It is no exaggeration to say that Hegel was one of the most influential of those who rediscovered Aristotle's philosophy in the early nineteenth century. In the second (1827) and the third (1830) editions of his Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences, he ends the Philosophy of Spirit, and thus the conclusive part of his mature system, with an untranslated and uncommented quotation that is taken from the seventh chapter of book Λ in Aristotle's Metaphysics. In book Λ, as is well known, Aristotle formulates some of the most speculative sentences about God and the human intellect which we can find in the entire corpus of ancient philosophy. There can be no doubt that these sentences left a lasting impression on Hegel.
In book Λ Aristotle presents a great many positive determinations of God. These determinations include, for example: God is an unmoved mover (ἀκίνητον κινοῦν) (Met. XII, 7, 1072a 26–27); God is pure actuality (ἐνέργεια) (Met. XII, 7, 1072b 8); God is in himself an eternal life (ἀΐδιος ζωή) (Met. XII, 7, 1072b 27–28); God as the first principle is a substance (πρώτη οὐσία) (Met. XII, 8, 1073a 30) on which all beings depend, or God is an active intellect (Met. XII, 7, 1072b 27). To this extent, then, it is Hegel himself who wants us to correlate his theory both of the absolute idea and absolute spirit to Aristotle's theology. There can be no doubt that Hegel regarded this reference as highly relevant to understanding the fundamental intention of his own philosophical system.Footnote 1 I think he is clear about this when he says, in the Encyclopedia where he gives an exposition of the absolute idea: ‘This unity is consequently the absolute and all truth, the Idea which thinks itself—and here at least as a thinking or Logical Idea’ (EL: §236, 292).Footnote 2 And then he goes on in the addition to this paragraph: ‘Hitherto we have had the idea in development through its various grades as our object, but now the idea comes to be its own object. This is the νόησις νοήσεως which Aristotle long ago termed the supreme form of the idea’ (EL: §236A, 292). In his confrontation with Aristotle's theology, Hegel recognizes a deep affinity between his conception of the absolute idea or the absolute spirit and Aristotle's conception of God who is as the first substance an intellect, the actuality of which consists in a thinking that is nothing other than the thinking of thinking. In the following, I will try to sketch out the basic outlines of Aristotle's conception of the divine intellect as well as of Hegel's conceptions of, respectively, absolute idea and absolute spirit, in order to give Hegel's connection to Aristotle's theology a contour. This contour allows us to better see similarities and differences between both approaches and how Hegel himself understood them.Footnote 3
I. The concept of God in Aristotle's theology
In chapter 6–7 of book Λ Aristotle develops a proof of the necessary existence of a first being or substance that as an eternal source of natural movement will guarantee that nature as a whole has no beginning and no ending in time.Footnote 4 This first being is Aristotle's famous unmoved mover whose essence is pure actuality. Under the condition that there is such a being that is pure actuality according to Aristotle, there is also always change in nature—whether it is change in the sense of the coming to be or the passing away of substances, in the sense of alteration of accidental properties of substances, or in the sense of locomotion of substances.Footnote 5 For Aristotle, nature as the whole of the sensible world has an existence without beginning and ending in time if and only if there are always substances which move or change. This means, according to the Physics, if there are always beings which perform a transition from potentiality to actuality, i.e., from δύναμις to ἐνέργεια. For the transition from potentiality to actuality is Aristotle's ontological explanation of what movement or change is (Phys. III, 1, 201b 3–5). But if there is always movement or change, a first mover must be presupposed, so that the whole cosmos in regard to its actuality depends on such a principle (Met. XII, 7, 1072b 11–14).Footnote 6 Otherwise the coming to be and passing away of substances, the alteration of their accidental properties as well as the locomotion of substances, would not be necessary but merely contingent.
The first mover can provide the guarantee of the actuality of beings within the cosmos and, hence, of the cosmos itself only under the condition that he is in himself free from potentiality so that he can never stop moving the subordinated sensible substances. And it this which Aristotle means when he says that the first mover is God as pure actuality or pure ἐνέργεια, while, for all other beings or substances which are not God, there is δύναμις and hence possibility. From this Aristotle infers in chapter 7 of book Λ that when God's being is pure actuality there can be no change in God, so that God is a being or a substance that is not only eternal (ἀΐδιος) but also changeless (ἀκίνητος) (Met. XII, 7, 1073a 4). For when God himself is pure actuality, there can be no transition from potentiality to actuality in God. Thus, the first principle of the entire cosmos, contrary to all sensible substances that belong to the cosmos and have their position within the cosmological order, transcends the dimension of potentiality. As such, God as the eternal source of natural movement is not only unmoved or changeless but also a substance that is not sensible and does not belong to the cosmos.
