Acute bronchiolitis (AB) is universally recognized as the most frequent cause of hospitalization in the first year of life. In Latin America, as in other developing regions, AB and wheezing also present significant morbidity and high costs to the public health system [Reference Mallol1]. The severity of AB is extremely variable, and factors that influence severity are not fully established. There are different genetic and immunological factors involved in the response of each individual to respiratory viral infections [Reference Ciencewicki2]. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of bronchiolitis in infants. Among the genetic variations associated with AB, interleukin-8 (IL-8) polymorphisms have been shown to influence patients’ response to RSV infection [Reference Hull, Thomson and Kwiatkowski3]. Moreover, interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine expressed in respiratory cells and bronchoalveolar lavage of patients with AB [Reference Faber4]. However, the role of IL-8 and IL-17 genes in AB is not yet fully understood and has never been investigated in low- or middle-income population samples.

The aim of the present study was to compare the frequency of genotypes of IL-8 and IL-17 polymorphisms in infants with severe AB and controls recruited in a low-income area in Southern Brazil. The significant association with IL-8 was replicated in a population sample with similar socioeconomic conditions from Argentina.

This is a case-control genetic association study designed to investigate the role of IL-8 and IL-17 on severe AB. The first study sample was selected in a tertiary university hospital (Hospital São Lucas, PUCRS), in Porto Alegre, Brazil. The study included all children admitted with a diagnosis of AB between September 2009 and September 2011. A healthy control group without AB was recruited in a community primary-health centre, with the same economic and environmental backgrounds as the case group.

For replication, we used a prospective case-control study conducted in Buenos Aires, Argentina, between 2010 and 2013. Infants were recruited from hospitals caring for middle-income, insured central families (Swiss Medical Center, CEMIC, Hospital Español) in the Central region and public institutions caring for low-income families (Hospital Pedro de Elizalde and Hospital Lucio Melendez) in the Southern region. Previously healthy full-term infants aged <2 years with signs and symptoms of bronchiolitis for the first time were invited to participate.

To evaluate sample size, we considered the following parameters: allele frequency of 0·37, estimated strength of association of 2, power of 80%, α-level of 0·05, and case-control ratio of 0·5. With these parameters, the total number estimated was 130 patients (by OSSE Sample Size Estimator; http://osse.bii.a-star.edu.sg).

There are no known common variants in the coding sequence of IL-8. Two of the variants are located in introns (rs2227307 and rs2227543) while the remaining variant (rs4073) is found in the promoter region of IL-8 and has been shown to associate with several pulmonary phenotypes [Reference Heinzmann5, Reference Hacking6] and demonstrate functional effects [Reference Heinzmann5, Reference Hacking6].

Blood samples were stored through the FTA Classic Card at the Institute of Biomedical Research (IPB/PUCRS). DNA was extracted according to the manufacturer's instructions (Whatman, USA). In summary, the procedure was performed using a Harris Uni-core punch 1·25 mm to punch a disk from the card (Whatman). The DNA extraction from the disk was performed using FTA Purification Reagent (Whatman) and Tris-EDTA (TE) for washing the sample. The material was then heated at 60 °C for 30 min, with 20 µl nuclease-free water (IDT, USA), using a thermal cycler PTC-100 (MJ Research, Canada). Subsequently, DNA quantification was performed with a Qubit DNAHS kit (Invitrogen, USA). We used 0·1–0·25 ng genomic DNA in a PCR reaction volume of 10–25 µl, depending on the genomic DNA sample concentration. For the PCR reaction were used 0·5–0·625 µl TaqMan SNP genotyping assays, which contain primers and a specific fluorescent-dye-labelled probe for each allele (Applied Biosystems, USA), and 5–12·5 µl of TaqMan Genotyping Master Mix (catalogue no.: 4 371 355, Applied Biosystems). The PCR amplification was analysed in a StepOne Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems) using the thermocycler parameters of 50 °C for 2 min, 95 °C for 10 min, 95 °C for 15 s and 60 °C for 90 s, repeating the last two cycles 50. The result for each allele was analysed by endpoint detection of the fluorescent signals.

Three SNPs in the IL-8 gene were genotyped: rs4073 (assay ID C__11748116_10, AB), rs2227307 (assay ID C__11748168_10, AB), and rs2227543 (assay ID C__15955936_10, AB). One polymorphism in the IL-17 gene was genotyped: rs2275913 (assay ID C__15879983_10, AB). Genotype frequencies were compared by χ ² tests. The significance limit was 0·05. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v. 16.0 (SPSS Inc., USA).

In the Brazilian population sample, we included 121 cases and 71 controls (n = 192) that had DNA samples available for first association analyses. Patients with severe AB (hospitalized) had a mean age of 3·4 months. Controls were infants that completed 12 months with no or mild AB (without hospitalization). The gender distribution showed a non-significant higher frequency of males in the group of cases (56·5%) compared to controls (40·0%). The genotyping success rates varied between 92·0% and 99·4%. There were no significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium.

