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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 February 2026

Laurent Warlouzet
Laurent Warlouzet
Affiliation:
Sorbonne Université

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Type
Chapter
Information
Liberty, Solidarity and Community
Capitalism and European Integration, 1945 to the Present
 , pp. 370 - 390
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2026
Creative Commons
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This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

Aachen Memorandum, The, 290
AAPD, See Akten zur Auswärtigen Politik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (AAPD).
Abu Dhabi, 247
Acker, Antoine, 21
ACP countries, 137, 174
Act to Support Ammunition Production (ASAP), 266
Adenauer, Konrad, 50, 104–105
AEG, 120
aerospace industry, 69, 71–72, 106–107, 110–112, 113, 117, 120, 123–125, 151, 185, 259, 269
Aerospatiale-Matra, 249
AfD, See Alternative Party for Germany (AfD).
Afghanistan, 106, 218, 238, 257, 263, 275, 277, 280
Africa, 42, 135, 136–137, 218, 224, 234, 242, 258, 265, 283
Africans, 137, 242
agriculture, 40, 51–53, 54, 61, 107–108, 110, 144, 145, 148–149, 273, 275
AI, See articifial intelligence.
aid, 52, 58–60, 117, 119, 137, 140, 141–142, 214, 225, 253–255, 268, 273
Air France, 70, 185
air transport, deregulation of, 69
Airbus, 27–28, 110–113, 115–116, 121–125, 145, 151, 185, 249, 254, 288–289
aircraft
A300, 111, 113
A320, 111
A400M, 257, 259
aircraft, See aerospace industry.
Aixtron, 253
Albert, Michel, 63, 120–122
Albert-Ball Report, 67, 121, 252
Alcan, 184
Alfa Romeo, 119
Algeria, 105, 137, 273, 360
Algiers Conference of Non-Aligned Countries, 130
Alibaba, 241
Allende, Salvador, 130
Almunia
Joaquin, 183, 192
Alstom, 184–185
Alstom, Siemens merger, 191, 253
Alternative Party for Germany (AfD), 203, 277
Altmeier, Peter, 253
aluminium, 184, 234
Alussuisse, 184
Amato, Giuliano, 167
Amato-Kennedy law, 238
Amazon (company), 185, 191, 241
Amazon (rainforest), 21, 211, 243
Amsterdam, Treaty of, xi, 188
Andreatta, Beniamino, 184
Andreotti, Giulio, 164
Andriessen, Frans, 59, 70, 143, 147
Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA), 210
antitrust policy, 15, 51, 192–193, See also cartels and competition policy
Apeldoorn, Bastian van, 13, 25
Apollo lunar program, 112
Apple, 28, 173, 185, 191, 234, 241
Arab-Israeli conflict, 106
Arcelor, 247, 248
Archibugi, Franco, 93
Ariane program, 110, 113, 124–125, 151, 254
Aristotle, 173
Arrow-3 missile system, 269
Artificial Intelligence Act, 249
asbestos, 86, 224, 287
ASEAN, See Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), 239
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 38, 239
AstraZeneca, 222, 256
AT&T, 70
Atlantic Alliance, See NATO.
ATR, 72, 123
Attali, Jacques, 65, 122
Aubry, Martine, 128
Auroux, Jean, 128
Austin, Lloyd, 268
Austria, 196, 200
authoritarianism, 20, 35, 92, 127, 141, 158, 227, 237, 240, 242, 255–256, 260, 263
automobile industry, 29, 30, 59, 89, 144, 146, 151, 226, 233–234, 247
Dieselgate scandal, 182, 202, 230, 282
electric-powered vehicles, 244, 253
automotive industry, unleaded petrol, 89–90, 281, 288
Aznar
José Maria, 208, 257
Aznavour, Charles, 158
Azores summit, 257
Baidu, 241
Bakas, Adjieedj, 238
Baker, James, 149
Baldwin, Richard, 112
Ball, Albert, 63
Balladur, Édouard, 167
Ball-Albert Report, See Albert-Ball Report.
Bangemann, Martin, 111, 123–124, 191, 288
banking, 30, 116–117, 148, 157, 169, 183, 197, 199–200, 211, 222, 255
Banque de France, 93, 154, 166–167
Bardot, Brigitte, 88
Barnier, Michel, 261
Barre, Raymond, 87, 116, 141, 163, 164
Barroso, José Manuel, 180, 181, 206, 209–210, 212, 226, 257, 271
Basel Conventions on Hazardous Waste, 225, 281
Basel–Nyborg Agreement, 167
basketball, 173
Beck, Ulrich, 202, 230
beer, 65, 76, 110
Beer Purity Decree, 65
Belgium, 50, 52, 53–54, 79, 85, 95–96, 102, 119, 136, 138, 141, 144, 311
Benelux countries, 50, 52, 63, 73, 76, 135, 146, 284, 363
Bérégovoy, Pierre, 60, 97, 165, 166, 167
Bergman, Ingrid, 158
Bergougnoux, Jean, 187
Berlin crisis, 53, 105
Berlusconi, Silvio, 201, 208
Bernanke, Ben, 200
Bethell, Nicholas William, 69–70
Beveridge, William, 22, 78
Beyen, Johan Willem, 51, 91
Bhopal disaster, 88
Biden, Joseph R., 193, 238, 251
BioNTech, 256
Birds Directive (1979), 224
Bismarck, Otto von, 22
BlackRock, 229
Blair House Agreement, 110
Blair, Tony, 178, 207, 224, 256–257
Bloch, Marc, 14
Blum
Norbert, 83
Blum, Léon, 51
Blyth, Mark, 158
Boeing, 28, 69, 111–112, 254
Boersma, Jacob, 88
Bolkestein directive, 177, 179–180, 204–205
Bolkestein, Frits, 27, 179
Bologna Process, 207, 210
Bolsonaro, Jair, 21, 176, 212, 242, 243
Borrell, Josep, 245, 361
Bosman, Jean-Marc, 179
Bouchardeau, Huguette, 89–90
Boulin, Robert, 96–97, 99, 128, 131, 288
Boussac, 120
Bradford, Anu, 149, 249
Brandeis, Louis, 193
Brandt, Willy, 7, 80, 99, 131, 135–136, 155, 274, 279, 282
Brazil, 130, 138, 150, 176, 211, 235, 239, 243, 289
Breit, Ernst, 82
Bresciani, 141
Breton, Thierry, 187, 191, 193, 250, 255
Bretton-Woods system, 154, 279
Breuel, Birgit, 117
Brexit, 36, 38, 44, 47, 211, 225, 236, 238, 260–271, 277, 283, 286
Britannia Unchained, 260
British Aerospace, 68
British Budget Question, 61
British Leyland, 118
British Railways, 189
British Shipbuilders, 118
British Telecom, 70, 118, 119
Brittan, Leon, 41, 68–69, 71–72, 74, 76, 123–124, 148, 149, 178, 179, 183, 187, 204, 285, 289
Brittan, Samuel, 71
Bruges Group, 75
Brundtland report, 88
Brundtland, Gro, 88
Brussels effect, 148–149, 237, 249, 250–251, 270–271, 276
Brussels Pact, 103
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 42
BSC, 140, 141
BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) crisis, 44, 182
Bukman, Piet, 40
Bulgaria, 221, 241
Bull (company), 123
Bullitt, William, 272
Bullock, Alan, 128
Bundesbank, xi, 57, 117, 154, 157, 163, 165–166, 167, 171, 176, 199
Bundeskartellamt, 57
Bush
George H. W., 37, 238
George W., 185, 233, 238
Butler, Michael, 73
Cadbury Schweppes, 181
Caisse des Dépôts et Consignation, 255
Centre Européen des Entreprises Publiques (CEEP), 188, 207
Callaghan, James, 135, 156, 161
Cameron, David, 210, 262
Canada, 36, 113, 162, 211, 243, 245, 252, 268
CAP, See Common Agricultural Policy.
capitalism, trinity of, 2, 5, 7, 16, 44, 153, 174, 290
car industry, See automobile industry.
carbon dioxide, 223, 229, 230–233, 234
carbon tax, 11, 228, 231–234, 252, 275, 277, 287
Cardoso, Antonio, 187
Carey, Henry, 26
Carington, Peter, 43
cartels, 3, 16–17, 24–25, 45, 56–57, 58, 130–131, 138–139, 142, 150, 190–191, 289
notification system, 58, 190
regulation, 190, 192
Carter, Jimmy, 69, 129, 156, 163, 171
Caspari, Manfred, 27
Cassis de Dijon ruling, 62–63, 76, 281
Catalonia, 34
catalytic converters, 89, 281
CBI, See Confederacy of British Industry (CBI).
