2. Observations

2.1 Photometric data

Photometric observations of the RS Sgr system have been obtained from both ground-based facilities and space missions. The Hipparcos satellite (Perryman et al. Reference Perryman1997) monitored RS Sgr between 1990 and 1993, collecting a total of 79 data points with a mean standard error of 0.006 mag. However, it is noteworthy that the number of measurements obtained near the primary minimum is limited.

The system was also observed by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS).Footnote ^a For the present analysis, we used the SPOC pipeline data from sector 66 with a 120-s cadence. The LC was normalised to unity prior to the analysis. The observation data were retrieved from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST).Footnote ^b

Figure 1 displays the TESS-band image of the system in a $3.85 \times 5.25$ arcmin $^{2}$ field centered on RS Sgr (labelled A). The nearest visual companion, RS Sgr-B (labelled B), is located at a projected angular separation of approximately 40 arcsec, while RS Sgr-C (labelled C) lies at roughly 118 arcsec. The brightness limit of the field is around 12 mag in the G-band.

Figure 1.

The TESS band image of RS Sgr and other stars in its vicinity. The image dimension is $3.85\times 5.25$ arcmin $^{2}$ .

The aperture size used in the TESS SPOC pipeline is determined based on the target’s brightness. For RS Sgr, this corresponds to an aperture radius of 3 pixels, or about 31 arcsec (since one TESS pixel spans 21 arcsec). Given both the angular separation ( $\sim$ 40 arcsec) and the relative faintness ( $V = 9.7$ mag) of RS Sgr-B, its light contribution is assumed to be negligible in the extracted LC.

Ground-based photometric data were obtained by Shobbrook (Reference Shobbrook2004) using a 24-inch (61 cm) telescope of the Australian National University at Siding Spring Observatory (SSO) between the years 1991–2001. A total of 110 measurements were performed using the Johnson-V filter. Photometric errors in measurements were typically 0.001 to 0.003 mag.

2.2 Spectroscopic data

High-resolution spectroscopic observations of RS Sgr were carried out using the 1-m McLennan Telescope equipped with the High Efficiency and Resolution Canterbury University Large Echelle Spectrograph (HERCULES) at Mt. John University Observatory, New Zealand (Hearnshaw Reference Hearnshaw2002; Hearnshaw et al. Reference Hearnshaw, Barnes, Kershaw, Frost, Graham, Ritchie and Nankivell2002). HERCULES is a fibre-fed echelle spectrograph housed in a thermally insulated environment, providing stable observational conditions. It offers broad wavelength coverage from 3 800 to 8 800 Å across more than 80 echelle orders. The instrument supports two resolving powers, $R = 41\,000$ and $R = 70\,000$ , selectable via three interchangeable optical fibres of varying diameters.

A total of 35 high-resolution spectra of RS Sgr were obtained by Bakiş et al. (Reference Bakiş2010), and these constitute the spectroscopic dataset used in this study. All observations were carried out with the 4k $\times$ 4k Spectral Instruments 600S CCD camera. The data were reduced using the HERCULES Reduction Software Package (HRSP; Skuljan Reference Skuljan2004) following standard echelle spectroscopic reduction procedures. Details of the observations, including the observing dates, exposure times, mean signal-to-noise ratios at 5 500 Å, and orbital phases, are listed in Table 1.

Table 1.

The log of spectroscopic observations together with measured RVs and their standard errors. The RVs given are relative to $V_\gamma$ . The S/N ratio refers to 5 500 Å.

3. Spectroscopic orbit

RV measurements of RS Sgr were performed on normalised spectra using the spectral disentangling (SD) technique. The orbital solution parameters derived from the cross-correlation method by Bakiş et al. (Reference Bakiş2010) were adopted as initial inputs for the SD analysis. These parameters were then refined through the SD technique to obtain the final spectroscopic orbital solution.

