Infectious diseases

The spread of epidemics was associated with the continuation of the war in Yemen. For example, Yemen was exposed to two waves of cholera during the war, and it was the largest disease outbreak in modern history (Blackburn, et al., Reference Blackburn, Lenze and Casey2020). Previous research indicates that the prevalence of infectious diseases such as Hymenolepis nana, schistosomiasis, and malaria is high among Yemeni children who have little knowledge about them. (Al-Mekhlafi, Reference Al-Mekhlafi2020; Alharazi and Al-Mekhlafi, Reference Alharazi and Al-Mekhlafi2020; Alwajeeh, Abdul-Ghani et al., Reference Alwajeeh, Abdul-Ghani, Allam, Farag, Khalil, Shehab, El-Sayad, Alharbi, Almalki and Azazy2020). In a survey on Pharyngeal Streptococcus pyogenes carriage rates in healthy school children, females were shown to be more susceptible (Othman, Assayaghi et al., Reference Othman, Assayaghi, Al-Shami and Saif-Ali2019). In studies of intestinal parasites, 75%–85% of primary school children were infected with intestinal parasites such as Entamoeba histolytica (27.8%) and Hymenolepis nana (12.2%) (Alwabr and Al-Moayed, 2016, Alharbi, Alwajeeh et al., Reference Alharbi, Alwajeeh, Assabri, Almalki, Alruwetei and Azazy2019). In 5 Yemeni governorates, 400 children were surveyed to search for species diversity of Schistosoma, and researchers found that 31.8% of those were excreting schistosomal eggs in the urine or feces(Sady, Al-Mekhlafi et al., Reference Sady, Al-Mekhlafi, Webster, Ngui, Atroosh, Al-Delaimy, Nasr, Chua, Lim and Surin2015). Between 2011 and 2016, 1811 SARI patients were admitted, with 78% being under the age of 15 and a high percentage having non-influenza viruses (Al Amad, Al Mahaqri et al., Reference Al Amad, Al Mahaqri, Al Serouri and Khader2019).

In a test for Onchocerca volvulus infection in the Tihama area, it was found that there is an infectious spread in different proportions (Mahdy, Abdul-Ghani et al., Reference Mahdy, Abdul-Ghani, Abdulrahman, Al-Eryani, Al-Mekhlafi, Alhaidari and Azazy2018). In Sana’a, parasites were studied, and the researchers discovered a relationship between infectivity and a variety of parameters like hygiene, awareness, and parental education level (Al-Mekhlafi, Abdul-Ghani et al., Reference Al-Mekhlafi, Abdul-Ghani, Al-Eryani, Saif-Ali and Mahdy2016). In a clinical, epidemiological leishmaniasis study in central Yemen, 94.1% were rural and the Bayda area is the most endemic region (Al-Kamel, Reference Al-Kamel2016).

A study analyzed surveillance data on 5,691 children who visited the hospital and discovered that vomiting and diarrhea symptoms varied significantly between children. Prior to rotavirus vaccination, rotavirus acute gastroenteritis prevalence peaked in October, November, and December at 58.8%, 69.5%, and 56.4%, respectively (Banajeh and Abu-Asba, Reference Banajeh and Abu-Asba2015). Similarly in Taiz, 45.2% were Rotavirus-positive, and the most prevalent genetic constitution was G2P (55%) (Al-Badani, Al-Areqi et al., Reference Al-Badani, Al-Areqi, Majily, Al-Sallami, Al-Madhagi and Amood Al-Kamarany2014). Between 2013 and 2014, the variance became less defined as a result of the introduction of the rotavirus vaccination, which resulted in a few cases of rotavirus acute gastroenteritis (Banajeh and Abu-Asba, Reference Banajeh and Abu-Asba2015). According to the study on H. pylori and parasite-infected children, the estimated prevalence of symptomatic children among 43 200 children varies from 3 to 15 years (Moqbel). While H. pylori infections were prevalent in 83% of 6–8 year olds and 52% of 12 to 15 year olds, giardiasis was prevalent in 10% and amoebiasis was prevalent in 25% of children (Bin Mohanna, Al-Zubairi et al., Reference Bin Mohanna, Al-Zubairi and Sallam2014).