CDU, See Christian Democratic Union (CDU).
Cecchini, Paolo, 63
CEEP, See Centre Européen des Entreprises Publiques.
Central European University (CEU), 215, 243
CEPT, 66
CETA, See Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA).
CFDT, xi, 10, 132–133, 159
CFM, 113
Chaban-Delmas, Jacques, 82, 93
Chang, Peng Chun, 241
Channel Islands, 211
Channel Tunnel, 123
Charney Report, 231
Chernobyl accident, 114
Chernobyl disaster, 88
Chevènement, Jean-Pierre, 165
Cheysson, Claude, 121
Chicago school, 45, 119, 189, 193–194
Chicago school of economics, 21, 157, 189 See also neoliberalism
Chile, 20, 130, 157
China, 20, 35, 38, 173–174, 175, 176, 234–235, 237–242, 244–247, 251–254, 257–259, 264, 276–280
dependence on, 245, 292
Chinese capitalism, 176
Chinese vaccine diplomacy, 256
Chirac, Jacques, 70, 86, 148, 161, 166, 208, 224
Christian Democratic Union (CDU), 76, 110, 161, 253, 267
Chrysler, 28, 129
Churchill, Winston, 43
CIEC (Conference on International Economic Cooperation), 130
CLEAR campaign, 89
Clinton, Bill, 233, 263
Clinton-Davis, Stanley, 70
Club 89, 75
Club de l’Horloge, 75
CNPF, 10
CO2, See carbon dioxide.
coal, 6, 30–31, 50–51, 57, 102, 114, 118, 127, 226, 233
Cockfield Report, 56, 65–67, 74, 149
codetermination, 83, 127–128, 132, 134, 282
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste/Colbertism, 26, 27, 115, 124
Cold War, 36, 50, 53, 75, 81, 101, 144, 170, 173, 174, 238, 259, 263–264, 276, 282
Colonna di Paliano, Guido, 121
Commerzbank, 249
Committee of Permanent Representatives (COREPER), x
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), 61, 65, 87, 92, 107–110, 124–125, 141, 144, 275–276, 283, 284, 288
Common Fisheries Policy, 225
Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), 10, 106, 256
Common Market, 46–47, 48, 52–55, 61–62, 68, 69, 75–77, 97–98, 105, 136, 141, 146, 252, 281
Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), 257
Commonwealth of Nations, 53–54, 260
Communication Decency Act (US 1996), 173
Communist Party of France (PCF), 15
community capitalism, 1, 3–5, 7–8, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21–26, 36–37, 43–44, 58, 63, 74, 124, 125, 154, 220, 237, 243–244, 270, 271, 274, 276, 285, 288
balance with other forms of capitalism, 1
British Empire, 31
challenges, 7–8, 288–290
China, 176
in combination, with both, 127, 129, 205, 219, 253
combined with other ideal types, 17
ECSC and, 273
EEC and, 274
environmental protection and, 226, 236, 288
ethical valence, 8
European Community and, 100, 126, 178
European institutions and, 44
European integration and, 5, 13
France, 283
globalisation and, 150
historical context, 26–29
migration and, 218
monetary union and, 153
Nazism as extreme version of, 17
neoliberalism and, 243–244, 276
neomercantilism and, 24
normative power and, 151, 250
overview, 3
protectionism and, 4
solidarity capitalism and, 45
South East Asia, 240
Trump administration as example, 1, 18
UEFA, 179
community principle, 4, 25, 27, 107, 140, 146, 148
competition policy, 41, 45–46, 49, 51, 56–57, 60–61, 67–68, 183, 186, 189–194, 204–205, 249–250, 278–282
Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), 211, 250, 252, 271
Concorde, 111, 116, 289
Confederation of British Industry (CBI), xi, 10, 133
Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, x, 87
Confucianism, 241
Corbyn, Jeremy, 261
COREPER, See Committee of Permanent Representatives (COREPER).
Corn Laws, 31
Cotonou Agreement, 174
Coudenhove-Kalergi, Richard von, 264
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, 38
Council of Ministers, 39–40, 45, 64, 65, 70, 73, 97, 134, 170, 219, 259
Court of Justice, See European Court of Justice (ECJ).
Covid-19 pandemic, 200, 213, 220–221, 222, 243, 252, 255, 258, 263, 269, 270–271, 277, 284
Crimea, 247, 264
CSCE (Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe), x, 87
CSDP (Common Security and Defence Policy), 257
Cuba, 28, 238
cubism, 8
customs barriers, 25, 63, 239
customs duties, 26, 38, 51, 53, 54, 56, 61–62, 208, 213, 222, 239
Cyprus, 36, 198, 217, 247
Dacia, 248
Daimler-Benz, 71, 112, 118
d’Alema, Massimo, 208
DASA, 249
Dasault Rafale, 107
Dassault, 113
Dassault Mercure, 113
Davignon, Étienne, 12, 132, 133, 138–142, 146, 151, 285, 363
De Havilland, 72, 123, 148
de Michelis, Gianni, 82
Debré, Michel, 95, 109, 154
Debunne, George, 97
Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA), 265
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 7, 28
Defrenne, Gabrielle, 85
Dekker, Wisse, 148
Delors Commission, 74, 98, 166, 214, 275
Delors, Jacques, 12, 37, 40, 63, 65–66, 74, 76–77, 81–84, 91, 93–94, 96, 98–99, 122–124, 128, 132, 148–149, 165, 166–167, 168, 170, 178, 184, 207, 209
Delors Report, 168, 169–170, 197, 203
Deng Xiaoping, 241, 275
Denmark, 36, 40, 55, 83, 158, 162, 195, 220, 224, 232, 243
deregulation, 18, 45, 70, 73–75, 161, 178, 286
d’Estaing
Valéry Giscard, 61, 142
Deutsche Telecom, 186
deutschmark, 30, 157, 163, 165–166, 168, 169–170
DGB, See German Trade Union Confederation (DGB).
Dieselgate scandal, 182, 202, 230, 282
Digital Markets Act (DMA), 192, 249
Digital Services Act (DSA), 192, 249
Dimas, Stavros, 226
DIN standards, 64
dioxin, 86
Director General for Competition, 184, 188, 190
Djibouti, 242
dollar (currency), 4, 120, 143–144, 153–154, 163, 170
Donbas, 247
Draghi, Mario, 10, 184, 198, 220, 259, 283, 291
Dublin III Agreement, 217
Duchêne, François, 148
Dumas, Roland, 40, 60
Dutch East India Company, 26
Dyson, Kenneth, 202
East Asia, 135, 255
East Coast Main Line (UK), 189
East India Company, 127
EBRD (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development), 215
EC, See Euroean Community.
ECAC (European Civil Aviation Conference), 70
ECSC Treaty, 51, 79, 140, 151
Eden, Anthony, 103
EDF (European Development Fund), 136
EDF Energy, 119
education, 6, 16, 24, 37, 41, 78, 84, 93, 175, 188, 206, 210, 302
EEA (European Economic Area), 177
EEC, See European Economic Community (EEC).