In Aristotle's conception of the first mover God obviously has an existence that is quite similar to Plato's ideas, being transcendent substantial forms. Not being related to potentiality, Aristotle's first mover is not equipped with matter, so that the pure actuality of this substance must be thought of as pure form (εἶδος or τί ἦν εἰναι) (Met. XII, 8, 1074a 35). Insofar as God is pure form, the eternal source of cosmic movement is a substance that is intelligible or an intellect (νοῦς), which Aristotle calls, in fact, God (θεός) or the divine intellect (θεῖος νοῦς) (Met. XII, 7, 1072b 14–30 and Met. XII, 9, 1074b 15–35). Being pure form, in the sense of being pure actuality, implies that in the divine intellect there can be no deficiency, since if there could be deficiency, it would be related to potentiality and matter, which would interfere with the fundamental ontological character of the first mover (see Lear Reference Lear1988: 301). An intellect that is pure form and pure actuality and that as a necessary being cannot have its own principle of being in something else, then, must be an ontologically perfect being which exists independently of all other beings. For a being that is in itself perfect and unchangeable (ἀκίνητον), there is no chance of lacking anything or of privation (στήρεσις). According to Aristotle, such a perfect being, because of its own perfection, possesses the highest degree of ontological dignity, so that he regards God or the divine intellect as the first substance (πρώτη οὐσία) as well as the ontologically best substance (ἀρίστη οὐσία) and, in short, as the τιμιώτατον ὄν, which means the most honourable being (Met. XII, 9, 1074b 20 and Met. XII, 9, 1074b 26).
In as much as the divine intellect is an intellect, Aristotle raises the question in chapter 9 of book Λ what it actually is that is thought by God, and whether God first thinks one intelligible object (νοητόν) and then another or always the same. Aristotle argues that if God is pure actuality and therefore a perfect being which is changeless in itself, then it is impossible that God changes the intelligible object while he is thinking. This means, too, that the divine intellect is not so much an intellect in the sense of a faculty like the passive intellect (νοῦς παθητικός) in the human soul, but it is an intellect that is eternally active. For this reason it is inaccurate to say that God is a νοῦς, for he is more correctly termed an eternal νόησις, i.e., he is the intellect's eternal thinking. It is this eternal activity of the intellect which is the intellect's thinking which we actually mean when we speak of Aristotle's God or of the first mover. Due to being pure actuality, God cannot stop thinking just as he cannot change his object. But which object is it that God eternally thinks?
When we summarize what Aristotle says in chapter 7 and 9 of book Λ about God's thinking, the best interpretation is that God does not think a plurality of different intelligible objects or forms (νοητά)—as is suggested, e.g., by Burnyeat—but rather thinks exactly one object and this object is God himself.Footnote 7 In other words: The divine intellect thinks the divine intellect and that means that it is the divine intellect's thinking which is the one and only object of God's thinking. Aristotle's argument for this assertion is that God's thinking cannot think an intelligible object inferior to him, for otherwise this would contradict God's ontological dignity and perfection. For every intelligible object that is different from God must be inferior to him so that for the sake of his own perfection God's thinking can only be the thinking of himself. And since God is not only pure actuality, but the pure actuality of the intellect, God when he is the object of his own thinking must be the thinking of thinking.Footnote 8 This is why Aristotle concludes in chapter 9 of book Λ of the Metaphysics that God's thinking can be nothing else other than a νόησις νοήσεως.Footnote 9 The pure actuality or the pure form that is the divine intellect must be understood as a being or substance which is, in its own actuality, i.e., in the activity of its thinking, strictly self-related, so that God's existence is a thinking in which the subject which thinks (νοῦς) and the object which is thought (νοητόν) are identical. God is the subject as well as the object of thought and this identity is articulated as the self-relation of the thinking of the divine intellect. God is a substance which exists not only as pure form, but as a form which is a self-related thinking and which is thus the highest realization of the identity of subject and object—a realization which can take place only in the intellect's thinking and which Aristotle articulates with regard to God as the νόησις νοήσεως.Footnote 10 It is this reflection on a first principle of being in the Metaphysics, which combines ontological, noetic and theological doctrines, which brings Aristotle to the view that God is pure actuality, pure form without matter, a transcendent and perfect being or substance, an intellect that is an eternal thinking, the object of which is solely the thinking itself and which thus fulfils to the highest degree the idea of the identity of subject and object. And this self-related actuality of the divine intellect is at the same time the supreme and eternal life.