A total of 10 715 suspected cases of chikungunya were reported from the Al Hudaydah governorate between 2010 and 2011, indicating the country’s first outbreak. An overall attack rate ranged between 22 and 24 per 1000 cases (Malik, Mnzava et al., Reference Malik, Mnzava, Mohareb, Zayed, Al Kohlani, Thabet and El Bushra2014). The prevalence of infectious diseases among Yemeni children constitutes one of the important conflict problems that must be addressed promptly.

Non-infectious disease

A survey of risk factors for lung disease was conducted in several governorates, and the researchers concluded that the prevalence of trachomatous inflammation-follicular disease was 10% in children aged 1–9 years in two evaluation units and that there was an effect by gender, the number of children in a family, and the family’s habit of defecating in the open were all independently associated with an increased risk of developing burnout (Ali Thabit, Al-Khatib et al., Reference Ali Thabit, Al-Khatib, Hail, Al-Soofi, Abdullah Thabit, Boather, Abdullah, Flueckiger, Pavluck, Willis, Courtright, Macleod and Solomon2018). Additionally, some risk factors are linked to diarrhea and other children’s diseases like crowded housing and incomplete child vaccination for children under five years old (Bahartha and AlEzzi, Reference Bahartha and AlEzzi2015).

According to one study, 150 children aged 1–15 years were diagnosed with otitis media (85 males and 65 females) (Bin Mohanna and Bahannan, Reference Bin Mohanna and Bahannan2016). To screen for chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), a total of 686 children were diagnosed with both CSOM and associated hearing problems, indicating that there was a significant correlation between demographics and CSOM status. Logistic regression identified four important independent contributing factors: history of ear discharge in the last 12 months; swimming in local pools; recurrent respiratory tract infection more than three times per year (Muftah, Mackenzie et al., Reference Muftah, Mackenzie, Faragher and Brabin2015). In an attempt to estimate the prevalence of impaired hearing loss, as many as 11.6% of the total number of children failed to pass the test and the percentage decreased to 10.6% after cleaning the external auditory canal. The prevalence of hearing impairment among Yemeni elementary school children was shown to exceed compared to the children in developed countries (Al’shardzhabi and Tsygankova, Reference Al’shardzhabi and Tsygankova2014).

To understand the species which cause visceral leishmaniasis, smears were collected and found positive for leishmania species amastigotes. The percentage of children among them was 40.4%, with a mean age of 7.1 years ± 4.7. Fever, pallor, splenomegaly, and hepatomegaly were the most common clinical findings, and hypoalbuminemia and hyperglobulinemia were common biochemical abnormalities (Al-Ghazaly and Al-Dubai, Reference Al-Ghazaly and Al-Dubai2016). In a study to describe the hematological characteristics findings, adults and children with visceral leishmaniasis had anemia, and most of the blood components were deficient from the normal count (Al-Ghazaly, Al-Dubai et al., Reference Al-Ghazaly, Al-Dubai, Abdullah and Al-Gharasi2017). One study concluded that very severe pneumonia was still the leading cause of severe morbidity and death for young children, particularly those aged < 12 months (Banajeh, Ashoor et al., Reference Banajeh, Ashoor and Al-Magramy2014). To identify the prevalence of severe rickets, the patients were fed on a gluten-free diet, vitamin D supplements, calcium, and iron replacement. Laboratory investigations showed some improvements from 5 months earlier which reflects the malnutritional status of Yemeni children who can be saved with simple intervention (Al-Sharafi, Al-Imad et al., Reference Al-Sharafi, Al-Imad, Shamshair and Al-Faqeeh2014).