EFSF (European Financial Stability Facility), 197–198
EFTA, See European Free Trade Association.
Ehlermann, Claus-Dieter, 184, 188, 190
EIB (European Investment Bank), 91, 247, 255
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 28, 103, 104, 105, 124, 268
ELEC (European League of Economic Cooperation), xi, 54
electricity generation, 29, 114, 187
Elf, 228
Elizabeth II of the UK, 110
embedded liberalism, 33, 272–273, 279
EMEP (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme), 87
EMU (economic and monetary union), x, 46, 169, 279
energy, 12, 50, 52, 95, 114, 116, 124, 145, 177, 186–187, 226
low-cost, 253
nuclear power, 42, 113–114, 116, 119, 226–227, 232, 263
renewable, 291
environmental legislation, 89, 182, 223, 227–228, 236, 281, 286
environmental NGOs, 5, 8, 16, 224, 278–287
environmental policy, 78, 88, 223, 227–228, 230, 236, 274, 277–282, 285, 290
regulations, 13, 40, 90, 206, 223, 224, 226, 228, 231, 276, 288
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), xi, 182, 228
environmentalism, 15, 22, 24, 89, 193, 224, 229, 274–275, 287–288
EPA, See Environmental Protection Agency.
EPC (European Political Cooperation), 106
EPP, See European People’s Party.
EPU, See European Payments Union.
Erasmus programme, 37, 67, 84
ERDF, See European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).
Erhard, Ludwig, 54, 108, 279, 286
ESA, See European Space Agency.
ESF (European Social Fund), 79–80, 91
ESM, See European Stability Mechanism.
ESPRIT programme, 65, 122–123, 150
Essen European Council, 215
Estonia, 175, 181, 258, 267
ETS (emissions trading system), 233
ETUC, See European Trade Union Confederation.
Etzioni, Amitai, 23
EUI, See European University Institute.
Eurafrica, 136–137
Euratom, x, 39, 104, 114
Eurekâ project, 122, 125, 249, 275, 290
euro (currency), 40, 172, 195–196, 197, 198–199, 201–202, 204, 208, 220, 255, 276
Euro-Arab dialogue, 106, 114
Eurofighter Typhoon, 107
Eurogroup, 196, 199, 203
Euromarkets, 95
Euromissile crisis, 97
European Adaptation Fund, 91
European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company (EADS), 249 See also Airbus
European army, 100, 101–102, 107, 125, 259
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), 215
European Central Bank (ECB), 72, 167, 169–170, 184, 196, 197–199, 201–204, 220, 252, 303
European Chips Act, 255
European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC), 70
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), x, 39, 50–52, 54, 56–57, 79, 102, 114, 139, 219, 286
European Commission, 6, 29, 41, 53, 76, 93, 95–96, 123, 178, 248, 275
European Community (EC), 21, 36–38, 43–44, 49, 55, 57, 91–92, 105–108, 125, 129, 131, 133–134, 135, 136–140, 147–149, 153, 162, 166
European Competition Network, 190
European Confederation, 37, 265
European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations, 66
European Council, 39, 74, 83, 92, 96, 131, 142, 157, 168, 199, 285
European Court of Justice (ECJ), x, 10, 12, 41, 42, 44, 58, 60, 62, 70, 85, 177–180, 188–189, 204, 285
European Currency Unit, 163
European Defence Agency, 259
European Defence Community (EDC), x, 101–103, 125, 154, 279
European Defence Fund, 255, 258
European Democrats group, 133
European Development Fund (EDF), 136
European Economic Area (EEA), 177
European Economic Community (EEC), x, 6, 36–39, 45–46, 52, 55–56, 93–94, 100, 121–122, 136, 144–145, 154, 231, 273–274, 279, 286
European Environmental Agency, 225
European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF), 197–198
European Free Trade Area, x, 210, 260
European Free Trade Association (EFTA), x, 36, 46, 55–56, 210, 260
European Health Community, 219, 235
European Health Insurance Card, 219
European industrial policy, 13, 115, 120, 122, 125, 150, 249, 253–254, 289
European Investment Bank (EIB), 91, 247, 255
European Monetary Fund (EMF), 154, 164, 203, 205, 277, 283
European Monetary Snake, 155, 163
European Monetary System (EMS), x, 40, 43, 162–167, 171–172, 195, 203, 279, 283
European Parliament, 34, 39–40, 41, 63, 69–70, 81, 133–134, 170, 228, 244, 285
European Payments Union (EPU), x, 50, 154
European Peace Facility, 258
European People’s Party (EPP), 40
European Political Community, 102–103, 265
European Political Cooperation (EPC), 106
European recovery plan, 203
European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), 91, 321
European Round Table for Industry, 25, 63, 148
European Social Fund (ESF), 79–80, 91
European Space Agency (ESA), 112–113, 121, 274, 289
European Stability Mechanism (ESM), 198, 203–204, 217
European Strategic Program for Research and Development in Information Technology, See ESPRIT programme.
European Technological Community, 121
European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC), xi, 10, 80, 82, 94, 95–98, 131, 133–134, 151, 155, 159, 164, 181, 188, 207, 287
European treaties, 45, 86, 203, 208
European Water Framework Directive, 224
European Working Time Directive, 262
Euroscepticism, 38, 73, 75, 77, 90, 97, 196, 205, 237, 277
Everling, Ulrich, 58, 62
F-104 Starfighter, 107
F-16, 107
F-35, 107, 269
Fabius, Laurent, 64, 89, 97, 165, 166
Fabrique Nationale (FN), 85
Facebook, 191, 193
Falklands conflict, 106
Fanfani, Amintore, 121
Federal Republic of Germany, See German Federal Republic.
Federal Reserve, 200, 222
Fiat, 63, 191
Finland, 58, 209, 220, 227, 268
Fiscal Compact, 203
Fischler, Franz, 182
fisheries, 24, 177, 225, 230
flanking policy, 78, 92, 98
Flynn, Padraig, 179
Fokker, 113
Fontainebleau summit, 61, 65, 73
football, 173, 178–179, 247, 276
Fordism, 90, 134
foreign aid, 65, 200, 218, 221, 266
Fortress Europe, 1, 146, 148, 271, 275, 290–291
Fouchet, Christian, 105
Fouchet Plan, 105–106, 125
franc (French currency), 154–156, 163–165, 167
France
aerospace industry, 107, 111
agricultural policy, 109–110, 250
agricultural sector, 61, 65
automobile industry, 89
as basis of wealth convergence assessment, 217
Colbertism, 26, 27
competition policy, 57–59, 72
defence policy, 102
EC presidency, 83, 97, 103, 149
economy
1957–1958 financial crisis, 160
1959 financial crisis, 286
1968 financial crisis, 154
1983 financial crisis, 119, 154, 163, 164–166
inflation, 57
monetary policy, 144, 153, 154, 163
protectionism, 137
public debt, 267
trade balance, 31, 64
environmental policy, 87, 89–90, 226, 232
European council presidency, 97
European institutions and
Common Marker treaty, 52–53
European Commission, 60
European confederation, 37
French attitude to Europe, 42
European integration and, motivations for, 35
European organizations and, European Health Community, 219
European states and
Belgium, 54
United Kingdom, 54
European treaties, Constitutional Treaty (2005), 205
European treaty negotiations
Free Trade Area, 53–56
Treaty of Rome, 57
exports, 30
foreign affairs
Algerian war of independence, 54
ambitions as European power, 104–106
colonial conflicts, 30
decolonization, 103
development funds, 136
Euro-Arab dialogue, 114
military interventions in Africa, 258
Germany and, 27, 51, 103, 107, 110–111, 112, 113, 119, 125, 156, 163, 184, 186, 227, 253, 259, 269, 273, 276, 283–284
bilateral agreements, 108
dispute over non-tariff barriers, 65
war reparations, 35
immigration to, 218
industrial policy, 27, 112, 115–116, 121
automotive idustry, 89
coal, 50
European industrial policy and, 122
German criticism of, 27
indicative planning, 30, 78, 92, 116, 118
market liberalisation, 68, 70, 76
national stakes in companies, 248
neomercantilism, 72
opposition to harmonisation, 68
privatisation, 120
protectionism, 30
state aid, 59, 60–64, 120See also Airbus.