Against Ferrarin, who is particularly concerned with the relation of pure actuality in Aristotle and Hegel's conception of absolute subjectivity, we should not overlook that an important reason why Hegel sees his own philosophy as being in the tradition of Aristotle's theology is the fact that God, besides all the stated positive determinations, is also the highest truth (ἀλήθεια).Footnote 11 In book α of the Metaphysics Aristotle explains:
that that which causes derivative truths to be true is most true. Therefore the principles of eternal things must be always most true; for they are not merely sometimes true, nor is there any cause of their being, but they themselves are the cause of the being of other things, so that as each thing is in respect of being, so it is in respect of truth. (Met. II, 1, 993b 26–31; Ross's translation)
A principle always has a higher degree of being and of truth than what is derived from it. Therefore philosophy does not only turn into theology when it is searching for the first principle of all beings; it is also, in as much as it is concerned with the first principle, a theory of truth (θεωρία περὶ τῆς ἀλήθειας) in the sense of what is true being. True being and, therefore, the paragon of truth is God. And in relation to God a derived or ontologically dependent being always represents a lower degree of being as well as of truth. In Aristotle we find not only an ontological comparative which allows us to distinguish different degrees of being, but also a comparative with respect to truth. For Aristotle, a substance cannot only have a higher degree of being than an inferior substance but also, dependent on the degree of being, a substance also has a higher or lesser degree of truth. This is why, for example, God, as pure actuality, has the highest degree of being and truth. With respect to God, then, it is correct to say that he is the most true being of everything which exists.
For Aristotle, God is the paragon of truth. However, he wishes to say not only that God's thinking is always true, since there is no possibility of it erring, but that his thinking is, in itself, the highest truth or true being. That means for Aristotle that the thinking of the divine intellect is by itself the highest truth, insofar as it is, as the first substance, the first principle for all beings. Hence, Aristotle not only affirms a mode of thinking that is always true, once it takes place—a thinking that is an understanding of the intelligible object and that belongs exclusively to the intellect or νοῦςFootnote 12—but he also asserts the idea of a true being, which implies a concept of truth that is strictly ontological. When God is an eternal thinking of thinking, we must say that this thinking is, on the one hand, a thinking that is always true, because it is an intellectual intuition in which the thinking and the intellectual object are identical and, on the other hand, that this always-true thinking is the true being or the highest truth itself in the ontological sense. Both senses are obviously unified in Aristotle's ontotheological conception of the νόησις νοήσεως in the Metaphysics, which is why God is a substance the being of which is an intellectual intuition, or more precisely an intellectual self-intuition, so that the unity of the πρώτη οὐσία and of the νόησις νοήσεως is the paragon of truth in Aristotle's philosophy.
II. Hegel's systematic integration of Aristotle's theology on the basis of his concept of truth
It is this unity of both senses of truth in God that makes Aristotle's ontotheology highly relevant for Hegel's conception of the absolute idea and the absolute spirit, since Hegel, in confrontation with Kant's judgement-based conception of truth in the Critique of Pure Reason, tries to retrieve the ontological conception. In Hegel's view, such an ontological understanding allows us to distinguish between, on the one hand, truth as a property of judgement, which according to Hegel consists only in a formal coincidence of a subjective representation and an object—a coincidence which Hegel calls mere correctness (Richtigkeit). And, on the other hand, truth can also belong to the being or the object itself which means, then, an objective coincidence of a notion or an intelligible form with a being. Hegel calls such objective coincidence objective or material truth.Footnote 13 He illustrates this distinction, which is of major importance for his entire system, in the Encyclopedia:
In common life the terms truth and correctness are often treated as synonymous: we speak of the truth of a content, when we are only thinking of its correctness. Correctness, generally speaking, concerns only the formal coincidence between our conception and its content, whatever the constitution of the content may be. Truth, on the contrary, lies in the coincidence of the object with itself, that is with the notion […] an immediate judgement in which an abstract quality is predicated of an immediately individual thing, however correct it may be, cannot contain truth. The subject and predicate of it do not stand to each other in the relation of reality and notion. (EL: §172A, 237)
According to Hegel, the strength of the ontological or, in his terms, objective conception of truth which he finds, notably, in Aristotle's Metaphysics consists not least in the fact that it makes it possible to conceive the thinking of the absolute idea and of absolute spirit, which takes place when spirit thinks its own pure forms of thought, as an absolute or infinite realization of truth. Spirit is unrestrainedly ‘with itself’ when it thinks its notions so that the thinking of spirit must be regarded as an absolute self-coincidence—a self-coincidence that is realizable to the highest degree only for a being the structure of which is a conscious self-relation. Such a conscious self-relation takes place in spirit's thinking of itself. In this thinking notion and reality coincide unrestrainedly so that notion and reality are identical in the thinking of spirit.
