Index

Charlotte Van Regenmortel

doi:10.1017/9781009408967.011

Index

by D. Graham J. Shipley

Entries are ordered on the word-by-word principle (‘de Ste. Croix’ before ‘defection’) rather than the letter-by-letter principle. Some subentries are ordered chronologically. Tables are not indexed, footnotes rarely. ‘Philip’ and ‘Alexander’, unless qualified, mean Philip II and Alexander the Great, respectively. C4 = fourth century BC, C3 = third century BC, C2 = second century BC, Cl = Classical, EHl = early Hellenistic, Hl = Hellenistic.

Adea-Eurydice, handles mutiny, 152

agoras:

and market economies, 179

at Athens, commercial buildings, 179

agreements (see also negotiations),

with soldiers: Iasos, 75–77

Theangela, 77–80

agriculture: paid labour, 45;

specialization, in market economy, 179–180, 181

Alexander (general), promoted by Cassander, 161

Alexander III:

‘the Great’: innovations in recruitment, 59–62, 190

increases voluntary recruitment, 62–65

equips troops, 106–107

grants land, 113–114

grants promotions, 157–158

responses to mutinies, 148–149

succession dispute, 149–150

invoked by Successors, 69, 152–153

coin issues, 123

posthumous coinage, 123–124, 177

Alexanders (coinage), posthumous, 124, 177

allies, Greek, in Macedonian army, 57–58, 62–63

ancient economy, see economy

Antigenes, promoted officer, 158

Antigonid Kingdom:

army finances, 86

financial weakness, 82, 86 n. 149

recruitment policy, 82–86

relative stability, 83

Antigonus I (see also ‘League of Corinth’):

land grants, 115–116

negotiates with army, 154

Antiochus I,

land grants, 116

Antipater, handles ‘mutiny’, 151

apergoi (other than academics), 99

Apollodoros (trierarch), 134

Apollonioucharax (Mysia):

financial arrangements, 117

subject to conscription, 98

architects, paid, 44

architecture, and market economy, 179–180

Argead house, troops’ loyalty to, 68–69, 152–153

Aristodikides of Assos, 94

receives land, 116

Aristomenes, receives land, 114

Aristotle (Pseudo-), Oikonomika, on economies, 171

armed forces (see also navy), Carthaginian, economic impact, 196

armies (see also armed forces):

Cl size, 12–13

Hl size, 13

Roman, economic impact, 195

size, in relation to coin issues, 126–127

armour, provision of:

C4, 106

by Philip and Alexander, 106–107

by Successors, 107–108

by kings, 108–109

arsenals, Hl, 108

assembly, paid attendance at, 39–40

Atarrhias, promoted officer, 158

Athenagoras, resists inducements, 164–165

Athens:

commerce in Agora, 179

remuneration of citizens, 39–40

Attalid Kingdom:

financial strength, 96–97

recruitment practice, 99

Attic standard, for coins, 177

Bactrian Revolt, 152

banausos, 43

banks, public, 182–183

bargaining, see collective bargaining

benefaction, by rich citizens, 185–186

benefits (see also incentives):

given to soldiers, 128–131

result of negotiations, 156

bonuses:

under Alexander, 120, 192

under Successors, 161

booty (see also plundering):

difficulty of transport, 128–129

permission to collect, 128–129

Boulagoras, of Samos, 185–186

bronze coinage, for rations, 122, 123

building work, paid, 44, 45

capitalism (see also economy, ‘proto-capitalist’), and wage labour, 34

care, for dependants, 129–130

career progression 48 (see also promotions):

under Philip and Alexander, 157–159

under Successors, 159–161

Cassander:

confirms land grant, 110–113

promotes Alexander (general), 160–161

Cassandreia diagramma, 83, 85

cavalry, Macedonian (see also Companions):

