Introduction

The principal medial moraine of Storbreen, west Jotunheimen, Norway (lat. 61° 35’ N., long. 8° 15’ E.; Fig. 1) has been described in recent studies of lichen growth on supraglacial debris by Reference MatthewsMatthews (1973) and Reference GriffeyGriffey (1978). Neither of these authors, however, mentions the well-developed sorted patterned ground that has formed on this moraine. To the present author’s knowledge, patterned ground on supragiacial debris has not previously been recorded; this note describes the distribution and characteristics of the patterned ground on the Storbre medial moraine and suggests two modes of formation.

Fig. 1.

Storbre medial moraine, showing the zones of abundant patterned ground (A), sporadic patterned ground (B), and rare patterned ground (C).

Distribution of patterned ground

The Storbre medial moraine extends a distance of approximately 1 ooo m from the snout of the glacier (altitude c. 1370 m) to the base of a nunatak (altitude c. 1550 m) and thus lies entirely below the equilibrium line, which is given by Liestol (1967, p. 34) as 1690 m. The uppermost part of the moraine is a steep-sided ridge apparently resting on bedrock (Reference GriffeyGriffey, 1978), but approximately 650 m from the glacier snout this ridge becomes flattened to form a line of debris c. 30 m wide and 50–650 mm thick. Patterned-ground features are restricted in distribution to the lowermost 400 m of the moraine, where the thickness of supraglacial debris rarely exceeds 200 mm. The features are best developed and most abundant within 100 m of the snout, sporadic in occurrence between 100 m and 230 m, and rare beyond 230 m (Fig. 1).

Patterned Ground characteristics

The patterned ground on the Storbre moraine consists of “islands” of relatively fine material surrounded by pebbles, cobbles, and occasional boulders (Fig. 2). As these “islands” tend to be circular or irregular in plan, the features fall into the categories of “sorted circles” or “nets” as described by Reference WashburnWashburn (1973). They are henceforth referred to as “circles”.

Fig. 2.

Typical sorted circles on Storbre medial moraine.

The characteristics of a sample of 50 circles were examined. In every case the fine material in the centre of the circle was underlain at a depth of 5-80 mm by a dome of glacier ice (Fig. 3), and the coarse material occupied the surrounding depressions. The dimensions of these 50 circles are summarized in Figure 4: the mean diameter of the debris “islands” was very variable (Fig. 4a), ranging from 0.1 m to 0.9 m, with 88% of the sample between 0.2 m and 0.6 m; the underlying ice domes generally rose less than 0.2 m above the deepest point in the surrounding depressions (Fig. 4b); and although only 10% of the “islands” were perfectly circular, equally few had an elongation (maximum diameter/minimum diameter) of more than 2.0 (Fig. 4c). Mean diameter D showed a moderate correlation with dome height h according to the regression

Fig. 3.

Small ice domes underlying two sorted circles.

Fig. 4.

Frequency histograms summarizing the dimensions of 50 sorted circles: a. mean diameter; b. maximum dome height above the surrounding depression; c. elongation (maximum diameter/minimum diameter).

The particle-size characteristics of three circles were examined by sampling material from the centres (by sieving) and margins (by measurement of intermediate axis length for 50 clasts at each site). All three sites showed very similar characteristics. The centres were predominantly composed of coarse sand, granules, and small pebbles (Fig. 5), and the margins of pebbles and cobbles (Fig. 6). Occasionally, however, isolated boulders up to one metre long were found adjacent to “islands” of fines.

Fig. 5.

Grain-size characteristics of fine material from the centres of three sorted circles.

Fig. 6.

Frequency histograms summarizing particle-size characteristics of coarse material from the margins of three sorted circles (n = 50 in each case).

Formation

Despite the superficial resemblance of the patterned ground on the Storbre moraine to small-scale circles and nets formed under periglacial conditions, explanation of the Storbre features in terms of traditional theories of patterned ground formation (see Reference WashburnWashburn, 1973, for a summary of proposed mechanisms) is invalid on account of the presence of glacier ice at shallow depth beneath the supraglacial debris. Two alternative modes of formation are suggested, as follows.

(i) Differential ablation caused by differences in the thickness of supraglacial debris cover (Fig. 7)

Fig. 7.

Formation of sorted circles by differential ablation under a debris cover of variable thickness (schematic).

Over the entire surface of the lowest 400 m of the moraine, debris thickness is uneven (7a). As the ice surface melts, ice underlying patches of thicker debris melts more slowly than the surrounding ice, so that ice domes are formed under thicker debris (7b). When the sides of such domes become sufficiently sleep, coarse material moves into the surrounding depressions, forming a sorted circle (7c).

(ii) Differential ablation caused by the presence of a cap stone (Fig. 8)

Fig. 8.

Formation of a sorted circle due to survival of an ice dome under a cap stone (schematic).

As observed above, isolated boulders are found adjacent to “islands” of fine material in the lower parts of the moraine. Boulders were also found in situ on top of ice-cored mounds with a superficial cover of fine material. This suggests that some of the sorted circles form as a result of a large boulder, deposited on top of finer debris (9a) protecting the underlying ice during melting (9b) until it and other coarse material move off the supporting pedestal (9c), again leaving a sorted circle with an underlying ice dome. Two such cap stones were actually observed to fall off their pedestals during the course of field observations.

Discussion

The two modes of formation proposed above explain all of the observed characteristics of the Storbreen sorted circles. In particular, they account for the abundance of the features near the glacier snout, where melting is most rapid (Reference LiestølLiestøl, 1967) and the restriction of patterned-ground formation to areas of thin (<200 mm) debris cover, as differential ablation would be ineffective where debris cover is thicker. The explanations offered above also account for the large variation in the diameters of the circles, the correlation between circle diameter and the height of the underlying ice dome, and the presence of large boulders adjacent to some “islands” of fine material.

It is unlikely that the sorted circles formed on the medial moraine could survive deposition in front of the glacier. At present the Storbre medial moraine terminates down-glacier at the principal melt-water stream, and itself has not survived deposition. Even if this were not so, rapid melting and dissection by supraglacial melt water are presently responsible for the destruction of all traces of patterned ground in the immediate vicinity of the glacier snout.