA/EPOA), 13, 191, 227

primary care, 1–18, 62–81, 84–110, 147–175

carers and, 236

diagnostic accuracy, 15

key considerations, 232, 237

models, 3, 11

with specialist outreach, 3

prescribing, 10

resources for, 212

roles, 11–12, 15

service integration, 5, 12

specialist care and, 3

primary progressive aphasia (PPA), 8, 96, 213–214

pseudobulbar palsy, 6

pseudodementia. See depression.

psychiatric disorders. 31, 33, 35, 37, 43, 45, 49, 51 See also depression; mental health.

psychoeducation, 36, 46, 102, 106, 229–230

psychomotor retardation, 6

psychotherapy, 46, 92, 188

public awareness, 59, 153, 241

Quality and Outcomes Framework, 3

quetiapine, 30, 63, 125, 188–189

radiation therapy, 162

rapid eye movements behaviour disorder (REMBD), 6, 125, 172, 189, 199, 213

reminders, 26, 85, 127–129, 137, 153–155, 159, 163–164, 197–198

residential care. See care homes.

resistance to care, 52, 238

Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer’s Carer Health, 10

rigidity, 6, 104, 213, 237

risk factors, 114, 242

cardiovascular, 7, 23, 114, 115, 177, 180, 239, 242

cerebral, 42, 84

chronic disease, 92

diabetes, 42, 115 See also comorbidities.

rivaroxaban, 57

rivastigmine, 10, 39–40, 42, 65, 125, 155, 164, 173

safety, 10, 30, 38, 121, 129, 209, 210, 215

salbutamol, 80, 124

screening tests. 7 See cognitive screening tests.

secondary care, 4, 14–15, 102, 104, 208

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), 67, 90, 102, 108, 135, 171, 197

self-awareness, 55, 73, 106, 108, 163, 166, 206

self-care, 31, 34, 35, 66–67, 69, 82–83, 126–127, 213

shopping, 24–26, 30, 36, 38, 60, 64, 66, 87

simvastatin, 45, 57, 98, 102, 124, 126, 173, 194

sleep, 6, 93, 94, 134, 137, 189, 198–199, 201

small vessel disease, 47, 84, 85–87, 88, 92, 110, 115, 184

smoking, 7, 215, 242

social centres, 11

social interaction, 35, 59, 61, 84, 113, 144, 182–183, 237–238

social workers, 4–5, 13, 46, 79, 81, 117–119, 131, 186–188

specialist care, 1–5, 11, 13–14, 15, 204, 206, 232, 236–237

SSRIs. See selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

stress (carers), 86, 102, 117, 189, 204, 208, 212, 229

stroke, 6, 95–97, 127–131, 177, 179, 180–182, 203, 212–213

strontium ranelate, 169

subdural haematoma, 22–23, 98, 169, 216

subjective cognitive impairment, 7, 141, 155

suicidal ideation, 101–102, 189, 227

support services. See care and support services and resources.

swallowing problems, 13, 66, 214

Swedish Dementia Registry, 3

task-sharing, 1, 14–15

task-shifting, 1, 2, 14–15, 16

temper. See irritability.

temporal lobe degeneration, 57, 82–83, 110, 124

thalassemia, 197

thiamine, 189

three-step command task, 24, 30, 32, 42, 44, 51, 53, 56

thyroid function, 8

thyroid-stimulating hormone, 45, 96, 149, 150, 152, 154, 156, 173

toileting, 7, 9, 13, 120, 123, 126, 198, 202 See also incontinence.

transferring, 66, 179, 202, 203

tremor, 50, 124, 213

triage, 13, 81, 153, 156, 212, 218, 219, 234

United Kingdom, 3, 5, 209, 215, 236

urinary incontinence, 47, 73, 96–97, 126, 142, 159, 196, 202

utilisation behaviours, 6

valproate, 171, 197, 205

vascular dementia, 42, 96, 102, 106, 177–179, 181, 182, 184

verbal expression, 24, 26, 153, 155, 183–184, 191, 203, 204 See also word finding.

verbal function, naming, 22, 145, 146, 183, 186, 191

vildagliptin, 98, 173

visual hallucinations, 6, 50, 66, 160, 198–201, 213

visual impairment, 32, 154 See also cataract; glaucoma.

waiting times, 2, 5, 13–15

warfarin, 45, 96, 126

wayfinding, 91, 114, 115, 143–144, 159, 183

word finding, 23, 90–91, 109–110, 158–160, 180–182, 183, 190–191, 200–202 See also verbal expression; naming; GPCOG informant interview.

World Alzheimer’s Report, 1, 2, 13

X-ray, 127, 134, 138, 140, 158, 160, 166