influence on Europe, 283
international organisations and, NATO, 102, 257
labour laws, 79
labour relations, 96
trade unions, 80
Marshall Plan and, 90
monetary policy, 161
nuclear industry, 114
nuclear power, 227, 232
nuclear programme, 103–104
nuclear weapons, 115
planning system, 93
political ideologies, far right extremism, 75
political ideology, 14
social policy, 94
working time, 95, 206
working time legislation, 97
trade policy, 136
‘economic patriotism’, 248
Japanese imports, 64, 145–146
legislative harmonisation, 61
protectionism, 64
rejection of FTA, 36
tarrifs, 53
treaty negotiations
Common Market, 94
Maastricht Treat, 83
Multilateral Agreement on Investment, 208
Rome Treaty, 85
United Kingdom and
proposal for French Commonwealth membership, 53
UK admission to EC, 43
France Telecom, 186–187
France,competition policy, cartels, 142
fraud, 182–183, 196, 199, 202, 212, 229–230, 262
free movement, 177, 220, 260
of goods, 76, 219
of people, 219
free trade area (FTA), 36, 37–38, 43, 45–46, 48, 53–56, 244, 273, 276, 286, 290–291
Freedom of the Skies campaign, 69
French Community, 9
French Greens, 226
French Planning Board, 92, 93
French–German, 103, 107, 110–111, 113, 125, 156, 163, 259, 269, 276, 283–284
Friedman, Milton, 20, 155, 157, 175
Frontex agency, 218
Frugal Four, 284
Fukushima nuclear accident, 227
Fukuyama, Francis, 23
G20, 239
G7, 37, 73, 121–122, 135, 144, 156–157, 214, 239, 268
Gabriel, Sigmar, 253
Gagarin, Yuri, 93
Gaitskell, Hugh, 51
Galileo programme, 254
GATT, See General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.
Uruguay Round, 67, 149
Gaulle, Charles de, 30, 42, 43, 49, 55, 56, 273
gender, 22, 78, 84, 207
gender equality, 13, 85, 98–99, 212, 282
gender pay gap, 84
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), x–xi, 10, 32, 52, 56, 64, 126, 138, 144, 145–146, 147, 151, 174, 209, 273, 276
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), 249
General Electric, 113, 130
Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, 43, 111, 165, 166–167, 169
German Greens, 202, 226
German reunification, 36–37, 72, 168
German Trade Union Confederation (DGB), 82, 97, 127, 133–134, 159, 161
Germany, xi, 11, 15, 22, 28, 30, 31, 40, 42, 43, 51–52, 54, 57, 58, 59–60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 69, 70, 71, 72, 76, 80, 82, 83, 88, 90–91, 93, 95, 96, 97, 98, 103, 104, 108, 109, 111, 114–115, 116, 118, 122, 124, 125, 127, 132, 135, 136–137, 139, 140, 141, 144, 147–148, 150, 154–156, 157, 160, 161, 163, 165, 167, 168, 176, 185, 186, 202, 205, 227, 254, 256–257, 274, 276, 286, 304
agriculture, 108–110
banking sector, 188
capitalist style, 29–30
competition policy, 57, 71
currency, 30, 157, 163, 165–166, 168, 169–170
currency union and, 196
defence policy, 267, 269
nuclear weapons, 104
rearmament, 102–103
economy
1923 hyperinflation, 159
1973 oil crisis, 87
balance of payments, 152, 156–157, 171
currency, 155
exports, 30, 82, 89
fiscal harmonisation, 95
fiscal policy, 167
Marshall Plan and, 90
monetary union, 170
monetary union and, 83
public debt, 202, 267
trade balance, 253
energy
coal, 114
natural gas, 145, 247
oil policy, 114
environmental policy, 89, 227, 230, 288
automobile regulations, 191
carbon taxes, 232
EU presidency, 252
European treaty negotiations, exchange rate mechanism], 163
fiscal policy, 167
foreign policy, legacy of Nazism and, 42
France and, 103, 107, 110–111, 113, 125, 156, 163, 259, 269, 276, 283–284
criticism of industrial policy, 27
historical conflicts, 102
historical rivalry, 35
historical wars, 35
Greek debt crisis and, 204
health policy, 221, 256
hegemonic status, 282
immigration to, 22, 218
industrial policy, 7, 116
blocks on Chinese acquisition of German companies, 253
codetermination, 127
environmental legislation and, 89
European Coal and Steel Community and, 51
high-tech investment, 117, 123
opposition to state aid, 60
opposition to term, 14, 27
regional aid, 68
regulatory fraud, 182
standardisation, 150
state aid, 115, 117, 141, 248, 252, 254–255
workers’ rights, 83
military bases in
British, 43
US, 102
Nazi regime, 17
ordoliberalism, 6, 20, 45, 57, 59, 168, 199, 284
regional aid, 185
reunification, 36–37, 168
social policy, 22, 83
legislative harmonisation, 95
unemployment benefits, 175
trade policy
free trade, 135, 144, 146
legislative harmonisation, 62
non-tariff barriers, 64, 76
support for free trade, 30
treaty negotiations, Yaoundé Convention, 136
US military bases, 28
gilets jaunes movement, 232
Giscard d’Estaing, Valery, 43, 109–110, 113, 116, 135, 141, 156, 163–164
Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero, 229
globalisation, 11, 13, 126, 129, 143, 150, 151, 209, 217, 238, 240, 279
GMOs (genetically modified organisms), 224, 250
González, Felipe, 37, 91, 99, 284
Good Friday Agreement, 214
Google, 185, 191–192, 241
Gore, Al, 232
Gove, Michael, 225
GPS, 28
Gramsci, Antonio, 15
Great Britain, See United Kingdom.
Great Depression, 92
Greece, 21, 36, 91, 149, 195, 196–202, 205, 214, 215–217, 221, 241–242, 281
debt crisis, 198–199, 202, 203–204
Green parties, 22, 226, 228, 280
France, 226
Germany, 202, 226, 269
Greenland, 245, 360
Greenpeace, 86, 115, 224, 282
Grexit, 198–199, 200, 277
Groeben, Hans von der, 58, 95
Grundig, 58, 72
GSM standard, 150
Guigou, Elisabeth, 121
GWB (Gesetz gegen Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen), 57
Haberler, Gottfried, 21
Habermas, Jürgen, 201, 202, 204
Habitat Directive (1992), 224
Haferkamp, Wilhelm, 134
Haffner, Sebastian, 29
Hague Conference, 231
Hall, Stuart, 158
Halliday, Johnny, 158
Hallstein, Walter, 40
Hamilton, Alexander, 222
Hannan, David, 260
Hansenne, Michel, 83
hard power, 257, 263, 267, 270
Harland & Wolff shipbuilders, 60, 143
Hartz IV reform, 175, 282
Harvard University, 92
Hass, Ernst, 47
Hauff, Volker, 88, 117
Hauglustaine, Charlotte, 85
Haussmann, Helmut, 71
Havana Charter, 126
Havel, Vaclav, 37
Hawk, Barry, 189
Hayek, Friedrich, 5, 20–21, 157, 173, 182, 290
Healey, Denis, 156
healthcare policy, 24, 41, 51, 62, 66, 82, 89–90, 181, 188, 219, 249, 271
Heath, Edward, 80, 91, 99, 118, 131
Hecht, Gabrielle, 114
Helms-Burton Act, 238
Helsinki Conference, 106, 263
Herstal strike, 85
High Authority,39, 51, 57, 79, 114, 120 See also European Commission
Hirschman, Albert, 4, 27
Hitler, Adolf, 17, 27, 30
Holland, Stuart, 93–94
Hollande, François, 198, 210
Honecker, Erich, 161
Honeywell, 185
Howe, Geoffrey, 73, 74
Huawei, 241
Hume, David, 32
Hungary, 43, 196, 218, 220, 241–244, 256, 266, 277, 284
IBM, 113, 147, 281
ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organisation), 70
Iceland, 177, 200, 262
IG Mettall, 97
Iglesias, Pablo, 221
IMF, See International Monetary Fund.