The orders 97, 113, and 127, which were previously analysed using the cross-correlation (CC) method (Bakiş et al. Reference Bakiş2010), were also examined using the SD method with the updated version of the korel codeFootnote ^c (Hadrava Reference Hadrava, Hilditch, Hensberge and Pavlovski2004). This code provides the orbital parameters and disentangled spectra of the component stars through the Fourier disentangling method. The korel tool is particularly valuable for binary stars exhibiting shallow and/or blended spectral lines, such as R Ara (Bakiş et al. Reference Bakiş, Bakiş, Eker and Demircan2016) and HH Car (Bakiş et al. Reference Bakiş, Köseoglu, Bakiş, Nitschelm and Eker2021). Before initiating the solutions with korel, it is essential to analyse the LCs of the system and determine the phase-dependent light contributions of the components for an accurate reconstruction of the component spectra. To achieve this, LCs of RS Sgr were carefully analysed to establish the light contributions of the components at the relevant wavelengths and phases, as described in Section 4.

In the solutions of the RS Sgr system, the orbital period is taken as 2 $^d$ .4156835 (Kreiner Reference Kreiner2004) and it is fixed. Other parameters such as ephemeris time, $T_{0}$ , eccentricity, e, periastron longitude, $\omega$ , RV semi-amplitude of the primary component, $K_{1}$ and mass ratio, q are set as free parameters during the orbit determination. The centre of mass velocity cannot be determined with the code-korel, therefore, the RVs measured with this code are only relative to the $V_\gamma$ . The $V_\gamma$ velocity of the RVs in Table 1 is zero. However, in our previous study (Bakiş et al. Reference Bakiş2010), the $V_\gamma$ velocity was calculated as –4.4 $\pm$ 1.0 km/s, which should be added to the RVs in Table 1 for their absolute values. The uncertainties in the measured RVs are adopted as the standard deviations (STD) of the RVs obtained from three spectral orders (97, 113, and 127). The RVs with their standard errors (SE), calculated as $SE=STD/\sqrt{N}$ with $N=3$ , for each component, along with the final orbital solution parameters of the system derived using the code KOREL, are presented in Tables 1 and 2, respectively.

Figure 2.

Observed LCs and the models with and without hot spots of the RS Sgr. Top panel: The Johnson-V band and HIP LCs with models without hot spots. Middle panel: Same as top panel but with hot spot mode. Bottom panel: TESS LC and models with (red) and without (blue) cool spots.

Table 2.

The final parameters for the spectroscopic orbit of the RS Sgr.

4. Analysis of the photometric data

The photometric data compiled from Shobbrook (Reference Shobbrook2004), as well as from the HIP and TESS missions, were analysed using the Wilson-Devinney code (wd) (Wilson & Devinney Reference Wilson and Devinney1971; Wilson Reference Wilson1979, Reference Wilson1990; Van Hamme & Wilson Reference Van Hamme and Wilson2007; Wilson Reference Wilson2008; Wilson, Van Hamme, & Terrell Reference Wilson, Van Hamme and Terrell2010; Wilson Reference Wilson2012; Wilson & Van Hamme Reference Wilson and Van Hamme2013) through the phoebe graphical user interfaceFootnote ^d for LC modelling. RS Sgr is a semi-detached eclipsing binary system, with the secondary component filling its Roche lobe and transferring mass to the primary. Accordingly, the analysis was conducted under this configuration. The orbital period (P) and the reference epoch ( $T_{0}$ ) were adopted from Kreiner (Reference Kreiner2004), where P was fixed and $T_{0}$ was allowed to converge during the fitting process. The semi-major axis, mass ratio (from the spectroscopic solution), and the surface potential of the secondary component were held constant throughout the modelling. The initial value of the orbital inclination ( $i = 82.5^\circ$ ) was adopted from Cerruti & de Laurenti (Reference Cerruti and de Laurenti1990) and treated as an adjustable parameter.

One of the most critical fixed parameters in LC analysis is the effective temperature of one of the stellar components. For early-type stars, the effective temperature can be reliably estimated using photometric colours via the Q-method introduced by Johnson & Morgan (Reference Johnson and Morgan1953). The standard colours and V-band brightness of RS Sgr, reported by Schild, Garrison, & Hiltner (Reference Schild, Garrison and Hiltner1983), are $U-B = -0.63$ , $B-V = -0.08$ , and $V = 6.01$ . An average value of $E(U-B)/E(B-V) = 0.72$ was adopted in the Q-method calculation. Accordingly, the derived Q parameter for the system is $-0.572$ .

Using this Q value, the intrinsic (unreddened) colour indices were calculated as $(B-V)_0 = -0.202$ and $(U-B)_0 = -0.718$ . Based on these values, the effective temperature of the primary component was estimated to be approximately 20 000 K using the calibration tables presented in Eker et al. (Reference Eker2020). This temperature was adopted as a fixed input for the primary star, while the temperature of the secondary component was treated as a free parameter and allowed to converge during the LC modelling.

