THE HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF THE OBLIGATION

One of the earliest statements of the obligation on the clergy to recite the daily prayers is found in the Code of Justinian in the sixth century:

It should be noted that at this date the obligation to offer prayers personally, rather than by hired proxies, is already seen as essential to the office of the clergy. Those who do not do so merely ‘appear’ to be clergy and can be removed from the clerical state.

In 1215, the Fourth Lateran Council stated: ‘We … strictly command in virtue of obedience that [clerics] celebrate diligently and devoutly the diurnal and nocturnal offices so far as God gives them strength.’Footnote ² By this time, the term ‘office’ (officium) was used to refer to the daily prayers of the clergy, implying in the very word that these prayers are part of the duty of the clergy. The pastoral concession ‘so far as God gives them strength’ indicates that the duty is not absolute but tempered by such limits as physical health.

In England, the 1529 Canons assume that the divine office is said by the clergy, and further order the clergy to spend two to three hours a day in Scripture study, or reading the doctors of the Church. Failure to do so was to be punished by the ordinaries during their visitations.Footnote ³ The 1662 Book of Common Prayer, in common with earlier editions, states that ‘all Priests and Deacons are to say daily the Morning and Evening Prayer either privately or openly, not being let by sickness, or some other urgent cause’.Footnote ⁴

THE PURPOSE OF THE OBLIGATION

The Book of Common Prayer approvingly explains that the ‘ancient Fathers’ ordered the daily prayers of the Church so that the clergy ‘should (by often reading, and meditation in God's word) be stirred up to godliness themselves and be more able to exhort others by wholesome Doctrine, and to confute them that were adversaries to the Truth’.Footnote ⁵ John Cosin, the seventeenth-century Bishop of Durham, called the obligation to recite the daily prayers of the Church ‘a precept the most useful and necessary of any other that belong to the ministers of God’.Footnote ⁶

Much more recently, a 2015 Act of Convocation declared the daily office to be an ‘essential’ foundation of ministry:

The date and formal status of this document should give reassurance, if any were needed, that the obligation is not an otiose or archaic provision.

WHOM DOES THE OBLIGATION BIND?

According to the 1549 Prayer Book, only clergy who served a congregation were bound to say Matins and Evensong.Footnote ⁸ In the later Prayer Books, the instruction to say Morning and Evening Prayer daily is extended to ‘all Priests and Deacons’.Footnote ⁹ The current Canon C 26 makes it clear that the obligation extends to bishops as well, binding ‘every clerk in Holy Orders’. Whereas certain canons are concerned only with ministers who hold ecclesiastical office (for example, C 28, ‘Of the occupations of ministers’), Canon C 26 includes no such restriction. It binds all clergy, even after resignation, retirement or suspension.

PRIVATELY OR OPENLY

The obligation is fulfilled by saying Morning and Evening Prayer either ‘privately or openly’. The daily office said privately may be said alone, but is not necessarily so: praying at home with family or friends would be a case of fulfilling the obligation privately rather than openly.Footnote ¹⁰

The Declaration of Assent made by clergy states ‘in public prayer and administration of the sacraments, I will use only the forms of service which are authorized or allowed by Canon’ (emphasis added). However, Morning and Evening Prayer are forms of service according to Canon B 1(1),Footnote ¹¹ and Canon B 1(2) states that ‘Every minister shall use only the forms of service authorized by this Canon, except so far as he may exercise the discretion permitted by Canon B 5.’ The obligation to say Morning and Evening Prayer daily therefore requires the use of authorised or allowed forms of service, even if said privately.

AUTHORISED FORMS OF SERVICE

Four authorised forms of service fulfil the obligation at the time of writing:

1. i. Morning and Evening Prayer in the Book of Common Prayer. These forms of service are what the canonical obligation is primarily referring to;

2. ii. A variation on the Prayer Book services according to the ‘Schedule of permitted variations to the Book of Common Prayer Orders for Morning and Evening Prayer’ authorised by the General Synod for use from December 2000;Footnote ¹²

3. iii. The shortened forms of Morning and Evening Prayer set out in the Schedule to the Act of Uniformity Amendment Act 1872;Footnote ¹³

4. iv. A Service of the Word. This service was authorised for use from December 2000 as part of the Common Worship family of services. It ‘consists almost entirely of notes and directions and allows for considerable local variation and choice within a common structure’.Footnote ¹⁴ In the notes to the service it is stated that ‘This service is authorized as an alternative to Morning Prayer and Evening Prayer.’Footnote ¹⁵

A form of the daily office frequently used by clergy is found in the book (or smartphone app) Common Worship: Daily Prayer. This book was published at the request of the House of Bishops of the General Synod of the Church of England. The forms of Morning and Evening Prayer contained in this book are not themselves authorised, but are said to conform to the notes and directions for ‘A Service of the Word’– and therefore to be examples of services permitted under that authorisation.