immigration, 3, 20, 22, 35, 51, 217–218, 242–243, 244, 260, 280
Indonesia, 235
industrial policy, 16–18, 24, 27–28, 30, 51, 68, 72, 115–121, 123–125, 255, 274–283, 288–289, 295
Industriepolitik, 116
inflation, 4, 25, 29–30, 93, 134, 156, 158–165, 169–171, 175, 277, 283, 292
Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), 228, 253
Instagram, 193
Intel, 185
intellectual property, 144, 210, 241
Inter-Allied Board, 49
International Chamber of Commerce, 133, 229
International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), 70
International Criminal Court (ICC), 238
International Energy Agency, 114
International Labour Organization (ILO), x–xi, 10, 12, 32–33, 37–38, 79, 80–81, 94, 98, 133, 151, 273
International Monetary Fund (IMF), x, 38, 119, 129, 154, 156, 161, 166, 196, 198, 199, 200–202, 204, 211, 273
International Panel for Climate Change (IPCC), 230–231
International Procurement Instrument (IPI), 252
International Safe Harbour Privacy Principles, 250
International Telegraph Union (ITU), 32
Internet regulation, 173, 238
IPCC (International Panel for Climate Change), 230–231
IPCEI (Important Project of Common European Interest), 255
IPI (International Procurement Instrument), 252
Iran, 28, 238, 257, 275
Iran Nuclear Agreement, 238
Iraq War, 238, 257, 277, 280
Ireland, 40, 101, 110, 191, 196–198, 200–201, 211, 214, 217, 262
Irish Republican Army (IRA), 214
IRIS-T missiles, 269
Islam, 280
Islamic fundamentalism, 275
Italy, 52, 80–81, 91, 101, 102–103, 104, 112–113, 118–119, 141, 145–146, 154–156, 160, 162–165, 171, 196–197, 256–257, 273–274, 283–284
Italy, Communist Party, 15
Jaguar, 247
Japan, 36, 64, 123, 137–138, 142–143, 144, 145–147, 150, 156, 162, 239–240, 249, 251–252, 275–276, 325
Jenkins, Roy, 43, 109–110, 133, 163
Jobs, Steve, 173
Johnson, Boris, 260–262, 286
Joliet, René, 62, 189
Jones, Hywel Ceri, 84
Jospin, Lionel, 178, 207–209
Juncker Commission, 212, 254
Juncker, Jean-Claude, 43, 255, 258, 271, 363
Juncker Plan, 254
Kagan, Robert, 257
Kallas, Kaja, 267, 268
Kangaroo Group, 63
Kant, Immanuel, 32, 257
Kantor, Mickey, 149
Keating, Dave, 256
Kennedy, John F., 104
Keynes, John Maynard, 5, 9, 15, 48–49, 75, 156, 273
Keynesianism, 20, 159–161, 275
Khrushchev, Nikita, 53, 105
Kiechle, Ignaz, 110
Kiel Institute, 266, 362
Kinnock, Neil, 180
Klöckner, 141
Kocka, Jürgen, 2, 26
Kohl, Helmut, 37, 65, 73, 83, 92, 97, 110, 111, 147, 165, 166–169, 188
Kok, Wim, 96, 133
Korah, Valentine, 189
Korean War, 101, 267
Kraft Durch Freude organization, 17
Kramp-Kambauer, Anegret, 253
Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau, 255
Kroes, Neelie, 69, 183–185, 192
Krugman, Paul, 112
Krupp, 141
Kwarteng, Kwasi, 260
Kyoto Protocol, 231, 232–233, 238, 263
labour law, 84, 85, 262
Lafontaine, Oskar, 207
Lagarde, Christine, 211, 220, 226
Laïdi, Zaki, 149
Lambsdorff, Otto von, 59, 117–118, 132, 140–141, 161, 165
Lamy, Pascal, 74, 209
Land Rover, 247
Landesbanken, 26, 30, 117, 188, 282
Lange, Bernd, 245
Larosière, Jacques de, 167
Latvia, 202
Law and Justice party (Poland), 38, 242
Lawson, Nigel, 146, 166
League of Nations (LoN), 32, 49–50, 54, 219, 251
Legrand, 184
Lehman Brothers, 200
Lemaire, Bruno, 253
Letta report, 247, 291
LGBT rights, 206, 242
liberty capitalism, 1–2, 4, 8, 46, 126, 236, 273, 275
as basic form of European capitalist goverment, 284
combined with other capitalisms, 167, 171, 253
competition policy and, 15, 143, 205
European institutions and, 45–46
globalisation and, 150
health policy and, 219
legislative harmonization and, 45
moderate forms, 12
monetary union and, 153
neoliberalism as extreme of, 4, 17 See also neoliberalism.
overview, 19–21
solidarity capitalism and, 20, 22
Libya, 218, 238
Lingren, Astrid, 158
Lion, Robert, 165
Lippmann, Walter, 20
lira (currency), 155
Lisbon Treaty, 198, 209, 257
List, Friedrich, 26
lobbying, 11, 12, 22, 89–90, 111, 133–134, 151, 185, 281–282, 295
Lockheed
Hercules, 259
Lomé conventions, 137, 274
LoN, See League of Nations.
London Conference (1953), 30, 202
Lowe, Philip, 190
Lower Saxony, 117, 181, 185, 248
Lubbers, Ruud, 73, 162, 180, 231
Lucke, Bernd, 202
Lufthansa, 111
Lula da Sivla, Luiz Inácio, 212, 242
Luxembourg, xi, 50, 52, 62, 102, 141, 181, 182, 187, 191, 195, 211, 248
Luxembourg Employment Summit, 208
Maastricht Treaty, 37, 88, 167–170, 172, 195–198, 223, 235, 256, 281, 283
Macdonald Commission, 162
Macmillan, Harold, 43, 53, 105
Macron, Emmanuel, 257–258, 265
MacSharry, Ray, 110
mad cow disease, See BSE.
Madelin, Alain, 68
Magnette, Paul, 211, 350
Maij-Weggen, Hanja, 88
Major, John, 232
Maldague Report, 81, 93, 94, 131
Mali, 258
Malthus, Thomas, 116
Man in Palermo theory, 62
Manchester City FC, 247
Mannesmann AG, 128, 133
Mansholt, Sicco, 87, 108, 363
Mao Zedong, 158
Marbella Paper, 161
Marcinelle mining disaster, 79
Margetts, Helen, 174
Marin, Manuel, 91
Marjolin, Robert, xi, 20, 92–93, 94, 98, 121, 154
Marshall Plan, 36, 49–50, 90, 154, 215, 221, 235, 273
Martens, Wilfried, 73
Marxism, 15, 22, 32, 129, 157–158, 264, 275
Matthöfer, Hans, 117, 157
Maudling, Reginald, 54–55
Mauritania, 137
Mauroy stimulus, 161
Mauroy, Pierre, 165
May Fourth Movement, 241
Mayrisch, Emile, 139
MBB, See Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm.