At each iteration of the solution process, logarithmic limb-darkening coefficients for the bolometric, HIP (490 nm), TESS (786.5 nm), and V (550 nm) bands were adopted from the tables of Van Hamme (Reference Van Hamme1993). The bolometric albedos and gravity-darkening exponents for both components were taken as $A_{1,2} = 1$ and $g_{1,2} = 1$ , consistent with radiative envelope conditions (Rafert & Twigg Reference Rafert and Twigg1980).

As a result of the initial analysis based on the colour-derived temperature, the best-fitting LC models were obtained. Using this model, the phase-dependent light contributions of the individual components were determined for the 4 900 Å (HIP band), 5 500 Å (V band), and 7 865 Å (TESS band) photometric passbands. These light contributions were subsequently adopted as input parameters in the korel code to reconstruct the disentangled spectra of the stellar components within the wavelength intervals described in Section 5.

The effective temperatures of the primary and secondary components were also determined through atmospheric modelling of the disentangled spectra, yielding adopted values of $T_\mathrm{eff,1} = 19\,000$ K and $T_\mathrm{eff,2} = 9\,500$ K, respectively (see Section 5). In the subsequent photometric analysis, the primary’s temperature and the spectroscopically derived mass ratio were fixed parameters. The analysis was repeated following the same approach.

From the atmosphere models, the projected rotational velocities ( $v \sin i$ ) of the primary and secondary components were derived as 115 and 90 kms $^{-1}$ , respectively. These values are consistent, within uncertainties, with the expected synchronous rotation rates. Therefore, the synchronicity parameter F (the ratio of observed to synchronous rotational velocity) was set to 1 for both components during the LC analysis.

Table 3.

Results from the solution of LCs of RS Sgr.

The HIP and Shobbrook (Reference Shobbrook2004) V-band LCs were analysed simultaneously, while the TESS LC was modelled separately under the same initial conditions. From these refined solutions, the temperature of the secondary component was estimated as approximately 9 700 K. The final photometric parameters, derived from the combined LC and RV analysis, are summarised in Table 3.

To refine the component parameters and estimate their uncertainties, a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampler based on the emcee framework (Foreman-Mackey et al. Reference Foreman-Mackey, Hogg, Lang and Goodman2013) was employed.Footnote ^e The MCMC computation was performed using 128 walkers and 1 000 iterations. Due to limited phase coverage in the HIP and Shobbrook (Reference Shobbrook2004) data, the MCMC method was only applied to the TESS dataset.

The observed photometric data, along with the model curves based on the final parameters, are illustrated in Figure 2. The system geometry is shown in Figure 3, while Figure 4 presents the posterior distributions of selected parameters and their representation as a multivariate Gaussian. In Figure 5, the RV data given in Table 1, along with the best fitting spectroscopic orbit model curve is shown.

Figure 3.

The Roche equipotentials for the components of RS Sgr determined from the solution of the TESS LC with the spot assumption.

Figure 4.

The corner plots of the system parameters determined by MCMC modeling.

Figure 5.

Observed data and the best-fitting RV curves. Open and filled circles show the velocities of the secondary and the primary components, respectively. The RVs shown are relative to $V_\gamma$ .

In the top and middle panels of Figure 2, models with and without hot spots are shown for the V and HIP bands. The LC residuals of both bands exhibit a consistent pattern, indicating that the mass transfer mechanism behaves similarly and is observable in both datasets. The effect of the hot zone, formed by the impact of accreting material on the primary component, is clearly visible between orbital phases $\sim$ 0.75 and 0.90 in the HIP LC. A hot spot was added to the primary’s surface at a longitude of $90^\circ$ , with a radius of $20^\circ$ and a temperature factor of 1.15. These values were adjusted to best reproduce the excess brightness observed in the HIP band between phases 0.75 and 0.90. In contrast, absorption caused by the projected flow of gas onto the components appears as brightness dips around phases 0.1, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.9 in the TESS LCs. Although the brightness decrease is not as prominent as in the TESS LC, it is still observable in the V-band data of Shobbrook (Reference Shobbrook2004) around phases 0.05, 0.4, and 0.9, supporting the features seen in the TESS curves (see LC residuals panel in Figure 2).