VARIATIONS TO THE AUTHORISED FORMS OF SERVICES

At one time, it was held that ‘uniformity … is one of the leading and distinguishing principles of the Church of England – nothing is left to the discretion and fancy of the individual’.Footnote ¹⁶ This is, however, no longer the approach of the Church of England, and the authorised services do not always have to be followed with unvarying strictness. Canon B 5 provides that ‘The minister who is to conduct the service may in his discretion make and use variations which are not of substantial importance in any form of service authorized by Canon B 1 according to particular circumstances.’Footnote ¹⁷ The Canon continues:

It may seem odd to consider what variations to the authorised forms of service of Morning and Evening Prayer are allowed. ‘Common Worship: A Service of the Word’, described above, already provides remarkable latitude as an authorised form of service. Nevertheless, there may be occasions when a minister wishes to vary the form of service even beyond what is authorised in that service. We can take a single example. Note 5 to ‘A Service of the Word’ states: ‘The readings are taken from an authorised lectionary during the period from the Third Sunday of Advent to the Baptism of Christ, and from Palm Sunday to Trinity Sunday.’ This note appears to cause a problem for those clergy who wish, for example, to use traditional monastic patterns of the daily office, where Morning and Evening Prayer (also known as Lauds and Vespers) are rich in psalmody and canticle but include only one short biblical reading. In this pattern, the fuller diet of Scripture is provided for at a separate Office of Readings. This is the daily practice at many Anglican Benedictine and other religious communities. While in other respects this daily office may fulfil the criteria for ‘A Service of the Word’, an authorised lectionary is not used at Morning and Evening Prayer.

Nevertheless, we have reason to believe that such a variation from Note 5 is, in fact, permitted. Common Worship: Daily Prayer itself states that ‘The Common Worship weekday lectionary may be used at Prayer During the Day, whilst the short reading set for Prayer During the Day may be used within Morning or Evening Prayer.’Footnote ¹⁹ This option provides exactly for the ‘monastic’ pattern of the daily office described above, but following it would mean that the service no longer conforms to the use of any authorised lectionary. If this is permitted, it can only be because such a variation is allowed under Canon B 5. Common Worship: Daily Prayer accordingly states that ‘Use of other material in Common Worship: Daily Prayer falls within the discretion canonically allowed to the minister under Canon B5’.Footnote ²⁰ Because Common Worship: Daily Prayer is published at the request of the House of Bishops, this interpretation of Canon B 5 presumably carries with it the authority of that house.Footnote ²¹

If this holds true for Common Worship: Daily Prayer, it can be used for other interpretations of ‘A Service of the Word’.Footnote ²² Ordained members of Benedictine and other religious communities can, therefore, fulfil their obligation by use of services in the ‘monastic’ pattern. This same pattern (where longer bible passages are read in an Office of Readings separate from Morning and Evening Prayer) is also found in the Roman breviary. If prayed by clergy of the Church of England for ecumenical reasons, it could on the above argument be compatible with ‘A Service of the Word’, and enable such clergy to fulfil their obligation.

THE MEANING OF THE WORD ‘SAY’

‘Saying’ Morning or Evening Prayer does not necessarily mean officiating at the service. Being present in the congregation and making the responses has always been understood as fulfilling the obligation, and indeed to pray with others is generally preferable.Footnote ²³

The notes to Common Worship: Daily Prayer say ‘In the rubrics, “said” and “sung” are interchangeable.’Footnote ²⁴ Canon B 11 also refers to the services of Morning and Evening Prayer in church as being ‘said or sung’. The word ‘say’ in Canon C 26 should be understood as including singing.

On several occasions, the order for Morning and Evening Prayer in the Book of Common Prayer specifies that ‘a loud voice’ be used. This may be thought unsuitable when saying the office on public transport, and appropriate adaptation may be required. Common Worship: Daily Prayer recommends, but does not require, praying aloud when alone, leaving open the option of purely mental prayer when necessary.Footnote ²⁵ When Morning and Evening Prayer are required to be said in a church or cathedral, however, they must be said or sung ‘distinctly, reverently, and in an audible voice’.Footnote ²⁶

In response to the restrictions on public worship during part of 2020, many parishes in the Church of England made greater use of online services, including, for example, Morning Prayer said over video-conferencing platforms such as Zoom or Google Meet. This would seem to be another adaptation necessary to circumstance, just as forms of services have to be adapted to the circumstance of praying alone.Footnote ²⁷

THE LANGUAGE TO BE USED

The Book of Common Prayer orders that ‘when men say Morning and Evening Prayer privately, they may say the same in any language that they themselves do understand’.Footnote ²⁸ Canon B 42 also considers the use of languages other than English. The authorised Latin translation of the 1662 Book of Common Prayer was edited by Jean Durel and published in 1670.Footnote ²⁹ Latin services have frequently taken place in the Church of England since the Reformation; they have in practice used one of a number of translations of authorised services.Footnote ³⁰

Canon B42(3) sets out a procedure whereby translations of authorised services into other language can be approved. However, aside from Latin, no authorised translations of Morning and Evening Prayer have been published at the present time. Therefore, in order to avail themselves of the permission granted by the Book of Common Prayer to use languages other than English (in private), clergy will need to use the discretion permitted by Canon B 5 in selecting the most appropriate translation available.