Alexander’s reforms, 62

smaller under Antigonids, 84

change (see also economic change; labour history), of employer (see also defection), 48, 161

children, care of, 130

chiliarchies, created, 62

circulation, of coinage, 176–178

citizen troops (see also non-citizen troops), as opposed to mercenaries, 23, 26–27

citizens, remuneration of, as opposed to wage labour, 40

citizenship, and military service, 1–2, 47

civic economies, 171–172

cleruchies:

and military service, 112

Attalid, 117

Ptolemaic, 91, 116

clothing, provision of, 107

by Alexander, 106

coinage (see also bronze coinage; gold coinage; hoards; overstrikes; silver coinage);

and army size, 127

economic significance, 167

EHl standardization, 177

estimated sizes of issues, 124–127

for military expenditure, 121–122

of Alexander, 123

of Philip, 123

posthumous, of Philip and Alexander, 123–124

collective bargaining 48, 145, 146 (see also mutinies; negotiations),

not the same as desertion, 162

commodification of labour, 21–22, 35

impact on economy, 173–174

commodities, fictitious, 21

common land, 35–36

Companions (see also cavalry):

recruitment, 54–55

grants from Alexander, 113

non-Macedonian, 60–61

partly voluntary, 55

pay scale, 137

competition (see also demand):

for labour power 161–162, 163–164, 166 (see also labour markets)

for military labour, 48, 192–193

compulsory military service 1–2 (see also conscription):

by Ptolemaic settlers, 91

by Seleucid settlers, 94–96

conscription 47, 50–51 (see also compulsory military service, conscripts, Drama diagramma):

of citizens, 26

Macedonian, 98

regionally based, 54, 95

declines, 191

hybrid Ptolemaic form, 91, 164–165

in Attalid kingdom, 98

not wholly abandoned, 191

revived in Seleucid empire, 94

revived under Antigonids, 83, 85, 86–87

conscripts (see also conscription):

waged, 2

unwaged, 5

vs volunteers, 29–30

from ‘League of Corinth’, 57–58

non-Greek, in Alexander’s army, 63–65

under Perdikkas, 66–67

variable loyalty, 67–68

from ‘Hellenic League’, 67

contracts, of employment 75–80, 130–131 (see also recruitment):

implied terms, 80

with Eumenes I, 98–99

credit, institutions of, 182–183

Crete, mercenaries and coin circulation, 176

crews, naval, paid, 27–28

de Ste. Croix, G. E. M.:

on military labour, 45

on payment for work, 43, 44–45

defection (see also change, of employer; desertion), with inducements, 160–161, 163–165

demand (see also competition) and supply, of labour, 145

Demanhur hoard, 177

democracy, and pay for citizens, 39–40

denominations (coins) large, 177

dependants, care of, 129–130

desertion (see also defection):

by Macedonians, 69

or collective bargaining, 162

or response to incentives, 163–164

unpunished, 80

development, economic, in Hl period, 167

disembedded economies 20–21 (see also embedded economies):

and political factors, 194–195

and wage labour, 186, 188

profit motive in, 184

display, of wealth, increasing, 184

division of labour, 32, 35

dominant market, 20–21, 173

Drama diagramma, 83

economic change:

and military development, 2–3, 7

and military developments, 167

in Hl period, 184

Polanyi on, 35

economic development, in Hl period, 167

economic motives, of paid soldiers, 184

economic theory, see economy (c)

economy (see also economic change; economic development; economic motives; economic theory):

(a) by date:

Cl-Hl continuity, 16

EHl growth, 13–16

EHl integration, 16

Hl, alternative characterizations, 169–171

Hl, development in, 167

(b) by culture:

Carthaginian, impact of military expenditure in, 196

Greco-Roman, not unitary, 188

Roman, impact of army in, 195

Seleucid, 172–3

(c) by topic (see also disembedded economies; embedded economies; formalism; markets; Polanyi, K.; profit motive; substantivism; trade; wage labour):

‘proto-capitalist’, 3, 15–16, 167, 170, 186

beyond a binary view, 19, 188–189, 194

competing theories, 17–19

early debates, 17

recent debates, 18–20

Finley’s view, 17

moral, 35

New Institutional Economics, 18–19, 188

primitivist view, 17

rational activity, 34, 183–184

regional, 170

royal, 171

civic, 170–172

subsistence, 15

local, 171–172

Egyptians, in Ptolemaic forces, 88–89

machimoi, 88

elites, Hl, increasing wealth, 183

embedded economies 19, 169, 170 (see also disembedded economies)

embedded economy (see also disembedded economies):

profit motive in, 183–184

employers:

change of, 48, 67–69, 161

competing for labour, 48

soldiers free to choose, 77, 80

emulation, of wealth display, 184

Enclosure;

of common land, 35

enlistment 29, 47 (see also conscripts; contracts of employment; recruitment; terms of service; volunteers)