It is expected that the effect of the hot spot becomes weaker at longer wavelengths, such as the TESS passband, and relatively stronger at shorter wavelengths. The TESS LC was modelled by placing artificial cool spots–representing light-absorbing regions–on specific surface areas of the components. These are not physical spots but approximations used to model the observed light loss. To test whether the wavelength-dependent brightness variations could be attributed to surface reflection effects (e.g. V716 Cep, Bakiş et al. Reference Bakiş2010), we experimented with models using different albedo values, sometimes treating albedo as a free parameter during fitting. However, no satisfactory model could be obtained, indicating that albedo variations cannot account for the observed LC features.

5. Stellar atmosphere models

Following the photometric and spectroscopic analyses, including LC modelling and atmospheric fitting, further refinement of the stellar parameters was pursued through the spectral disentangling approach. Although the temperatures and surface gravities of the components in binary systems can be estimated through photometric analysis, spectroscopic determination of these parameters generally yields more precise and reliable results. For this reason, the disentangled spectra of the components–obtained using the korel code–were employed in the present study. This method has been successfully applied to similar systems such as $\delta$ Lib (Bakiş et al. Reference Bakiş, Budding, Erdem, Bakiş, Demircan and Hadrava2006), MQ Cen (Tunc & Bakiş Reference Tunc and Bakiş2016; Volkan Bakiş et al. Reference Bakiş2019), and V716 Cep (Bakiş et al. Reference Bakiş2010).

To determine the atmospheric parameters from the disentangled spectra, an iterative fitting procedure was applied using the initial values of $T_\mathrm{eff}$ , $\log g$ , and $v_\mathrm{rot}$ derived from the preliminary photometric solution. During this process, synthetic spectra were computed for various parameter sets and compared to the observed disentangled spectra. The final atmospheric parameters were adopted based on the best-fitting model, corresponding to the combination of effective temperature, surface gravity, and rotational velocity that minimised the residuals and yielded the most consistent spectral match for each component.

Figure 6.

The best-fitting synthetic model spectra of the primary component. Black and red lines show the observed and the synthetic model spectra generated by the tlusty200 code, respectively.

For the spectral modelling, we employed the tlusty200 code (Hubeny Reference Hubeny1988; Hubeny & Lanz Reference Hubeny and Lanz1995), which generates model atmospheres under non-LTE conditions for stars with $T_\mathrm{eff} \gt 10\,000$ K, together with the synspec49 code to compute the corresponding synthetic spectra. As previously inferred from the system’s photometric colours, the presence of relatively strong neutral helium lines in the optical spectrum of RS Sgr further supports the classification of the primary component as an early-type star.

Model atmosphere grids and synthetic spectra were constructed assuming solar abundances, covering an effective temperature range of 17 000–22 000 K (in steps of 100 K) and surface gravity ( $\log g$ ) values from 3.7 to 4.3 (in steps of 0.1). For each grid point, synthetic spectra were calculated and compared to the disentangled spectra of the primary component using a chi-square minimisation method. This statistical comparison identified the parameter set that best matched the observed spectra across all three spectral orders analysed (97, 113, and 127).

The best-fitting atmospheric parameters for the primary component were determined to be $T_\mathrm{eff,1} = 19\,000$ K, $\log g_1 = 4.0$ , and $v \sin i_1 = 115\,$ kms $^{-1}$ . The disentangled spectra of the primary component for orders 97, 113, and 127, along with the corresponding best-fitting synthetic model spectra, are presented in Figure 6.

Since the temperature of the secondary component, as derived from photometric modelling, lies below 10 000 K, the model atmosphere code atlas9–which operates under the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE)–was utilised for this star. The corresponding synthetic spectra were computed using the synthe code (Castelli Reference Castelli1988; Kurucz Reference Kurucz1970).

Model atmosphere grids assuming solar composition were prepared for effective temperatures ranging from 9 000 to 10 000 K (in 100 K steps) and surface gravities ( $\log g$ ) between 3.0 and 3.5 (in 0.1 dex steps). For each parameter set, synthetic spectra were calculated and compared with the disentangled spectrum of the secondary component, using the same chi-square minimisation technique applied for the primary.