Blood diseases

A study conducted in one of the hospitals in Aden city, out of 217 children with SCD (define SCD), the commonest indications for transfusion were anemic crises (41.1%), vaso-occlusive crises (VOC) (13.8%), VOC with an anemic event (11.3%), acute chest syndrome (8.7%), and stroke (7.3%) (Al-Saqladi, Maddi et al., Reference Al-Saqladi, Maddi and Al-Sadeeq2020). Hepatobiliary complications increased significantly with age; amongst those frequently admitted and/or suffering from a blood transfusion were significantly higher (Qhalib and Zain, Reference Qhalib and Zain2014). A study found a deficiency of enzyme activity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) toward 60% of normal activity among 12% of children residing in Hodeidah Governorate. In malaria-endemic areas, 2%–3% having severe G6PD deficiencies is not uncommon. More extensive genotyping is required to comprehend the local infectious diseases caused by circulating strains (Ba-Saddik, Munibari et al., Reference Ba-Saddik, Munibari, Alhilali, Ismail, Murshed, Coulter, Cuevas, Hart, Brabin and Parry2014). A study of tonsillopharyngitis among children found that more extensive genotyping is required to comprehend the local infectious diseases caused by circulating strains of beta-hemolytic (GAS) (Ba-Saddik, Munibari et al., Reference Ba-Saddik, Munibari, Alhilali, Ismail, Murshed, Coulter, Cuevas, Hart, Brabin and Parry2014).

A total of 406 childhood cancers were detected in a study of malignancies that accounted for 8.5 % of all cancers reported between 2002 and 2014. The mean age was found to be 7.34 ± 4.18 years with 59.1% male children. The most common group of malignancies was hematological malignancies accounting for 47% followed by nervous system malignancies (15%) (Jawass, Al-Ezzi et al., Reference Jawass, Al-Ezzi, Bin Gouth, Bahwal, Bamatraf and Ba’amer2016). Under additive genetic models, the researchers discovered that nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (Al-Absi, Noor et al., Reference Al-Absi, Noor, Saif-Ali, Salem, Ahmed, Razif and Muniandy2017). A study conducted on the possible association between polymorphisms in genes and alleles reported that the IKZF1 SNP and the CDKN2A polymorphism were significantly associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children (Al-Absi, Razif et al., Reference Al-Absi, Razif, Noor, Saif-Ali, Aqlan, Salem, Ahmed and Muniandy2017).

Oral and dental problems

Several studies related to oral and dental problems were all mostly conducted in the capital city of Sana’a in the Dhamar governorate. One survey found a very high prevalence of dental caries among school children 67.6%. Children residing in urban districts had significantly higher mean scores of DMFT/deft which is a general indicator of dental health status than those in rural areas. A significant negative correlation between caries experience and fluoride level was also found (Al-Akwa and Al-Maweri, Reference Al-Akwa and Al-Maweri2018). A study on 6163 kids in the age bracket of 5–19 year olds discovered that the prevalence of dental erosion in children aged 5–6 was 6.8%, 3% in 13–14 year olds, and 14.6% in those aged between 18 to 19, with a higher prevalence in girls. Dental erosion was common among children and older teenagers and highest among older girls but less common among younger teenagers. The tested accuracy of EPRS-M is a gold standard in the quick detection tool in future dental erosion research (Al-Ashtal, Johansson et al., Reference Al-Ashtal, Johansson, Omar and Johansson2017). Researchers found 40.54% premature loss of primary teeth among 185 children with the second lower left molar as the most commonly missing dental tooth. To promote oral health, children need to implement educational and preventive programs (Murshid, Al-Labani et al., Reference Murshid, Al-Labani, Aldhorae and Rodis2016). A total of 663 children were examined from 10 public primary schools in Dhamar City, and it was found that poor oral hygiene and mild gingivitis were highly prevalent among Yemeni school children. An early assessment and intervention of gingivitis and periodontitis could minimize the chance of tooth loss (Amran, Alhajj et al., Reference Amran, Alhajj and Al-Rafik2016). The overall prevalence of oral anomalies among Yemeni children was found to be 15.1% at a male-to-female ratio of 3.2:1, with 7 to 12 year olds having the highest prevalence. Tooth hypoplasia and hypo calcification were the most common dental anomalies related to hard tissues, while fissured tongue was the most common soft tissue anomaly (Basalamah and Baroudi, Reference Basalamah and Baroudi2016).