MBDA, 259
McDonnell Douglas, 111–112, 185
McKinnon, Ronald, 199
Meadows Report, 87
medical tourism, 219
Medici vicious circle, 193
Medium-term Economic Policy Committee, 93
Meidner, Rudolph, 128
Meloni, Giorgia, 283
Mendès-France, Pierre, 103
mercantilism, 4, 24, 26–27, 299
Merck, 256
Mercosur, 38, 211, 252
Mercury Communications Ltd., 70
mergers, 41, 45, 51, 68, 71–72, 76, 118, 183–186, 189, 248, 252–253
Merkel, Angela, 218, 220, 282
Merz, Friedrich, 267
Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm, 71, 112, 118
Mestmäcker, Ernst-Joachim, 59, 191
Microsoft, 185, 191, 241
Miert, Karel van, 119, 179
migration policy, 23, 33, 43, 79–80, 84, 98, 176, 197, 213, 217–218, 260, 265, 276–277, 290–291
Milan European Council meeting, 110, 122
Milward, Alan, 90
Mines de Potasse d’Alsace, 88
minimum wage, 166, 212–213, 235, 340
Mitbestimmung system, See codetermination.
Mittal, 247, 248
Mitterrand, François, 37, 40, 61, 62, 65, 80–81, 83, 96, 99, 111, 119, 121–122, 125, 144, 165
Modi, Narendra, 177, 278
Mogg, John, 178
Mogherini, Federica, 257
Moldova, 264, 265
Molitor, Bernhard, 178
Mollet, Guy, 51, 53, 79, 99, 103–104, 279, 288
monetary policy, 2, 4, 6, 16, 40, 45–46, 200, 203–204, 226, 236, 273
monetary union, 37, 83, 152–153, 155, 168–170, 172, 204, 212, 213–214, 275, 284
Monnet, Jean, xi, 30, 34, 49, 79, 102, 114, 148, 154
monopolies, 3, 6, 15, 25–26, 69, 71, 119, 186, 192, 271, 285
Montesquieu, 32
Monti, Mario, 10, 181, 183, 185, 187, 190, 283
Montreal Protocol, 89, 281
Mosar, Nicolas, 187
Moscovici, Pierre, 203
Mozambique, 234
Müller-Armack, Alfred, 55
Multi-Fibres Agreement, 138
Multilateral Agreement on Investment, 209
Multilateral Force (MLF), 104
Mundell, Robert, 154
Munich Congress, 96
Musk, Elon, 243
Myrdal, Gunnar, 108
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Area), 238
Nakasone Yakuhiro, 162
Narjes, Karl-Heinz, 59, 63, 134
nationalism, 3, 8, 27, 240, 243
nation-states, 6, 12, 23, 41, 53, 78, 104, 170, 213, 220, 271, 282, 324
NATO, 35, 42, 100–103, 104, 238, 251, 257–258, 262, 267–271, 273, 286
Natura 2000, 224
Necker, Tyll, 169
neoliberalism, 1, 4–5, 7–8, 15–21, 73–75, 170–172, 174–175, 181, 183, 204–205, 210–211, 243–244, 274–277, 282–283, 285–286
neomercantilism, 24–25, 27–28, 69, 72, 120, 240
Net Zero, 229
Netherlands, 50, 52, 69–70, 87–88, 93–96, 147, 162, 211, 224, 284, 324
New International Economic Order (NIEO), 129, 135, 150, 274
New Temporary Crisis and Transition Framework, 253
Nexit, 260, 277
NextGenerationEU (NGEU), 220, 222
Nice, Treaty of (2003), 209
Nicolaïdis, Kalypso, 41
Nissan, 146–147, 151
Nixon, Richard, 145, 153
non-tariff barriers, 56, 62, 64, 65, 82, 239
Nord Stream pipeline, 247
Nordhaus, William, 229
normative power, 23, 24, 46, 127, 143, 148–149, 151, 157, 222, 237, 244–246, 249, 250, 261, 270
environmental, 192, 227, 271, 286
inverse, 250
North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA), 238
North Atlantic Alliance, See NATO.
North Rhine-Westphalia, 117–118
Northern Ireland, 60, 143, 177, 214, 261
Northern Rock, 200
Norway, 55, 88, 177, 255, 262, 268, 324
NOx emissions controls, 89, 182
nuclear power, 42, 113–114, 116, 119, 226–227, 232, 263
nuclear weapons, 35, 101–102, 103, 104–105, 107, 115
Nye, Joseph, 270
Occupational Health and Safety Framework Directive, 82
OECD, See Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
OEEC, See Organisation for European Economic Cooperation.
Oftel, 70
Ohlin, Bertil, 94
Ohlin Report, 94
oil, 31, 114, 120, 129, 226–227, 232, 266
oil crises
1973, 17, 87, 111, 114, 135, 155, 274
1979, 114, 116, 140, 157, 274
Olivetti, 123
One Road One Belt Initiative, 241
OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries), 25, 129
Opel, 114, 248
Open Method of Coordination (OMC), 208
Open Society Foundations, 215
Orange Revolution, 247
Orbán, Viktor, 215, 242–244
Ordnungspolitik, 168
ordoliberalism, 20–21, 55, 57–59, 168–172, 189, 192, 193–194, 197, 199, 204, 281, 284
Oreja, Marcelino, 179
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), x–xi, 9, 10, 12, 36–38, 59, 87, 119, 131, 132–133, 142, 151, 156, 157, 209, 211, 225, 231
Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC), x, 9, 35–36, 44, 50, 51, 53, 54–55, 92, 108, 154, 219, 273, 279, 304
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, See OPEC.
O’Rourke, Kevin, 40
Ortoli, François-Xavier, 59, 60, 96, 121, 132, 134
Ostrom, Elinor, 4, 24
Ottawa Agreements, 31
Ouchy Convention, 52
Padoa-Schioppa, Tommaso, 167, 283
Palme, Olof, 274, 279
Panama Papers, 182
pandemic, See Covid-19 pandemic.
Pannonian plain, 243
Papandreou, Giorgos, 196
Papandréou, Vásso, 83
Paris Agreement on climate change, 1, 103, 212, 228, 231, 233, 235, 236, 238, 251
Paris European Council (1974), 67
Paris G7 Summit (1989), 214
Paris Saint-Germain FC, 247
Paris Summit (1972), 80, 91
Patel, Kiran Klaus, 108
Patel, Priti, 260
Patriot air-defence system, 269, 362
Pattie, Geoffrey, 150
PEACE programme, 214
Péchiney, 184
Pescatore, Pierre, 62
Peugeot SA, 89–90, 248, 281
Pfizer, 256
Pflimlin, Pierre, 108
Philip Morris judgment, 71
Philips NV, 63, 113, 148
Piketty, Thomas, 166, 340
Pinochet, Augusto, 20, 130, 157
planning, 11, 13, 30, 78, 81, 92–94, 98, 116, 118, 286, 299
Pleven, René, 102
Pöhl, Karl-Otto, 164, 165, 168
Poiares Maduro, Miguel, 181
Poland, 160, 196, 200–201, 215, 220, 227, 241–242, 247, 255, 268, 269, 277
Polanyi, Karl, 9, 19
police, 6, 24, 41, 276
pollution, 19, 33, 48, 86, 87, 88, 98–99, 223, 227, 229, 287
air, 89, 230
automobile, 90
Polnareff, Michel, 158
Pompidou, Georges, 80, 116, 131
Poos, Jacques, 106
Porignaux, Adelin, 109
Portugal, 35–36, 40, 55, 61, 83, 91, 149, 180, 195, 197–198, 200–201, 257
Potsdam Conference, 51
Powell, Charles, 75
Powell, Enoch, 20
Prebisch, Raul, 28, 129
principle of community, See community principle.