The reason why spirit is unrestrainedly with itself when it thinks its own determinations is that these determinations that seem to have the status of intelligible objects are not separate from spirit, because they are spirit's internal determinations. The latter allows Hegel to speak of this spirit as absolute spirit. Spirit thinks its intelligible objects and at the same time produces them. Thus, when absolute spirit thinks intelligible objects, it is identical with them in the very actuality of its thinking. Absolute spirit and its determinations do not follow the opposition of subject and object but, on the contrary, spirit is identical with itself when it thinks these determinations. Due to this processual conception of the thinking of absolute spirit, Hegel can say that when it thinks its intelligible objects, this thinking is the realization of an unrestrained coincidence of the thinking and the object of thought, which is why the spirit thinks itself when it thinks its objects. In the thinking of absolute spirit, form and content, subjectivity and objectivity, or notion and reality, coincide and can be isolated only by the one-sidedness of the understanding's abstract thinking. However, if absolute spirit according to Hegel must be thought of as a structure or being that is self-related and in which spirit unrestrainedly coincides with itself, spirit's thinking is a productive activity in which spirit develops itself into the one concrete totality of forms of thought or determinations which are organically unified in a system of concepts.Footnote 14 This organological system of concepts is in the end identical with the absolute idea or absolute spirit, so that the idea or spirit not only thinks the system of concepts but is this system itself. The thinking is the autonomous system of determinations and the autonomous system of determinations is thinking.
Following Hegel, absolute spirit is the totality of its determinations, being its parts or moments, while each moment is itself the presence of the totality, i.e., the presence of the unity of all moments. In this organological unity of the thinking of spirit, moment and totality mutually pervade one another, so that spirit is an infinite unity that possesses itself in all of its moments. Since absolute spirit's thinking is an unrestrained coincidence of form and content, subjectivity and objectivity, or notion and reality, which is possible only under the condition that absolute spirit produces the totality of the forms by itself, it is spirit that can be regarded as the realization of the highest truth in the ontological sense. This is also why, for Hegel, self-thinking spirit is God or the fulfilled Absolute, because it is only the Absolute which we can think of as an unrestrained coincidence in which, especially, the opposition of finitude and infinity is sublated in favour of a true infinity that encompasses finitude and infinity as its moments. Therefore, Hegel explains in the Encyclopedia:
God alone is the thorough harmony of notion and reality. All finite things involve an untruth: they have a notion and an existence, but their existence does not meet the requirements of the notion. For this reason they must perish, and then the incompatibility between their notion and their existence becomes manifest. It is in this kind that the individual animal has its notion; and the kind liberates itself from this individuality by death. (EL: §24A2, 41)
When Hegel ends his Encyclopedia with a reference to Aristotle's theology, it is obvious that he sees in the νόησις νοήσεως of the divine intellect the anticipation of his conception of a fulfilled objective truth that is identical with the absolute idea or absolute spirit. Since we find in chapter 9 of book Λ the argument that for the sake of God's perfection the thinking of the divine intellect can only be a thinking that is directed towards itself, in Hegel's interpretation it was Aristotle who first articulated that the highest being is at the same time the highest truth and the divine intellect's thinking of itself. For Hegel this means that Aristotle was the first to have the right concept of God or the Absolute.Footnote 15
To better understand what Hegel expects to find in Aristotle's ontology as well as in his theology, we can say that for Hegel it was Aristotle who developed a concept of God in which substantiality and subjectivity, or notion and reality, are identical. For, as we have seen, it is part of Aristotle's conception of God that God's being is his thinking and that vice versa God's thinking is his being, so that being and thinking cannot be separated in God. Another aspect of Aristotle's conception of God is that he is not only the identity of being and thinking, but that his thinking is also absolutely self-related. The fact that, for Aristotle, God is unrestrainedly for himself implies that God's being is unrestainedly self-transparent, too. So when God is pure actuality, because there is no potentiality–that is to say, no matter—in God, pure actuality must be understood as a form (εἶδος) which is for itself, and God's self-thinking thinking is this form. In other words: God can be the highest truth only because he is, as pure actuality, pure form in the sense of the νόησις νοήσεως. That God's being is a being in which the intellect is unrestrainedly for itself is the reason why Hegel can say that God in Aristotle's theology is an infinite self-consciousness and an infinite subjectivity, in which the opposition of subject and object is sublated so that subject and object have become moments of the concrete unity that the infinite subjectivity is. Hegel emphasizes this in his Lectures on the History of Philosophy, where he states in the chapter on Aristotle's metaphysics:
The highest point is, however, that in which potentiality, activity and actuality are united; the absolute substance, the true, the in-and-for-itself which Aristotle (XII, 6, 7; IX, 8) defines in general as being the unmoved, the unmovable and the eternal which yet at the same time moves, is pure activity, actus purus. […] If in later times it has seemed something new to define absolute essence as pure activity, we see that this arises from a lack of knowledge of the Aristotelian conception. But the Scholastics rightly looked upon this as the definition of God: God is pure activity, that which is in and for itself; he does not require anything material – there is no higher idealism. (TWA: 19: 158; my trans.)