One study assessed the oral health status and treatment needs of children with disabilities attending special schools in Sana’a and the mean dmft, and DMFT scores of the total population were 4.27 and 1.90, respectively, indicating that children with disabilities have a high prevalence of dental caries and poor oral hygiene (Al-Maweri and Zimmer, Reference Al-Maweri and Zimmer2015). Another study on the assessment of oral health among autistic children in Sana’a city and 42 children with autism revealed a higher proportion of fistulae (9.5% vs. 2.4%), ulcerative lesions (7.1% vs. 1.2%), gingival hyperplasia (4.8% vs. 0.0%), and cheilitis (4.8% vs. 2.4%), and the mean dmft score was higher in children with autism than in controls (5.23 vs. 4.06; P < 0.001). While children with autism revealed poorer oral hygiene than controls, the majority had gingivitis (Al-Maweri, Halboub et al., Reference Al-Maweri, Halboub, Al-Soneidar and Al-Sufyani2014). One research showed that 93.8% of the subjects had dental caries; overall DMFS, DMFT was 10.35, 4.44, 4.32, and 2.45, respectively. Dental caries was also reported in children with Down syndrome aged between 6 and 15 years (Al-Maweri and Al-Sufyani, Reference Al-Maweri and Al-Sufyani2014).

To find salivary Candida species carriage patterns and their relation to caries experience among children, Candida was detected in 60% of the children and C. albicans accounted for 60% of the isolates. A novel finding was that a significant proportion (38%) of the carriers harbored two or more species, which for the first time allowed the identification of four age-dependent carriage patterns (clusters). Another somewhat new observation was that carriage at ≥ 1000 CFU/ml in particular significantly correlated with caries in primary and permanent dentitions (r = 0.23 and 0.18, respectively) as well as a caries-active status (OR = 6.9) (Al-Hebshi, Al-Maswary et al., Reference Al-Hebshi, Al-Maswary, Al-Hammadi and Ghoname2015). Researchers discovered that 36.6% school children aged 12 years require orthodontic treatment, and nearly 1 out of 5 school children had a dental esthetic index of 31 points or above, implying that that the need for orthodontic therapy is highly desirable or mandatory (Al-Zubair, Reference Al-Zubair2014).

A study was conducted on the assessment of the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions among the institutionalized orphan children in Sana’a city, with samples of 202 orphan male children matched with 202 non-orphaned students, and the majority of them were 12–15 years old. Nine types of lesions in orphans were reported, the most frequent lesions being tongue fissure (24.3%), labial herpes (7.9%), and traumatic sores (2.5 percent). Herpes labialis occurred in orphans substantially higher than in controls (P < 0.01). The prevalence of dental cariousness among orphans was significantly lower (84.7%) than that of non-orphans (89.61%; P = 0.136). In orphans, the mean dmft value of the controls (2.28 vs. 3.82; P = 0.001) was significantly lower.(Al-Maweri, Al-Soneidar et al., Reference Al-Maweri, Al-Soneidar and Halboub2014). All of these findings strongly suggest that orphans and children with low education levels and low income have a bad effect on children’s oral health and that efforts must be made to resolve the conflict problem, which increases the percentage of orphans and low social life status.

Accidents and injuries

This section included a minimal number of researches despite the great injuries caused by the war among children that negatively affect knowledge of current status.

