The role of neuroscience in the solution

In recent years, the NIMH funding allocation has prioritised searching for neurobiological mechanisms of mental illness, seeking a new world of personalised medicine. The expectation is that identifying an individual's biological signature at genomic and neurocircuitry levels will generate novel prevention and treatment interventions. Growth in neuroscience investment at US federal granting agencies has been impressive, including President Obama's BRAIN initiative and targeted funds such as innovation awards, molecular libraries and the Research Domain Criteria initiative (a reframing of the research paradigm towards understanding mechanisms of mental illness). Other high-income countries have also prioritised neuroscience research, including the European Commission's Human Brain Project, Japan's Brain/MINDS project and Australia's AusBrain. ⁴ Currently, the number of new PhDs in neuroscience outstrips all other life sciences, heralding a ‘golden age of neuroscience’. ^{Reference Norris, Palmer, Stroud and Altevogt5}

Neuroscience is unquestionably crucial for mental health. Discovering causes of autism or pathophysiologies of diverse illnesses encompassed by the diagnosis of schizophrenia opens possibilities for new treatments. Still, investing in neuroscience is a long-term proposition. Although the USA ‘Decade of the Brain’ ⁴ began in 1990, substantial public health benefits are yet to be realised. ^{Reference Priebe, Burns and Craig6} Hence the key question remains: how can funding policy in mental health research improve how we tackle the current burden of disease as we await innovations derived through advances in neuroscience that may be generations away?

Opportunity costs

Mental health research funding is a form of social investment. ^{Reference Hoddinott, Rosegrant and Torero1} As with any investment portfolio, diversification is a prudent strategy. A disproportionate investment in neuroscience is as imprudent as investing only in growth stocks and neglecting less risky investments that yield immediate albeit potentially more modest benefits. Publicly funded government agencies are custodians of research for the public good. A diversified research portfolio, balanced between longer- and shorter-term pay-outs, has the advantage of demonstrating to stakeholders a present and steady payoff in improvements to routine practice. Fortunately, the services-research end of the NIMH portfolio provides such examples today. When outgoing NIMH Director Insel gave his final top ten list of best mental health research stories for the year, his pick for number one was from the services-research portfolio, noting, ‘this year we saw a spectacular example of how to move research into practice … The Recovery After an Initial Schizophrenia Episode (RAISE) project developed a patient-centred, multi-element treatment approach for optimising outcomes after a first episode of psychosis’. ^{Reference Insel7} Although NIMH support for projects like RAISE continues, those funding levels are dwarfed by neuroscience-related investments. As presented at open access Council meetings, yearly total investment in non-HIV/AIDS services and interventions research since 2012 comprises ~15% of the NIMH budget, with basic and translational neuroscience research accounting for the remaining 85%.

To prioritise one area of science over others risks compromising the overall return-on-investment. Neuroscience is one road to improving mental health, but overenthusiasm for this area means losing opportunities for advancements in mental health through research in areas such as developing sustainable interventions to overcome disparities in access to effective treatment and outcomes; crafting technologies and implementation strategies to disseminate scalable, cost-efficient interventions; devising approaches to empower people to overcome barriers to engagement and retention in treatment; and deploying preventive interventions to reduce the burden of mental illness, including clarifying how to implement best practices in suicide prevention, especially given the dramatic rise in suicide. Scalability of prevention interventions is key. Solutions may leverage technological advances, such as mHealth-based counselling, computer and web-based resources and collaboration with caregivers – such as teachers, clergy and primary care providers – who are first points-of-contact for those in need.

When NIMH leaders sought to illustrate the limited impact of mental health research on public health, they compared the multiple-decade decline in cardiovascular mortality with an increasing suicide rate, citing our limited understanding of mechanisms and the lack of new treatment agents as barriers to progress. Yet, epidemiological explanations of the decline in cardiovascular mortality find that lifestyle changes affecting risk factors (such as smoking) account for 44–76% of decreased mortality, whereas novel treatments account for 23–47%. ^{Reference Ford and Capewell8} Research on how to develop and implement preventive (including early-detection) mental health interventions could have similarly salutatory effects. For instance, a substantial proportion of children's emotional impairments and poor school functioning could be alleviated by improving parenting skills, learning environments and habits of daily living. ⁹ Prevention research should also identify strategies for mitigating the effects of social determinants and physical environments triggering mental illness. Pursuing these opportunities would result in a more diversified portfolio of intervention development, dissemination and implementation than currently exists.

In sum, too often our mental health research funding neglects immediate public health needs to focus on future discoveries, reflecting the drive for technological solutions for disorders that are unequally distributed and partly socially determined. Time frames for such payoffs have previously been consistently under-estimated, underscoring the prudence of keeping a healthy portion of the research portfolio invested in projects with shorter-term benefits.

Finding the right balance

Ultimately, what is the right funding balance between neuroscience and applied research? Ensuring that the mental health research portfolio yields steady payoffs independent of the pay-outs that come with scarce scientific breakthroughs requires investing a more substantial proportion of the research portfolio in developing novel applied treatments, such as RAISE, and to the science of how to implement basic science advances, including how to tailor them across diverse clinical settings and communities. Research must be funded to overcome barriers at every level – from systems to patient-level factors – that limit the use and effectiveness of interventions, including through prevention/early-intervention strategies and therapies for those already ill.

Public health has always been a cornerstone of the NIMH mandate. One of its foundational documents, the Action for Mental Health Report of 1960, defined the agency's mission as ‘arriv[ing] at a national program that would approach adequacy in meeting the individual needs of the mentally ill people of America’. ¹⁰ NIMH research must advance current prevention and care delivery strategies, even as it races towards a cure. En-route, NIMH should fund research to evaluate the evidence base and make practice recommendations feasible to implement in routine practice settings. Such standards could be used by states and other payers as they hold managed care organisations and other provider groups accountable. Broadly in US health policy, an emerging consensus calls for health in all policies, mental health in all health, and attention to the social determinants of health. The recent distribution of funding from NIMH suggests that these concepts need increased attention, priority and dollars.

Next steps

We call for an increase in public discussion of how to apportion funding resources across mental health research domains, as broad participation by stakeholders can lead to new policy priorities. This conversation should be fostered within national and international health organisations, government funding agencies such as the NIMH, and professional journals and organisations as well as in public forums, legislative hearings and political debates. These discussions must address thorny details, such as what proportion of the budget should be allocated to what research areas; the near-term public health consequences of particular priorities; and how to leverage inter-agency collaborations to attain a robust and sustainable public health impact. The conversation should be international in scope. The NIMH can contribute to, and benefit from, the global discussion on funding policy conducted by organisations like the Roadmap for Mental Health Research and Well-Being in Europe, the Global Mental Health Initiative, Horizon 2020 and Grand Challenges Canada. Paramount in these discussions must be alleviating the terrible burden that individuals and families living with mental illness face every day. As Harry Hopkins, co-architect of the 1940s New Deal, replied to members of Congress who opposed allocating federal funds to lift the economy out of the Great Depression, claiming that the economy would sort itself out ‘in the long run’: ‘People don't eat in the long run, they eat every day’.