¹ Mora Matassi and Pablo J. Boczkowski, 2023. To Know Is to Compare: Studying Social Media across Nations, Media, and Platforms (Cambridge, MA, MIT Press).

² For further useful discussion of small N comparative research methods and epistemology, see George Steinmetz, 2004. “Odious Comparisons: Incommensurability, the Case Study, and ‘Small N’s’ in Sociology,” Sociological Theory, 22 (3): 371–400; and Matthew Powers and Sandra Vera-Zambrano, 2018. “The Universal and the Contextual of Media Systems: Research Design, Epistemology, and the Production of Comparative Knowledge,” The International Journal of Press/Politics, 23 (2): 143-160.

³ Page 156, in Matassi and Boczkowski, 2023. See Peter Galison, 1997. Image and Logic (Chicago, University of Chicago Press).

⁴ Page 97, in Werner Wirth and Steffen Kolb, 2004, “Designs and Methods of Comparative Political Communication Research,”: 87-111 in F. Esser and B. Pfetsch, eds., Comparing Political Communication (Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press).

⁵ See Table 1, page 1397, in Angèle Christin, 2018. “Counting Clicks: Quantification and Variation in Web Journalism in the United States and France,” American Journal of Sociology, 123 (5): 1382-1415, for an especially clear demonstration of this type of controlled comparative research design.

⁶ Phoebe Maares and Folker Hanusch, 2022. “Interpretations of the journalistic field: A systematic analysis of how journalism scholarship appropriates Bourdieusian thought,” Journalism, 23 (4): 736-754.

⁷ Patricia H. Thornton, William Ocasio and Michael Lounsbury, 2012. The Institutional Logics Perspective (New York, Oxford University Press).

⁸ For empirical analysis of news practices and production at the above-mentioned news outlets and many others— across various “ownership forms” embodying different constellations of institutional logics—in the United States, Sweden, and France, see Rodney Benson, Mattias Hessérus, Timothy Neff and Julie Sedel, 2025. How Media Ownership Matters (New York, Oxford University Press).