One of the studies in 2018 researched about rate and pattern of unintentional injuries among 9–12 grade school children and their associated factors. Among the sample population, 550 students (48.2%) reported unintended injuries within the past 12 months from the date of examination. More injuries were reported in males compared to females (odds ratio = 1.6). The study found an association between a child’s loss of one or both parents with an increased risk of injury (odds ratio = 1.7). There was also an association between parents’ old age or death and an increased risk. The proportion of girls who were infected at home was more than boys (58.9%: 30.9%). Most than two-thirds of the injuries affected the upper or lower extremities (64.9%) and the majority of students (98.4%) recovered from injury, while 1.6% of injuries resulted in permanent disability (Alshahethi, Al Serouri et al., Reference Alshahethi, Al Serouri and Khader2018). Medical research was conducted in two hospitals in Sana’a in order to uncover the potential causes of ocular injury. All the subjects were males between 4 and 15 years old, and the injuries among the children involved the right eye (52.5%) and the left eye (47.5%). The majority of injuries (n = 152, 95.0%) had occurred in the street, while eight (5.0%) had happened at home, and the most frequent cause of injury was reported to be fireworks mishaps (Aldoais, Bamashmus et al., Reference Aldoais, Bamashmus and Aldubhani2020). The preceding findings indicate that parent loss significantly increased during times of conflict and is substantially connected with child injury. Additionally, the possession of firearms and war objects by individuals has a detrimental effect on the occurrence of injuries among children.

Health system

A study on the efficiency of the role of integrated outreach activities between 2004 and 2014 years was published in 2015 that included two components of the health system viz. health intervention coverage levels and protection of risks at the financial level. The millennium development goals including immunization coverage, services management of infancy, reproductive health, and control of dangerous diseases were Yemen’s intervention coverage indicators at that time and had progressed very well. However, children aged under five were still highly malnourished in the country at that time (Al-Mudhwahi, Reference Al-Mudhwahi2015).

Yemen’s conflict has had a significant impact on the health system, with only 51% of health institutions fully operational and 19.7 million people lacking access to health care (Miller, Zunong et al., Reference Miller, Zunong, Al-Sorouri, Alqadasi, Ashraf and Siameja2020). All working groups agree that Yemen’s health system has collapsed. In 2018, researchers discovered that around 8.8 million people needed more than 30 min to access a primary health facility and more than an hour for 12 million individuals to get to the hospital (Eze, Al-Maktari et al., Reference Eze, Al-Maktari, Alshehari and Lawani2020). Furthermore, the safety of health professionals has become an impediment to providing services to the population in war zones, with travel challenges identified as the greatest threat to health workers’ safety (Miller, Zunong et al., Reference Miller, Zunong, Al-Sorouri, Alqadasi, Ashraf and Siameja2020).

A previous study was performed to describe the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) outcomes in a complex humanitarian conflict setting in Hajjah governorate throughout the years 2017–2018 and they found that; the most frequently diagnosed conditions were prematurity problems (34.9%), perinatal asphyxia (34.4%), neonatal jaundice (18.8%), and neonatal sepsis (16.1%). Eighty-three percent of preterm newborn deaths happened in newborns who traveled more than an hour to reach the NICU (Eze, Al-Maktari et al., Reference Eze, Al-Maktari, Alshehari and Lawani2020). At the time of crisis and epidemics, humanitarian response efforts were redirected toward other services, deprioritizing the neonatal health system (Tappis, Elaraby et al., Reference Tappis, Elaraby, Elnakib, AlShawafi, BaSaleem, Al-Gawfi, Othman, Shafique, Al-Kubati, Rafique and Spiegel2020).