Epigonoi: 64–65;

resented by Macedonians, 149

epikouroi, 25

equipment, provision of:

by Alexander, 106–107

under Successors, 107–108

by Hl kings, 108–109

Erechtheum accounts, 44

estate managers, professional, 182

Eumenes I:

agreement with soldiers, 98–99, 130

negotiation with army, 154–156

Eumenes II, and Apollonioucharax, 117

Eumenes of Cardia: 70–71

‘ghost’ council, 152–153

highly promoted, 157

numbers of paid troops, 72

troops solicited by Antigonus, 163

Eupolemos, identification of, 79

exchange, see market exchange

expenses (see also rations), as opposed to wages, 102–105

family benefits, for soldiers, 129–130

fictitious commodities, 21–22

Finley, M. I.:

criticisms of, 18

on ancient economy, 17

on wage labour, 42

food prices, fixed, 130–131

Foot Companions (Macedonian infantry), partly voluntary, 55–56

formalism: 169

can be combined with substantivism, 184

economic theory, 17

errors of, 184

freedmen, in Athens’ navy, 27

Galatians (see also garrisons; Gauls), in Seleucid forces, 96

garrisons:

Antigonid, 86

Attalid, 97

Gauls (see also Galatians), in Antigonid army, 84–85

globalization, EHl, 9, 16

gold coinage, 58, 123, 177

gold mines, and military expenditure, 119

Greeks (see also non-Macedonians):

in Alexander’s army, 57–58

in Ptolemaic forces, 90

growth, economic:

EHl, 15

in New Institutional Economics, 19

Hellanicus, promoted officer, 158

Hellenic alliance, see ‘League of Corinth’

hoards (of coins), 176–177

and military expenditure, 122–123

Homo economicus, 33

horses, provided by Hl kings, 109

hypaspists, pay scale, 135–137

Hyphasis river, ‘mutiny’ at 147–148

Iasos, agreement with paid soldiers, 75–77

Ilion, Seleucid land grant at, 94

incentives (see also benefits; inducements; land grants):

in recruitment, 105–109, 118, 162–164

and widening participation, 191–192

for military service, 47

for promotion, 162–164

in the form of rights, 47

inducements 163–164 (see also incentives):

to change employer, 160–161, 192

Industrial Revolution, 3, 35–36

infantry, Macedonian, partly voluntary, 56

institutional theory of labour, 33

institutions, in New Institutional Economics, 18

insubordination, see ‘mutinies’

integration, of EHl economies, 15

internal labour markets, 48, 146, 156

jury service, paid, 39

katoikoi, Seleucid, 94–96

Keynesianism, military, 167

kingdoms, Hl:

as ‘predatory’ states, 172

rise, 9

kings, Hl, equipping forces, 108

kingship, and military prowess, 10

Kompoloi, agricultural specialization at, 180

alternative theories, 33–35

labour demand, 144–145

labour history:

defined, 4

and economic change, 4

and Hl economies, 187

labour markets 21 (see also competition; labour; labour history; labour power; labour relations; labourers)

defined, 144

abstract vs physical, 144

internal vs external, 146

rise of, 143, 162–163, 192–193

and military service, 146

military, in Hl period, 48

and price setting, 41

rates of pay set by, 145

making prices rise, 165–166, 193

and Roman society, 43

labour power:

defined, 37

carriers vs possessors, 38–39

labour relations:

defined, 32

labourers (see also apergoi), terminology, 43

land (see also land grants; private land; royal land), commodification of, 21–22

land grants, 47

(a) by date:

by Philip, 109–113

by Alexander, 113–114

by Antigonus, 115–116

by Lysimachus, 114–115

Antiochus I, 116

(b) by topic:

as financial benefactions, 109

full possession or temporary, 109

monetized, 91, 111–113

Ptolemaic, 117

Seleucid, 94–96

large denominations, of coins, 177

‘League of Corinth’:

(Philip’s), contributions to Macedonian army by, 57–58

(Antigonid), cost of replacing men in, 139–140

leasing:

and absentee owners, 117

of granted land, 116

Lilaeans, dedication at Delphi, 98

loans, to polis, by citizens, 185–186

local economies, 171–172

loyalty, of conscripts, variable, 68–69

luxuries, increased demand, 14, 183

Lysimachus, land grant, 114–115

Macedonia, late C4 manpower shortage, 67–68

Macedonian army:

composition, 51

expansion, 51–52

troops from subject districts, 56

Macedonian cavalry, see Companions

Macedonian royal house, see Argead house

‘Macedonians’, scope of, 53

machimoi, 88

Magnesia (Ionia), Seleucid katoikoi, 94, 95

maintenance payments, 102–104

managers, of estates, 181, 182

manufacturing, in private hands, 181

market economy 180 (see also market exchange; marketization; markets):

and demand for luxuries, 14

and profit motive, 183–184

and urbanization, 179

stimulates production, 178

wages as such do not make, 189

market exchange (see also market economy; marketization; markets), Polanyi on, 19–21

marketization, and wage labour, 174

markets (see also economy; labour markets; market economy; market exchange; marketization):

and New Institutional Economics, 19

types of, 20–21

other than for labour, 145

pre-industrial, 34

price-setting, 19

self-regulating, 145

dominant, 20

existing to varying degrees, 20–21, 169

in substantivist economies, 20

and commodification of labour, 173

and sale of labour power, 37, 39

and agricultural produce, 180–181

and Hl economies, 170

soldiers, reliant on, 178–179

Marx, K.:

on modes of production, 32–33

on wage labour, 37

wage labour defined by, 37

‘mercenaries’ (see also mercenary service; non-citizen troops; waged military labour):

definition, 23

limited utility of the term, 28, 193

problematized, 25

as opposed to citizens, 22, 26

Greek terminology, 23–25

denigrated in Cl sources, 27

in Hl scholarship, 23

at Taenarum, 70, 71

mercenary service, as wage labour, 22

Methone (Macedonia), Philip’s land grant, 109

Meyer, Eduard, on ancient economy, 17

migration:

for paid military service, 89

to towns, 181

miles gloriosus, 142

military expenditure, see bonuses; coinage; hoards; wages

military hardware, under Philip, 11

military service (see also compulsory military service; terms of service; voluntary military service; waged military labour):

and citizenship, 1–2

and wage labour, 3, 7, 46–48

competition between employers, 48

conscript vs voluntary, 50

economic productivity, 45–46

seasonal, 26, 86

year-round, 55, 118

military wage labour, see waged military labour

misthophoroi, 25, 52, 58

under Alexander, 59

under Philip, 58–59

under Successors, 69–72

in Seleucid forces, 93, 96

misthos:

defined, 40, 102

range of meanings, 103

superseded, 104–105

Mnesimachus, receives land, 115–116

mobility, see employers

mobilization, in Macedonia, 53

modes of production, 33

monetization:

and hoard evidence, 177

and military developments, 3

and military needs, 14

as Seleucid goal, 172

increases in Hl, 174

money (see also pay):

as recruitment incentive, 118

commodification of, 22

mono-cropping, in market economy, 179

moral economy, pre-industrial, 35

‘mutinies’ (see also collective bargaining; negotiations; strikes):

as collective bargaining, 150, 151

before Alexander, 147

under Alexander, 147–149

on Alexander’s death, 149–150

economic motives, 147

naval pay, 27–28

navy, Athenian, 27

negotiations (see also agreements; collective bargaining; ‘mutinies’):

by Hl kings, 156

rise of, 192

neo-classical economics, view of, 33

New Institutional Economics, 18–19, 188

shortcomings of, 19

non-citizen troops (see also citizen troops):

denigrated in Cl sources, 27

in Athens’ navy, 27

non-Macedonians:

among Companions, 60–61

promoted, 159–160

non-payment, of wages, 103–104

North, D. C., and New Institutional Economics, 18

Oikonomika, Pseudo-Aristotelian, on economies, 171

onomastic evidence, for Ptolemaic forces, 89, 90

Opis, ‘mutiny’ at, 149

opsōnion, Hl terminology, 104–105

orphans, care of, 130, 131

overstrikes:

and circulation of coins, 176

and mercenary service, 176

paid military service, see waged military labour

paid roles, at Athens 39, 40 (see also citizens)

naval, 27–28

pay not sufficient condition for wage labour, 39–41

pay grades (see also pay scales), and rank titles, 139

pay scales 48 (see also pay grades):