The best-fitting model parameters for the secondary component were found to be $T_\mathrm{eff,2} = 9\,500$ K, $\log g_2 = 3.5$ , and $v \sin i_2 = 90\,$ kms $^{-1}$ . For both the LTE and non-LTE models, microturbulence velocity and the instrumental broadening full-width at half maximum (FWHM) were adopted as 2 kms $^{-1}$ and 0.025 Å, respectively. The disentangled spectrum of the secondary component, along with the best-fitting synthetic spectrum, is displayed in Figure 7. A summary of the final model parameters for both components of RS Sgr is presented in Table 4.

Table 4.

tlusty200 and atlas9 model atmosphere parameters of RS Sgr.

Figure 7.

The best-fitting synthetic model spectra of the secondary component. Black and red lines show observed and the synthetic model spectra generated by the atlas9 code, respectively.

6. Astrophysical parameters and the distance of the system

Following the detailed determination of the atmospheric parameters for both components, the next step was to evaluate the absolute parameters of the system based on the simultaneous modelling of the light and RV curves. The absolute parameters from the simultaneous solution of the light and RV curves are summarised in Table 5. According to Table 5, the separation between the components is 17.21 R $_{\odot}$ and the masses of the components for the primary and the secondary are 8.85 and 2.88 M $_{\odot}$ , respectively. Using calibration tables of Straižys & Kuriliene (Reference Straižys and Kuriliene1981), the mass, the radius ( $R_1$ = 5.56 R $_{\odot}$ ), and the temperature (19 000 K) of the primary component refer to the B2.5 V, B1.5 V, and B3V spectral type, respectively. The parameters of the primary component give a spectral type that is approximately compatible with each other. The mass, radius ( $R_2$ = 4.93 R $_{\odot}$ ), and temperature (9 700 K) of the secondary component indicate B8.5 IV/B9 III, B3 IV/B4 III, and A0 III spectral types, respectively. The temperatures obtained from the solution of the light and RV curves seem to be compatible with those determined from the atmosphere models. Therefore, based on the derived astrophysical parameters from atmosphere modelling and simultaneous LC and RV solutions, RS Sgr is composed of two early-type stars with B3V+A0III spectral type. In semi-detached systems, the primary component, the mass gainer, has a lower luminosity, while the component that loses mass (donor) has a greater luminosity compared to their masses ( $\dot{\rm I}$ banoğlu et al. 2006). This situation actually emerges when it is considered the evolution of the components under the assumption of single-star evolution.

Table 5.

Absolute parameters of the RS Sgr. Errors of calculated parameters are given in parentheses.

In addition to the dynamical and atmospheric analysis, the distance estimation offers an independent verification of the derived parameters. The GAIA (Gaia Collaboration et al. Reference Collaboration2016) DR3 (Gaia Collaboration et al. Reference Collaboration2023) parallax measurement ( $\varpi=$ 2.2918 $\pm$ 0.0977 mas) locates RS Sgr at a distance of $d= 436^{+19}_{-18}$ pc. If we adopt $E(B-V)=$ 0.122 mag from the Q-method (see Section 4), the interstellar extinction in the V-band becomes $A_V$ = 3.1 $\times$ E(B-V) = 0.378 mag. The absolute visual magnitudes of the components were calculated from the bolometric magnitude and the bolometric correction (BC) values given by Eker et al. (Reference Eker2020). Using the absolute magnitude of the components with the V-magnitude of the system (Table 5), light contributions of the components (Table 3) and the interstellar extinction value, the distance to the system comes out to be 418 $\pm$ 15 pc, which is $\sim$ 18 pc away from the GAIA determination, but still within the 1 $\sigma$ error range.

7. Mass transfer and accretion

Theoretical models enable the prediction of how material transferred from the mass-losing component in an interacting binary system evolves, depending on the fractional radii of the components, their mass ratio, the escape velocity, and the direction of the flow. These models can describe whether the transferred matter will directly accrete onto the mass-gaining star or form a transient or stable accretion structure such as a disk. Lubow & Shu (Reference Lubow and Shu1975) conducted a foundational theoretical study on the trajectories of gas flow and the structures that can form around the mass-gaining star in close binary systems undergoing mass transfer. Later, Peters (Reference Peters1989) introduced the (r1–q) diagram for interacting binaries with known fractional radii of the primary component ( $r_1$ ) and mass ratios (q). In Figure 8, W $\textrm{d}$ represents the boundary for the formation of a classical accretion disk for different mass ratios, while W $_\textrm{min}$ denotes the minimum approach distance of the gas stream to the surface of the accretor.