Another study enrolled 339 children who were very malnourished. Among them, 42% were successfully treated, 55% were dismissed as defaulters, and 3% were moved to other treatment facilities. A high default rate was substantially associated with factors such as inadequate services, employee and system dissatisfaction, ambulatory therapy program treatment, and acceptance of staff services. The study advocated expanding outpatient therapeutic program OTP services and providing OTP employees with training in severe acute malnutrition treatment methods (Al Amad, Al-Eryani et al., Reference Al Amad, Al-Eryani, Al Serouri and Khader2017). About the coverage of vaccines, one study found an increase from 2012 to 2014 in the national coverage for the Penta-3 vaccine (82% in 2012 vs. 88% in 2014) and measles vaccine (70% in 2012 vs. 75% in 2014). The coverage was still below the national target (≥95%). The year 2015 witnessed a marked decline in the national coverage compared with 2014 for the measles vaccine (66% in 2015 vs. 75% in 2014) (Torbosh, Al Amad et al., Reference Torbosh, Al Amad, Al Serouri and Khader2019). Vaccine coverage decreased between 2013 and 2016 among children aged 12–23 months, and the largest decrease was by 36.4% for the first dose of measles vaccine in Aden among children under the age of five. The rate of diarrhea incidence was 7.0 attacks per person per year (El Bcheraoui, Jumaan et al., Reference El Bcheraoui, Jumaan, Collison, Daoud and Mokdad2018). The coverage rate of the hepatitis B virus HBs vaccine among children was 87.3%. A total of 72.2% children responded to the vaccine with an anti-HBs level ≥ 10 IU/L, while 27.8% of the children had nonprotective anti-HBs levels of <10 IU/L (P = 0.003). The rate of coverage of HBV vaccine in rural areas was excellent, while the protective rate against HBV infection was moderate.(Alssamei, Al-Sonboli et al., Reference Alssamei, Al-Sonboli, Alkumaim, Alsayaad, Al-Ahdal, Higazi and Elagib2017).

Researchers used the principal component analysis to assess the socio-economic indicators and proposed wealth, education, and housing quality as the key maternal health indicators. Social and economic disparities should be taken into account in planning maternal and child health interventions (Alosaimi, Nwaru et al., Reference Alosaimi, Nwaru, Luoto, Al Serouri and Mouniri2019). According to data from the Yemeni Nutrition Monitoring Program from Sanaa city and Ibb governorate, the researchers found that 13.3% of the children suffer from global acute malnutrition, 8.4% suffer from moderate acute malnutrition, and 4.9% suffer from severe acute malnutrition. The researchers also found a relationship between malnutrition and other diseases such as measles, diarrhea, and fever, and that most families relied on buying food from the market (Dureab, Al-Falahi et al., Reference Dureab, Al-Falahi, Ismail, Al-Marhali, Al Jawaldeh, Nuri, Safary and Jahn2019). Three years after the onset of war, an analysis on the outbreak of diphtheria was conducted, which demonstrated the inability of the health system to cover immunization was a major reason for the outbreak. In the districts that were experiencing ongoing conflict, the risk of an outbreak increased by 11-fold (Dureab, Al-Sakkaf et al., Reference Dureab, Al-Sakkaf, Ismail, Kuunibe, Krisam, Müller and Jahn2019).

An assessment of undernutrition was perfomed using the composite index of anthropometric failure (CIAF) among children aged < 5 years in rural Yemen. CIAF identified undernutrition in 70.1% of children, while conventional anthropometric indices revealed 38.5% stunting, 39.9% wasting, and 55.1% as underweight. According to CIAF, 21% had a single anthropometric failure, and 49.2% exhibited multiple failures. Stunting index, wasting index, and underweight index were 0.55, 0.57, and 0.79, respectively (Al-Sadeeq, Bukair et al., Reference Al-Sadeeq, Bukair and Al-Saqladi2019).

To evaluate the extent of the population’s response to health education and changing negative habits in some countryside, it was found that wives and husbands were able to try to adopt new practices after one counseling visit. Most of the practices were successfully adopted by the respondents, and some mothers were also successful in adopting proper breastfeeding practices. Parents need more counseling and reinforcement to continue to adopt new health practices (Mohamed Assabri, Cooper et al., Reference Mohamed Assabri, Cooper, Al-Gendari, Pfitzer and Galloway2019). Urinary schistosomiasis has been confirmed by a quick diagnosis of schistosomiasis in 126 out of 696 children using a simple questionnaire and urinary examination using microhaematuria, which is used to identify individuals and communities infected with Schistosome hematobium (Bassiouny, Hasab et al., Reference Bassiouny, Hasab, El-Nimr, Al-Shibani and Al-Waleedi2014).

