We thank Dr Alachkar for his thoughtful response to our article on ‘reconceptualising the treatment gap’. Whereas our article described the perspective of (potential) patients and the common misalignment between how people facing ongoing adversity see their problems and how they are conceptualised by mental health services, Dr Alachkar provides a psychiatrist's perspective on the inadequacies of the psychiatrist's toolkit in the face of problems that are largely driven by social injustices, such as poverty and discrimination. As Dr Alachkar notes, translating individuals’ expressions of distress into a decontextualised medical diagnosis can disempower people in challenging situations of exploitation, leading them to focus on medical routes to recovery rather than identifying the social or political factors that shape their experiences.

We are pleased to see mental health professionals critically engaging with these issues as they relate to their own practice. Dr Alachkar is by no means alone in observing that the tools available to mental health practitioners are limited in what they are able to achieve. Practitioners in many realms of mental health recognise the poor ‘fit’ between their tools and needs of patients.^{Reference Burgess1} The big question is how such practitioners can use insights from critical social science to rethink their role and better meet the needs of those they serve. First, we contend that psychiatrists and other mental health professionals are well placed to advocate for the needs of their patients and believe that there is an important role for professional bodies representing this group to speak out against policies that are harmful to people's mental health, such as punitive welfare policies that both worsen the mental health of those already in the mental health system and increase the number of people in the population experiencing psychological distress.^{Reference Reeves, Clair, McKee and Stuckler2} Maintaining political neutrality while governments and private interests create worsening conditions for mental health – despite clear evidence on the social determinants of mental health and the actions necessary to reduce mental health inequalities^{Reference Pathare, Burgess and Collins3} – is to support the status quo. For individual practitioners, who see the pernicious effects of the social, political and commercial determinants of mental health in their clinics every day, there is an opportunity to empower patients by developing formulations of their distress that acknowledge the links between their individual experiences and the structural forces that shape their lives, as described by Bhui^{Reference Bhui4} and others, and as reflected in traditions of social medicine that are practiced in Latin America and other Southern countries, which aim to centre the complex societal structures that drive poor health.^{Reference Pentecost, Adams, Baru, Caduff, Greene and Hansen5} Within the global North, many mental health practitioners already think more broadly than psychiatric care in terms of how to meet patients’ needs, by referring to social workers, non-governmental organisations, occupational therapists and other professionals to address housing needs and provide advice on rights and benefits, access to food banks, etc. However, such referral pathways are absent in many lower-income settings, and intersecting dimensions of social need cannot be fully addressed in parallel. Innovative models are needed that work across multiple levels of social need, bringing these services together in a single hub. This is by no means an easy task, especially in low-resource settings, and may entail individuals working against or outside of the system within which they are situated, as in Davis's description of ‘counter-clinics’,^{Reference Davis6} but the benefits for patients of having the complexity of their situation acknowledged and their core needs addressed would be enormous.

In conclusion, we agree with Dr Alachkar that psychiatrists have an important role in reproducing the systemic issues that we discuss within the clinic, but we believe that they – along with their clinical colleagues from other disciplines – can also play an important part in changing the nature of mental healthcare to better address patients’ social needs and in advocating for action on the causes of their despair.