Figure 8.

The positions of the RS Sgr and some Algols in the r $_1-$ q diagram.

According to Lubow & Shu (Reference Lubow and Shu1975), this diagram consists of three regions: Region I lies below the W $_\textrm{min}$ curve. In systems located in this region, the gas stream does not impact the mass-gaining component directly; instead, it forms a stable accretion disk that is continuously fed by the transferred material. Region II lies between the W $\textrm{ min}$ and W $\textrm{d}$ curves. Systems in this region can simultaneously possess a permanent accretion disk and a shock zone where the gas stream collides with the surface of the mass gainer. Region III lies above the $W_{d}$ curve. In this region, the gas stream impacts the mass-gaining component directly, resulting in the formation of an impact (shock) region. A transient accretion disk may also form around the primary component as a secondary effect.

According to the position of RS Sgr in the $r_1$ –q diagram, with a fractional radius of the primary component ( $r_1 = R_1/a = 0.295$ ) and a mass ratio of $q = 0.311$ , the system is located well above the transient disk boundary. Therefore, it is expected that the gas stream directly strikes the surface of the primary star, leading to the formation of a prominent shock zone.

The gas stream and the resulting impact zone are expected to influence both the photometric and spectroscopic data of the system. To investigate this, we first examined the difference between the observed and synthetic LCs of the system. For this analysis, TESS data were utilised due to their higher precision and superior phase coverage.

The optical depth of the circumstellar material can be estimated using the relation $\tau$ = $\ln(I_{0}/I)$ , where I is the observed normalised flux and $I_{0}$ is the synthetic (model) normalised flux. Figure 9 shows the distribution of the circumstellar material based on this calculation. The figure indicates that the circumstellar matter is most prominent in the phase interval 0.8–0.0, while it appears to be less dominant between phases 0.1 and 0.4.

Figure 9.

It is a phase-residual graph created by TESS photometric data and the synthetic LC without spots of the RS Sgr system. The variation of the optical depth of the material (radial axis) with the orbital phase (numbers around the circle) is shown.

Similar to the photometric data, the spectroscopic data should also exhibit signatures of the impact region and the gas stream within the system. In short-period Algol-type systems like RS Sgr, the emission and absorption features caused by accretion around the hotter component typically contribute only weakly to the total system spectrum, being dominated by the two stellar components.

To isolate the contribution from other physical processes–such as magnetic activity, accretion flows, or the gas stream–the light contribution of the stellar components in the $H_\alpha$ region is subtracted from the observed spectra. The resulting residuals are referred to as difference spectra. In constructing these spectra, the surface temperature of each component is assumed to be uniform, following the approach of Richards & Albright (Reference Richards and Albright1999), although in reality, a minor temperature gradient exists due to the Roche geometry of the system. Figure 10 presents the difference spectra sorted by orbital phase.

Figure 10.

The difference spectra show the extra absorption and emission characteristics. The orbital phases are shown on the right. The vertical red line represents the laboratory wavelength of the H $_\alpha$ line ( $\lambda_0=6\,562.82$ Å)

Using the difference profiles, a trailing spectrogram illustrating the orbital motion of the components has been constructed, as shown in Figure 11. This velocity-space diagram highlights the regions of emission and absorption throughout the orbital cycle.

Figure 11.

Colorscale image created by the difference H $_\alpha$ line profiles of RS Sgr. Red areas indicate increased residual absorption.

From Figure 11, weak emission is observed between orbital phases $\varphi=0.3-0.4$ and $\varphi=0.6-0.75$ , spanning a wide range of velocities. This feature likely originates from an additional emission or absorption region caused by the impact of the gas stream onto the primary component. Such an interaction may lead to the temporary formation of an accretion structure between the primary and secondary stars.

Additionally, an absorption feature is visible between $\varphi=0.15-0.25$ and $\varphi=0.80-0.85$ , redshifted with respect to the systemic velocity. This likely corresponds to material flowing from the secondary component through the first Lagrangian point (L $_1$ ), moving away from the observer.

Another notable absorption feature, which appears to co-move with the primary star between phases $\varphi=0.75-0.85$ , may be attributed to the stream of accreting gas. This interpretation is supported by the structures seen in Figures 9, 10, and 11.