Private–public partnerships, 25
Proctor, David, 228
Prodi Commission, 180, 183
Prodi, Romano, 196, 208, 224, 257
Progress Party (Denmark), 158
protectionism, 1, 2–5, 7–8, 10–11, 18, 27–28, 45, 76, 100, 115, 126, 137–138, 165, 237–238, 243–246, 250–253, 271, 277–280, 291–292
Prussia, 152
Putin, Vladimir, 242, 247
Qatar, 247
quantitative easing, 25, 199, 217, 220, 303
quotas, 24, 46, 50, 51, 53, 137–139, 140, 141, 149, 230, 234
Raab, Dominic, 260
Rainbow Warrior, 115
Rambouillet conference, 135
Reagan, Ronald, 17, 28, 64, 121, 129, 143–144, 145, 162, 243, 257, 274
Régie des Télégraphes et Téléphone (RTT), 119
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), 239
Rehn–Meidner model, 19
Reichsbank, 168
Reinheitsgebot, 65
Relaunch of Europe, 61, 63, 67, 76, 84, 90, 284
Renault, 90, 114, 185, 207, 248, 281
Rhodes European Council, 231
Ribeyre, Paul, 219
Richard, Ivor, 134
Ridley, Nicholas, 69
Rigout, Marcel, 96, 119, 287
Rio Earth Summit (1992), 89, 225, 231, 232
Ripa di Meana, Carlo, 231–232, 236
Ristchl, Albrecht, 202
Rocard, Michel, 231
Rodgers, Ivan, 263
Rodrik, Dani, 24
Roemer, Karl, 58
Rogoff, Ken, 199
Romania, 196, 218, 362
Rome Statute, 238
Röpke, Wilhelm, 21, 55
Rothschild, Emma, 293
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 23
Roussel Report, 90
Rover, 68
Rueff, Jacques, 55
Ruffolo, Mario, 231
Ruggie, John, 273
Ruggiero, Renato, 209
Ruhrgas AG, 145
Russia, 175, 235, 237–240, 242, 247, 253, 263–270, 276–284
Russo-Ukrainian War, 236, 244, 247, 253, 258–259, 263, 264–265, 267–271, 277
Rüstow, Alexander, 20
Sabena, 85
Sacilor, 140
Saint-Gobain (glassmaker), 26
Saint-Malo declaration, 256
Samuelson, Paul, 92
Sanchez, Pablo, 221
Santer, Jacques, 168, 208, 363
SAP, 193
Sarkozy, Nicolas, 180, 185
satellite communications, 112
satellite rocket launcher, 104
Saudi Arabia, 165
Scharpf, Fritz, 44, 117
Schaüble, Wolfgang, 199
Schengen Agreement, 40, 67, 277
Schlecht, Otto, 71, 117, 288
Schlüter, Poul, 162
Schmidt, Helmut, 43, 80, 81, 96, 110, 120, 135, 156, 161, 163–164
Schmidt, Vivien, 115–116
Scholz, Olaf, 222, 258, 269
Schröder, Gerhard, 25, 175, 208, 224
Schuman Declaration, 36, 38, 49, 50–51, 79, 102, 105, 108, 197, 219
Schuman, Robert, 102, 121
Schwartz, Ivo, 62
Scott Morton, Fiona, 191
SDI (Strategic Defence Initiative), 121, 122
Sen, Amartya, 22
Senegal, 137
Sermon, Lucien, 54
Servan-Schreiber, Jean-Jacques, 120, 268
Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restictive Business Practices, 131
Seveso dioxin leak, 86
Seveso Directive, 86, 230
SGCI, 68, 331
Shalke 04, 179
Shell, 63, 179
shipbuilding, 26, 59, 68, 115, 118, 141–143, 150–151
Siemens, 113, 123, 130, 184
Silguy, Yves-Thibault de, 179
Single European Act (1986), 61, 66, 68, 69, 82, 88, 90, 99, 110, 167, 281
Single Market, 45–49, 61, 65–68, 71–72, 74–77, 81–82, 92, 123–124, 148–149, 177–178, 183, 204–205, 214, 249, 261–262
Skidmore, Chris, 260
Skoda, 248
slowbalisation, 238
Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) programme, 28
Smith, Adam, 4, 19, 32, 142
Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, 27
SNCF, 119
Snecma, 113
soccer, See football.
Social Darwinism, 182
Social Democratic Party (Germany), 51, 114, 117, 159, 226
social flank, 78, 83, 98
social policy, 13, 21, 51, 78, 79–80, 84, 93, 132, 212, 331
soft power, 270
Solana, Javier, 256
solidarity capitalism, 5, 17–24, 25, 33, 44, 45, 76, 84, 150, 152, 155, 164, 167, 170, 197, 206, 213, 219, 221–222, 223, 273, 274, 277, 282, 288
Brexit and, 277
in combination with other capitalisms, 129, 253
community capitalism and, 4, 8, 277, 284
environmental policy and, 226
European institutions and, 44–45, 53
European integration and, 288
far-right parties and, 244
France, 273–274
globalisation and, 209
Greek debt crisis and, 197–200
liberty capitalism and, 19, 179
Marxism and, 32
migration and, 217–218
monetary union and, 153, 172, 195–196, 213
overview, 22–26
principles, 3, 15–16
regulation and, 186
Russo-Ukrainian war and, 227
social policy and, 175, 212, 235
United States, 4
vaccination and, 221–223
solidarity coalition, 80, 287
Solomon, Susan, 230
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 158
Soros, Georges, 215
South Africa, 20, 239
South Korea, 28, 142, 240, 259, 269
Soviet Union, 28, 52, 101, 102–103, 105, 135, 145, 174–175, 242, 243, 263–264
Soylent Green, 86
Spaak, Paul-Henri, 52, 79
Spaak Report, 52–54, 76, 363
space sector, 112–113, 254
Spain, 40, 83, 91, 101, 112–113, 149, 197, 200–201, 208, 217, 221, 227, 256–257
SPD, See Social Democratic Party (Germany).
Spiegel, Der, 227
Spinelli, Altiero, 7, 10, 88, 121, 147, 283, 285, 287
Sputnik satellite, 28, 52, 93, 104
STABEX programme, 129, 150
Stability and Growth Pact, 196
Stalin, Joseph, 35, 53, 103, 158, 264
Star Wars, See Strategic Defence Initiative.
