What is psychological medicine?

Liaison psychiatry is the subspecialty of general psychiatry that is concerned with the management of psychiatric illness in general medical settings. Because this work is becoming more about the integration of psychiatry into medicine than about merely liaising (linking) with it, and also increasingly involves disciplines other than psychiatry, such services are often called departments of psychological medicine, a term which may eventually replace liaison psychiatry as a name for the subspecialty. ^{Reference Lloyd and Mayou1}

History

Historically, physicians working in general hospitals treated patients with all kinds of illnesses. By the late 1800s however, psychiatry was established as a specialty developed for the care of the ‘mentally ill’ and it became increasingly separate from the rest of medicine. Although the next 100 years saw spectacular advances in the understanding of the mechanisms and consequently in the diagnosis and treatment of physical disease, the understanding of mental illness seemed to have lagged behind. However, this apparent failure of psychiatry has had the advantage of allowing it to retain its strengths in humane social and psychological care, key aspects of clinical practice that an increasingly technological ‘physical’ medicine has arguably lost.

Liaison psychiatry aims to put these skills back into medical care. Its origins were in the increasing recognition of the limitations of ‘physical’ medicine, which led to psychiatrists being asked to help with patients whose problems were considered to be ‘mental’. The psychiatrist’s visits to general hospitals were mostly to assess patients who were obviously psychotic, had self-harmed or manifested disturbed behaviour, and the anticipated outcome was often rapid transfer away from the medical ward to a mental hospital. But as time passed there was a trend to greater integration. Small psychiatry departments became established within many general hospitals and the resulting greater interaction between psychiatrists and physicians led to a much wider range of referrals being made. These included patients who appeared depressed or anxious, patients with physical symptoms that defied explanation as manifestations of organic disease and patients who did not adhere to their prescribed medical treatment. Development was slow and formal recognition of liaison psychiatry by the Royal College of Psychiatrists as a subspecialty was only achieved as recently as 1997.

Recent developments

These early developments were largely opportunistic, being driven more by relationships between individuals than by formal planning. The result is a huge variation in current service provision in the UK: some hospitals have large multidisciplinary services; others have nothing more than a visiting community psychiatrist. ^{Reference Parsonage, Fossey and Tutty2} In the past few years, however, there has been a step change in thinking about this area of psychiatry. There are several reasons.

First, there is now almost overwhelming evidence of a clinical need. The average age of general medical in-patients is now well over 65 years and disorders such as delirium and dementia have become too prevalent and visible to be ignored. ³ This need has been underscored by the Francis Report into failures of care for such patients at a Mid Staffordshire hospital. ^{Reference Francis4}

Second, there is a growing quantity of research evidence which indicates that better management of psychiatric illness in medical patients can achieve the ‘Holy Grail’ of improved outcomes at lower cost. One widely quoted example of this is the report on the Rapid Assessment Interface and Discharge (RAID) project at City Hospital, Birmingham. A before-and-after study of this intensive psychological medicine service reported considerable savings, mostly by reducing the bed days taken up by frail elderly patients. ^{Reference Parsonage and Fossey5} Research has also highlighted other areas where psychological medicine services could achieve better outcomes at lower cost, including medically unexplained somatic symptoms ^{Reference Bermingham, Cohen, Hague and Parsonage6} and depression comorbid with chronic medical illness. ^{Reference Katon, Lin, Von Korff, Ciechanowski, EJ and Young7}

Third, there is a growing demand from both clinicians and patients for more integrated and patient-centred care. The benefits of such integration of psychiatry into other areas of medicine for both the patient’s experience of medical care and clinical outcomes are starting to be confirmed by research. ^{Reference Strong, Waters, Hibberd, Murray, Wall and Walker8}

Multiple reports have recognised these drivers and have recommended the systematic and planned expansion of psychological medicine. ^{Reference Parsonage, Fossey and Tutty2,9-12} This has resulted in the commissioning of new services, specifically designed to address these needs by responding rapidly to referrals, providing practical assistance with all types of psychiatric problems in patients of all ages (including the elderly), and providing systematic training and support in psychiatric aspects of care to the medical and nursing staff.

The seven challenges

The pace of change is rapid. But will it continue? I suggest that there are seven challenges that must be addressed if psychological medicine is to continue its current development.

First, psychological medicine services must develop greater clarity about what they are seeking to achieve. Although meeting ‘unmet psychiatric need’ by seeing referrals may seem sufficient, a more precise articulation of the service aims is required. These aims are likely to fall into four main domains:

1. (a) improving the psychiatric and medical outcomes of patients;

2. (b) enhancing the patient’s experience of medical care;

3. (c) ensuring patient safety;

4. (d) contributing to the greater overall cost-effectiveness of medical services. ^{Reference Parsonage, Fossey and Tutty2}

Data derived from the measurement of these outcomes need to become routinely available.

Second, if psychological medicine services are to achieve these aims, they must beware of excessive subspecialisation: we already have neuropsychiatry, perinatal psychiatry, transplant psychiatry, adult liaison, old age liaison and child liaison psychiatry. Although specialisation might be considered a welcome development in a growing specialty, clinical teams are likely to have a more sustainable and greater impact if they retain a commitment to flexible and shared service provision. Arguably, these separate small subspecialties would achieve more by joining forces under a single banner.

Third, there needs to be greater creativity in organising and managing service provision. The traditional mental health trust-run service offers the advantage of a clear link with other areas of mental health provision, but offers less engagement with general hospital colleagues. An acute medical trust-run service offers more integrated care, closer alignment of practice and a greater opportunity to influence the general hospital culture but at the risk of potential isolation from the rest of psychiatry. ¹³ Consequently, models of provision that cross traditional trust boundaries need to be developed.

Fourth, psychological medicine can increase its reach by working with those professions and specialties that also provide a supplement to disease-focused medical care. These include not only psychology and nursing, but also pain and palliative medicine services. Although these clinical specialties each have their own history and identity, there is a strong case for better coordination of their efforts, and perhaps even for their integration.

Fifth, psychological medicine must expand beyond the general hospital. Although general hospitals need these services more than ever before, there is also an increasing need to move into the community and to support primary care. Indeed, one of the most important developments in the USA has been the collaborative care model, in which psychiatrists lead teams that work together with primary care physicians to improve the management of psychiatric illness comorbid with chronic medical conditions. ^{Reference Katon, Lin, Von Korff, Ciechanowski, EJ and Young7}

Sixth, sustainable mechanisms of funding must be identified. This is especially topical as neither of the current approaches for commissioning mental or physical care is suitable for the funding of psychological medicine services. It seems likely that a combination of central commissioning for specialist services, local commissioning as part of each medical service specification and funding by trusts themselves for the added value psychological medicine provides, will be needed.

Finally, we urgently need more and better research to inform and evaluate innovative interventions and models of delivering psychological medicine services. The current evidence base is modest and most of it is from the USA. Better and larger clinical trials done in a UK setting are essential.