Family and social studies

The family and society greatly affect the development of children and the formation of their personalities, and this influence remains with the individual throughout his life. The most important health care services that internally displaced people IDPs need are women’s health services, because women, the elderly, and children are the most affected by displacement worldwide. The physiological role of women, poverty and deprivation, lack of health insurance, or insufficient information hinder women from adequately benefiting from health care services. Therefore, displaced/refugee women often face more problems related to women and reproductive health than locally residing women. Among the most important of these problems is the lack of family planning services, unwanted pregnancies, abortion, and obstetric complications (Döner and Şahin, Reference Döner and Şahin2021).

One study that examined mothers’ religiosity as a major cultural factor in the impact of harsh physical parenting on the behavioral problems of children showed that there was no direct correlation between harsh physical parenting and maternal religiosity and children’s behavioral issues. However, it was found that the positive association between harsh physical parenting and children’s behavior problems is stronger when parents are more religious (Alsarhi, Prevoo et al., Reference Alsarhi, Prevoo, Alink and Mesman2019). A study done on female genital cutting (FGC) behavior in four governorates discovered that FGC was prevalent in 48% mothers, while daughters’ FGC was 34%. Almost 45.8% of the women surveyed believe that the FGC practice should be discontinued. Higher odds of FGC practice and positive attitude towards it were associated with older age, family marriage, and lower tertiles of wealth and education indices. Early marriage was also associated with increased odds of FGC practice (P < 0.01)(Alosaimi, Essén et al., Reference Alosaimi, Essén, Riitta, Nwaru and Mouniri2019). Three socio-economic status (SES) (wealth, education, and quality of housing) indices were extracted in four provinces; capturing household attributes for 7295 in reproductive age were extracted; higher tertiles for all indices were inverse of spontaneous abortion. Wealth and education indices were inversely linked to infant mortality, neonatal, and mortality. (Alosaimi, Luoto et al., Reference Alosaimi, Luoto, Al Serouri, Nwaru and Mouniri2016).

Adult caregiving has been related to childhood malnutrition, according to a study. Baseline survey of mother and child health conducted a study in 2013 to understand the situation of adult caregiving. Researchers recorded and analyzed the data on children’s height and weight from a sample of 3,549 children under the age of five who lived in rural areas. Three measurements (wasting, stunting, and low weight-for-for-age) were applied to determine a child’s nutritional status in accordance with the standards of the WHO. They found 52.2% of children are wasted, 66.7% are underweight, and 11.3% are undernourished. Keeping children out of labor while receiving treatment for stunting and underweight, as well as giving them care, related to the lower risk of these children being stunted and under weight (Al-Sobaihi, Nakamura et al., Reference Al-Sobaihi, Nakamura and Kizuki2016).

To find out how the family deals with schistosomiasis, studies were carried out among 250 households from ten rural districts. A total of 31.8% of children excreted schistosome eggs in urine or feces (8.0% S. mansoni and 22.5% S. hematobium). 92.4% of respondents had known schistosomiasis and knew about the transmission, signs, symptoms, and prevention. Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that the level of the history of schistosomiasis and education were the most important factors associated with the knowledge, attitude, and practices concerning schistosomiasis among this population (Sady, Al-Mekhlafi et al., Reference Sady, Al-Mekhlafi, Webster, Ngui, Atroosh, Al-Delaimy, Nasr, Chua, Lim and Surin2015). In the study conducted through focus group discussion, there has been an outstanding agreement between local disease concepts in the family and society related to diarrhea of 31 mothers, each of them having a single child. The first six cases have also been identified in the region (Senoon, Lafkha, Halib, Didan, Raqaba, and Ayn). Most of these diseases have not been medically treated. Mothers have confidence in traditional medicine and think it is always beneficial and not harmful. The participants do not divulge traditional medicine use to their doctors because doctors face these practices and are not open enough to these kinds of treatment. (Webair and Bin Ghouth, Reference Webair and Bin Ghouth2014). Socioeconomic status was a predictor in the understanding of prevention, follow-up and treatment of health-related issues, and improvement of public awareness is necessary to decrease morbidity and mortality.