Starmer, Keir, 262
state aid, 25, 56–61, 68, 116–120, 140–141, 145–146, 183–186, 188–189, 193, 252–253, 253–255
steel, 50–51, 79, 102, 120, 127–128, 139–142, 145, 150–151, 234, 243, 248, 289
STMicrolectronics, 248
Stoltenberg, Jens, 110, 165
Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI), 121, 122
Strauss-Kahn, Dominique, 211
subsidies, 4, 24–25, 68, 110, 112, 116, 117, 142, 149, 184, 289–290
agricultural, 214
Sudan, 28, 137
Sudreau report, 128, 132
Suez Crisis, 42, 53, 104–105, 114
Sun Yat-sen, 241
Sunak, Rishi, 260
supranational principle, 51, 53, 56, 62, 95, 252, 283
Sutherland, Peter, 68, 76, 85, 178, 209
Suzuki, Kazuto, 149
Sweden, 40, 55, 58, 87, 101, 158, 195, 220–221, 224, 227, 268
Swedish Trade Union Confederation, 128
SWIFT interbank system, 266
Switzerland, 55, 101, 112–113, 177, 211, 255, 262, 264, 269
Syrian civil war, 218
SYSMIN aid system, 137
TAFTA, 210
Taiwan, 28, 240
Takuba, Operation, 258
tariffs, 3, 4, 31, 32, 51, 53, 56, 110, 174, 238, 239, 250
Tata, 247
tax controls, 62
tax cooperation, 211
tax evasion, 158, 202, 211
tax havens, 32, 68, 182, 284
taxation, 20, 66–67, 95, 130, 136, 162, 166, 176, 191, 232–234, 243
corporate, 68, 95
diesel taxes, 227
international, 231, 288
regressive, 15, 22
financial transaction, 211, 223
Tebbit, Norman, 86
telecommunications sector, 69, 70, 76, 119–120, 149, 184, 186, 187, 189
Temporary Protection Directive, 265
Tencent, 241
Tesla Inc., 28, 243, 253, 255
textile sector, 17, 45, 60, 120, 135, 137–138, 144–145, 151
TGV (high-speed train), 116, 119
Thatcher, Margaret, 7–8, 17, 20, 31, 43, 49, 67, 71, 72–75, 83, 85, 96–99, 118, 122–123, 125, 134–135, 140–141, 143–144, 146, 150–151, 162, 231, 274, 281, 282–283, 286
Thatcherism, 82, 150, 157–158, 166, 260, 290
Ther, Philippe, 215
Thiel, Peter, 20, 302
Thomas, Albert, 123
Thunberg, Greta, 225, 277
Thyssen AG, 141
Thyssen, Marianne, 212
Tiananmen Square protests, 241
Tietmeyer, Hans, 117–118
Timmermans, Franz, 225
Tindemans, Léo, 131
Tobin, James, 136
Tobin tax, 136, 211
Tooze, Adam, 247
Tornado (aircraft), 107
Total, 228
Toyotism, 138
trade balance, 31, 62, 64, 274, 289
trade barriers, 4, 23, 56, 252
removal of, 45–46
trade surplus, 135, 156
trade unions, 3, 5, 9–12, 30, 95–96, 118, 128, 181, 183, 208, 276, 281–282, 287
Transatlantic Free Trade Treaty, 210
transfer pricing, 130
Trans-Pacific Partnership, 38, 238–239
Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe (2004), 180, 205, 277
Treaty of Paris, 39
Treaty of Rome, 52–53, 54, 57–60, 70–71, 73, 77, 79, 85, 179, 180, 185, 191, 273
Trevi, 106
Trichet, Jean-Claude, 72, 198, 201, 252
Triffin, Robert, 154
Trump, Donald J., 1, 20, 38, 238–245, 251, 262, 267, 268, 277–278
Truss, Liz, 204, 260
Tsipras, Alexis, 198
Tupolev Tu-144, 111
Turkey, 218, 224, 242, 259, 264–265, 276, 324
Tusk, Donald, 199
UEFA, 178–179, 276
Uekötter, Frank, 227
Ukraine, 216, 242, 247, 263–270, 361, 362
Ukrainian refugees, 223, 265–266
UN Environment Programme (UNEP), 38, 89, 231
UNCTAD, See United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
session of, 130, 144
UNECE, x
unemployment, 97, 131, 133, 134, 159, 171, 175, 195, 210, 227
unemployment benefits, 175, 208
UNEP (UN Environment Programme), 38, 89, 231
UNESCO, 37
UNICE, 10, 80, 82, 133, 207
Unicredit, 249
Unidata, 113, 116
United Kingdom (UK), 53–56, 59, 65, 68, 74, 83, 85, 91, 96, 98, 107, 114, 121, 144, 146, 165, 182, 185, 202, 222, 262–263, 265
agriculture, BSE crisis, 182
as awkward partner, 42
Brexit, 260–261, 277
leaves Single Market, 177
Single Market and, 261–262
Brexit referendum, 34
budgetary contribution disputes, 44, 61, 65, 141
defence policy, 268
EC accession, 43, 105
EC membership application, 36, 42
economy
IMF rescue (1976), 156, 171
inflation, 161
taxation, 158
Truss crisis (2022), 204
education policy, 84
environmental policy, 110
European integration stance, 42–43
European relaunch and, 72–73
Euroscepticism, 75
fiscal policy, liberalisation of capital movements, 168
foreign policy, Suez crisis, 104, 114
free trade area, 53–56
GATT negotiations, 64
Germany and
industrial output, 26
support for rearmament, 102
health policy, Covid vaccines, 256
immigration to, 20
industrial policy, 124
codetermination, 133
Japan and, 146–147
privatisation, 119–120
shipbuilding, 142
state aid, 59, 142, 143, 145
international treaties, Brussels Pact, 103
legislative harmonisation, 65
monetary union and, 195
nuclear weapons, 268
postcolonial legacy, 9
social policy
trade unions, 80, 82
working time, 95
telecommunications industry, 70
trade policy, 143
Common Market and, 286
free trade, 31, 138
tariffs, 31, 135
transport policy, railways, 188
transportation policy, 69–70
treaty negotiations, Socal Charter, 207
troops stationed in West Germany, 43
United States and, 150
United Kingdom (UK), Brexit, EU relationship going forward, 262–263, 303, 324, 362
United Nations (UN), x–xi, 10, 12, 32–33, 98, 130–133, 151, 230–231, 257
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), x, 10, 129–131, 206
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRAA), 50
United Nations, Security Council, 42, 105, 238, 257
United States, xi, 4, 17, 28, 35, 42, 87, 101, 103–104, 145, 150, 170, 185, 193, 222, 238–239, 241, 248, 251–252, 259, 261, 262, 270, 293
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 241
unleaded petrol, 89–90, 281, 288
Usinor, 140
USSR, See Soviet Union.
Van Miert, Karel, 179, 183–184, 185, 187
van Theemaat, Verloren, 62
Vandenbroucke, Jean-Luc, 63
Varfis, Grigoris, 91
Verheugen, Günther, 226
Vestager, Margrethe, 12, 183, 185, 191–192, 193, 205, 213, 250, 253, 255, 285
Vetter, Heinz Oskar, 134, 161
VFW-Fokker 614, 113
Vietnam War, 86, 101, 274
Viking Line ferry company, 181
Vogel-Polsky, Eliane, 85, 99
Volcker, Paul, 162
Volcker Shock, 4, 143, 162, 274
Volkswagen, 17, 60, 89, 182, 185, 230, 248
Voluntary Export Restraint (VER), 137–138
Volvo, 247
von der Leyen, Ursula, 117, 225, 258, 271
Vredeling directive, 83, 133, 151, 212, 235
Vredeling, Henk, 86, 95–96, 97, 131–132, 133, 134, 282
Wagenknecht, Sahra, 21
Waigel, Theo, 195
Wales, Jimmy, 173
Walesa, Lech, 175
Wallonia, 140, 211, 350
Wallraff, Günter, 22
Wallström, Margot, 224
Walters, Alan, 20
Wapping Dispute, 118
Wassenar Compromise, 162
Weber, Max, 4, 14, 23
Weidmann, Jens, 199
welfare states, 4–6, 17, 19–22, 73–74, 78, 90–91, 98–99, 180, 206, 235–236, 284–286
Werner, Pierre, 155
Werner Report, 155, 203
West Germany, See German Federal Republic.
Western European Union (WEU), 103
WhatsApp, 193
WHO, See World Health Organization.
Williams, Edwin, 29
Williamson, David, 56
Wilson, Harold, 121, 128, 135, 156
windfall effect, 25
work week, 80, 96–97, 207
worker participation, 128, 131
Working Time Directive, 181, 207, 210
World Bank, 144, 234
World Health Organization (WHO), 86, 219, 238, 271
World Trade Organisation (WTO), x, 32, 209, 234, 238, 241, 251, 276
World War II, 21, 35, 37, 43, 49, 53, 101, 260, 263
Wright, Gordon, 108
Würzen, Dieter von, 63
Xi Jinping, 241–242
Yaoundé Convention (1963), 136–137
Yellen, Janet, 253
Yugoslavia, 106, 128–129, 175, 256, 263
Zeitenwende, 267
Zimbabwe, 234
Zingales, Luigi, 193

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  • Index
  • Laurent Warlouzet, Sorbonne Université
  • Book: Liberty, Solidarity and Community
  • Online publication: 22 February 2026
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009682633.017
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  • Index
  • Laurent Warlouzet, Sorbonne Université
  • Book: Liberty, Solidarity and Community
  • Online publication: 22 February 2026
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009682633.017
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  • Laurent Warlouzet, Sorbonne Université
  • Book: Liberty, Solidarity and Community
  • Online publication: 22 February 2026
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009682633.017
Available formats
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