Hl, 139–140

payments:

to soldiers, 101

in cash, 47

in kind, 47

do not alone make a labour market, 189

Perdikkas, uses conscripts, 66

Pergamon, see Attalid kingdom

peripheral markets, 20

pezhetairoi, see Foot Companions

Philip II of Macedonia:

rise to power, 10–11

forces at start of reign, 53–54

military reforms, 11, 122

military reforms, impact of, 99–100

provides armour, 106

recruitment practices under, 189–190

innovations in recruitment, 54–58

promotions under, 157

bronze coinage, 122

posthumous coinage, 123

philoi, 115

Phoenix of Tenedos:

career, 159

mentioned, 160

plundering (see also booty):

by non-royal armies, 129

by royal armies, 129

permission for, 128–129

Polanyi, K.:

influence on Finley, 42

models of exchange, 20–21

on commodification of labour, 173

on disembedding of economies and political factors, 195

on profit, 183

Polemaios (nephew of Antigonus?), 75

polis, accepts paid military service, 71

Poseidoniasts of Berytos, commercial activity, 179

posthumous coinages, for Philip and Alexander, 123–124

‘predatory’ kingdoms, 172

price discounts, for soldiers, 130–131

price-setting, and labour market, 41, 146

primitivism, view of ancient economy, 17

private land, and markets, 181

private ownership, and manufacturing, 181

private wealth, see profit motive; wealth

privileges, granted to soldiers, 128–131

production (see also modes of production), stimulated by market economy, 179, 180, 181

profit motive 33 (see also wealth):

in embedded and disembedded economies, 184

theories of, 183

in market economy, 184

profits, of war, 101

promotions 48 (see also career progression; social mobility):

and pay grades, 158–159

criteria, 157–158

under Philip, 157–158

under Alexander, 157–158

property qualifications, in Antigonid recruitment, 144

proto-capitalist economy, 3, 170, 186

Protogenes of Olbia, 185

Ptolemaic kingdom:

economic strength, 87

land grants, 116

military service in, 88–92

stability, 87

Ptolemy I, and Iasos, 75

ranks, military, and pay grades, 119, 137, 158–159

rational economic activity, 183

rations:

Hl terminology, 104–105

in bronze coin, 122, 123

payment of, 102–104

reciprocity:

Polanyi on, 20

recruitment (see also contracts; enlistment; incentives, voluntary military service)

(a) by date:

Philip’s reform, use non-lining numerals

under Alexander, 59–62, 190

under Successors, 66–67, 191

(b) by dynasty, 94

Antigonid, 83–86

Ptolemaic, 88–91

(c) by topic:

changing contexts, 191

polis approval, 71

under Successors, 70–71

redistribution

regional variation, between economies, 15–16, 170

reimbursement:

as opposed to pay, 40, 43

remuneration (see also expenses; pay; rations; wages):

for conscripts, 2

of Athenian citizens, 40

for military service, 47

replacement costs, of troops, 139–140

revolts, see ‘mutinies’

rewards, see incentives

Rezhanci hoard, 122

rights, as incentives, 48

rowers, paid, 27–28

royal economies, Hl, 171

predatory, 171

royal houses, Macedonian, see Argead house

royal land, and the market, 180

sarissa, 11

satrapal contingents,

in Alexander’s army, 63–64

seasonal military service, 26, 82, 86

Seleucid kingdom:

economic policy, 172–173

land grants, 94–95

recruitment policy, 94–96

size of armies, 92

self-regulating, markets, 20, 21–22

serfdom, distinct from wage labour, 37

settlers (see also cleruchies):