The minor allele of IL-8 variant rs2227543 was associated with significant protection for severe AB, with significantly higher frequency of the homozygous TT allele in patients in the control group (odds ratio 0·25, 95% confidence interval 0·10–0·65). However, other IL-8 genetic variations showed no significant association with severe AB (Table 1). SNP rs2275913 of the IL-17 gene showed a protective effect for severe AB (hospitalization), with higher frequency (14·1% vs. 5·8%, P = 0·047) of homozygous AA patients in the control group (without hospitalization). The risk of severe bronchiolitis in GG/AG patients was 2·7 times higher compared to genotype AA patients. Furthermore, in a sub-analysis for SNP rs2227543, we observed trends for protection when the outcomes length of hospitalization, oxygen usage and wheezing were studied.

Table 1.

Results of genotyping in the case-control association study and association between genotypes and severe bronchiolitis

SNP, Single nucleotide polymorphism; IL, interleukin-8.

* AB, Acute bronchiolitis with hospitalization.

† Infants with no or mild bronchiolitis (without hospitalization).

‡ χ ² test.

When rs2227543 variation was tested in a second population sample from Argentina, the effect could be replicated in infants recruited from low-income areas (Table 2). The homozygote TT genotype was four times more frequent in milder cases (4% vs. 17%). When a pooled analysis was performed, we observed the same effect in a larger sample (n = 269).

Table 2.

IL-8 rs2227543 genotype frequencies in different population samples showing lower minor allele frequencies in populations from African ancestry

AB is a disease with different clinical manifestations that may vary from mild cough and wheezing to respiratory muscle retractions and acute respiratory insufficiency. Our study may help to understand genetic influence on the severity of AB, considering that the effect of IL-8 and IL-17 variations may be different in diverse population samples, depending on the socioeconomic status and, probably, on lipopolysaccharide exposure.

SNP rs2275913 of the IL-17 gene showed an effect for AB severity (with hospital admission), with higher frequency of AA homozygotes in control patients. The risk of patients with the G allele for severe bronchiolitis was 2·7 times higher compared to AA patients. IL-17 levels in the airways of patients with RSV-AB increased during the course of the disease in hospitalized patients [Reference Faber4]. Thus, the effect of SNP rs2275913 could be explained by possible variations in IL-17 expression. However, IL-17 effect could not be replicated in a second population sample.

According to our results, the rs2227543 variation was associated with severity of AB in infants, revealing significantly higher frequency of the homozygous TT alleles in patients with milder manifestations in both studied samples. Homozygous TT patients had a lower chance of being admitted for AB and, if hospitalized, they had a lower risk of staying longer in hospital.

The results of the case-control study and the evaluation of hospital stay in the AB group show consistent results for the effect of the T allele (rs2227543). Knowledge of IL-8/IL-17 genetic polymorphisms and their association with AB outcomes may have important clinical relevance and can address specific therapeutic strategies for high-risk patients. Recently, IL-8 has been described as a therapeutic target in bronchiolitis and recurrent wheezing in infants, and may influence the response to azithromycin [Reference Beigelman7].

Our group has previously investigated the effect of macrolides on AB [Reference Pinto8]. In our study, azithromycin did not influence AB outcome. However, the effect of macrolides (or other interventions) in infants with recurrent wheezing or with specific genotypes may be an important strategy in the future. We have studied the effect of genetic variations in infants with recurrent wheezing or bronchitis [Reference Pinto9]. However, only a few studies suggest an influence of genetic polymorphisms on the severity of AB in young infants from Latin America. A study performed at the Fundación INFANT, in Buenos Aires, recently showed an effect of the TLR4 polymorphism in an Argentinean sample [Reference Caballero10]. However, IL-8 and IL-17 are important AB candidate genes that still require further investigation [Reference Hacking6, Reference Beigelman7].

The present study has some limitations. The sample size is not large enough to investigate IL-8 infrequent variations. However, rs2227543 is a frequent polymorphism with minor allele frequency >0·3 in different samples described (Table 2). Moreover, the possibility of admixture bias should be described. However, 33 ethnicity-specific genomic markers were studied in the Argentinean sample and revealed neither evidence of admixture nor significant ethnic differences between the groups [Reference Caballero10].

AB and recurrent wheezing in young infants have a huge health impact in Latin America [Reference Mallol1]. Genetic association studies in low- or middle-income countries are necessary with the aim of expanding knowledge in this area. The results of the present study suggest that the IL-8 rs2227543 polymorphism may influence the severity of bronchiolitis in young infants.

African-American and Hispanic ethnicity have been described as risk factors for severe bronchiolitis. In addition, genetic databases show that African-Americans and Hispanics have lower frequency of the T allele (rs2227543), which could partly explain the increased risk in these populations (Table 2, data by dbSNP, NCBI).

In our study, replication was possible and was performed to confirm the association with the outcome severe bronchiolitis in more than one population, which adds significantly to the strength of the reported findings. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that the IL-8 rs2227543 polymorphism may influence the severity of bronchiolitis in young infants. Further genetic association studies in low- or middle-income populations are necessary with the aim of expanding knowledge in this area.