‘LET BY SICKNESS OR SOME OTHER URGENT CAUSE’

The 1662 Prayer Book and Canon C 26 both exempt clergy from the obligation when they are let (that is to say, hindered) by ‘sickness or some other urgent cause’. The word ‘urgent’ carries the sense of an immediate need. We can compare this exception to similar provisions in the canon law of other churches. In the Anglican Church of Southern Africa, for example, Canon C 24(1) orders that every cleric should say daily Morning and Evening Prayer ‘in the absence of reasonable hindrance’. In the Roman Catholic Church, the Congregation for Divine Worship has stated

ENFORCEMENT

Disciplinary proceedings under the Clergy Discipline Measure 2003 may be instituted against a member of the clergy for ‘failing to do any other act required by the laws ecclesiastical’, which could include a failure to fulfil the obligations of Canon C 26.Footnote ³² However, the Measure ‘deals only with allegations of misconduct which are serious in nature’, and allegations respecting the obligation to say Morning and Evening Prayer may not always pass this test, especially if they solely concern a minister's private devotions.Footnote ³³ Furthermore, if the proceedings relate to matters involving doctrine, ritual or ceremonial, they are to be determined by the Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction Measure 1963. In practice, it seems unlikely that either Measure would be used to enforce the daily obligation to pray Morning and Evening Prayer.Footnote ³⁴ Enforcement therefore principally takes place in foro conscientiae, that is, the conscientious desire of the clergy to carry out the duties of their office. It is hoped that this article may contribute to the informing of consciences, so that clergy may be better able to fulfil their obligation.

There are certain ways in which the obligation may feature in the oversight and education of the clergy. The practice of the daily office is part of the formation of those preparing for ordained ministry in the Church of England: ‘Ordained ministers are sustained by disciplined personal and corporate prayer shaped by the responsibilities of public ministry and corporate worship in the tradition of the Church of England.’Footnote ³⁵ The purpose of the daily office, and the obligation laid upon clergy, can be included in programmes of continuing ministerial education, as exemplified by the presence of Canon C 26 and other Canons in ‘Ecclesiastical law: curriculum for clergy in the Church of England’, published by the Ecclesiastical Law Society in 2020.Footnote ³⁶ Ordained ministers’ pattern of daily prayer is also something that can be discussed in spiritual direction and in ministerial development review.Footnote ³⁷

MORNING AND EVENING PRAYER IN CHURCHES AND CATHEDRALS

As we have seen, the obligation in Canon C 26 binds all clergy of the Church of England. An additional duty is imposed upon a priest having a cure of souls in Canon C 24(1):

We should note that the obligation here is not that the priest should officiate or be present at these services but that the priest should provide for these services to be said. The ‘reasonable hindrance’ of this Canon seems a lower bar than the ‘urgent cause’ of Canon C 26. The Book of Common Prayer suggests that the priest's absence from home may count as a ‘reasonable hindrance’ to Morning or Evening Prayer being said in church.Footnote ³⁸

Canon B 11 lays down slightly different requirements from Canon C 26 about when Morning and Evening Prayer must be said in churches. On Sundays and certain other days, Morning and Evening Prayer must be said in church, but on other days, following certain consultations, these services may take place ‘elsewhere as may best serve to sustain the corporate spiritual life of the benefice (or benefices) and the pattern of life enjoined upon ministers by Canon C 26’.Footnote ³⁹ Furthermore, instead of the ‘reasonable hindrance’ of Canon C 24, Canon B 11 says that ‘The reading of Morning and Evening Prayer as required by this Canon may only be dispensed with in accordance with the provisions of Canon B 14A.’Footnote ⁴⁰

Canons C 26 and B 11 are therefore at odds with one another.Footnote ⁴¹ Whereas the clergy and parochial church council might decide, for example, that under B 11(2) Morning Prayer on a certain weekday should be said in one of the parish's schools or care homes instead of in church, this would only be permitted under Canon C 26 if there were a ‘reasonable hindrance’ to Morning Prayer being said in church. These two Canons ought to be brought into alignment so that a conscientious priest does not have to seek to fulfil both sets of conditions simultaneously.