Ptolemaic, 94

Seleucid, 94–95

shipwrecks, and trade, 14, 183

siege technology, under Philip, 11

silver coinage, and military expenditure, 122, 176

silver mines, and military expenditure, 58, 61, 123, 190

Sinanpaşa hoard, 122

sitarchia, 104

siterēsion, 104

sitos, in Cl texts, 102

slave labour:

distinct from wage labour, 40, 189

in Athens’ navy, 27

paid, 39, 40

prevalence, 42, 44–45

Smith, Adam, on division of labour, 32

social mobility (see also career progression; promotions):

in Macedonian army, 161

soldiers, waged (see also waged military labour), influence at Athens, 187

‘spear-won land’, 109, 113

specialization:

in market economy, 188

of agriculture, 180

standards of living

for soldiers, 134

staters, gold (see also gold coinage), and monetization, 176

stratiōtai, 30, 70

strikes (see also ‘mutinies’; negotiations):

under Eumenes I, 155

subsistence economy, Cl–EHl continuity, 15–16

substantivism:

theory, 17, 19

and markets, 19

on role of credit, 182

succession, to Alexander, disputed, 149

Successors (see also individual dynasties by name);

need to compete for manpower, 65–66

compete for Macedonian manpower, 68

recruitment under, 66–67, 70–72

equip troops, 107–108

level of wages, 165–166

‘super-nodes’, Hl cities as, 180

supply and demand 144 (see also competition)

Taenarum, mercenaries at, 70, 144, 187

tax relief, for soldiers, 80, 98, 117, 127, 129–130

technitēs, 43

technology, military, 11

terms of service (see also contracts; negotiations):

as criterion, 47

at issue in mutinies, 148–149

negotiated, 192

time limit, 37, 41

Theangela, agreement with paid soldiers, 77–80

Thessalians,

in Macedonian army, 57

trade,

Hl increase, 14

trade, evidence from shipwrecks, 14, 183

training:

in Athens’ navy, 27

of citizen troops, 26

under Philip, 118

of Macedonian cavalry, 54

trierarchs,

Athenian, 134

trophē,

in Cl texts, 102

unpaid wages, 103

urban growth, 179

urbanization:

and markets, 180

as Seleucid policy, 172

variation, regional, between economies, 170

voluntary employment, in market economy, 189

voluntary military service 48, 50 (see also enlistment; labour markets; recruitment; voluntary employment):

under Alexander, 62–65

immediately after 323, 66–67

not limited to mercenaries, 52

dominant in Attalid kingdom, 97

hybrid Ptolemaic form, 87

in Ptolemaic forces, 89–91

reduced in Seleucid kingdom, 92

reduced use by Antigonids, 82

Theangela episode, 77–80

Iasos episode, 75–77

wage labour (see also waged military labour; wages):

and Antiquity, 4

and labour history, 3

defined, 36–41

defined by Marx, 37

criteria for identification, 41

not simply pay, 39–40

need for labour market, 4

autonomous vs heterogenous, 39

economic impact of, 173

and disembedded economies, 21–22, 173

Finley on, 42

and ancient economy debate, 168

in ancient economies, 41

and monetization, 175

and military service, 4, 22

and mercenary service, 22

waged military labour (see also military service; wage labour; wages):

criteria for identifying, 46

impact on economies, 174, 194

and labour market, 143, 193

and monetisation, 174

economic motives, 146

not necessarily ‘mercenary’, 193

under Successors, 70–72

profitable in Hl period, 142

(a) by date:

Cl, for military service, 132–134

role in Philip’s success, 119

under Alexander, 119

under Successors, 120

higher under Successors, 140

Hl levels, 142

in C3 garrison, 140

under Ptolemy V, 139

in C2 Egypt, 141

(b) by topic:

definitions, 37

terminology, 102–105

not pay for citizens, 40

as opposed to expenses, 102

as opposed to other payments, 37

purchasing power, 131

for hypaspists, 135–137

lower in Hl citizen militia, 140–141

owed to soldiers at Iasos, 77

warfare:

frequency in C4 Hl, 10

profitability, 101

wealth (see also profit motive):

increase in Hl, 14

increased display of, 184–186

weapons, provision of (see also armour; equipment):

by Philip, 106

under Hl kings, 108

Weber, M.:

and Finley, 42

on labour, 32

xenoi, 25–26

year-round service:

Athenian navy, 133

Macedonian army, 118

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