And at a later passage Hegel says with reference to Aristotle:
It is only in thought that there is present a true coincidence between objective and subjective; that am I. Aristotle therefore finds himself at the highest standpoint; one can desire to know nothing deeper […]. (TWA: 19: 165; my trans.)
God's actuality, which is ‘the true’ in which subjectivity and objectivity are unified and which is as the thinking of thinking an intellectual intuition, is in Hegel's reading the essence of the I. God's self-thinking thinking is the fundament of the subjectivity by which I am self-conscious. In Hegel's view, Aristotle knows that in the self-consciousness of the human intellect the intellect is not separated from the divine intellect, so that self-consciousness is the place where the human intellect and the divine intellect are identical.Footnote 16 While Aristotle conceptualizes God as a self-related thinking in which the divine intellect is unrestrainedly self-conscious and is thus ‘the true’ as the coincidence of subjectivity and objectivity, self-consciousness and the I are a higher realization of truth than all representations and judgements that can be accompanied by the ‘I think’, as Kant stated in Critique of Pure Reason §16. The fact that, for Aristotle, the intellect when it thinks becomes identical with its object, so that God is the eternally fulfilled coincidence of subjectivity and objectivity and thus the highest truth, is the reason why Hegel sees the highest idealistic standpoint realized in Aristotle's theology.Footnote 17 In the Science of Logic, Hegel refers implicitly to this Aristotelian standpoint as a basis for a critique of Kant's ‘I think’ and the concept of truth within the realm of his transcendental idealism.
When Kant, in connection with logic comes to discuss the old and famous question; what is truth? he first of all presents to the reader as a triviality the explanation of the term as the agreement of cognition with its object—a definition of great, indeed of supreme, value. If we remember this definition in connection with the fundamental assertion of transcendental idealism, that reason as cognitive is incapable of apprehending things-in-themselves, that reality lies absolutely outside the Notion, then it is at once evident that reason such as this which is unable to put itself in agreement with its object, the things-in-themselves, and things-in-themselves that are not in agreement with the Notion of reason, the Notion that is not in agreement with reality, and a reality that does not agree with the Notion, are untrue conceptions. If Kant had considered the Idea of an intuitive understanding in the light of the above definition of truth, he would have treated that Idea which expresses the required agreement, not as a figment of thought but rather as the truth. (WL: 593)
The Idea of an ‘intuitive understanding’ satisfies the concept of truth when truth is the agreement of subjectivity and objectivity or of the notion and reality. And, as we have already seen, it is this agreement which according to Aristotle is God, since God's being is a thinking which thinks itself. For Hegel, it was Aristotle who anticipated the infinite subjectivity of the notion or the absolute idea when he conceptualized God as the νόησις νοήσεως that is at once the highest truth. To be sure, Kant had achieved a high standpoint when he argued that the transcendental unity of self-consciousness is the basis of the unity of judgement as well as of the unity of our intuition. But for Hegel, Kant's ‘I think’, although a transcendental principle of unity, remains formal and empty, and thus a notionless conception, which Hegel confronts in the Science of Logic in particular with Aristotle's conception of an intellect which is in the activity of thinking identical with its object and which is at its highest level the νόησις νοήσεως.
Now a notionless concept of this kind [i.e. Kant's ‘I’, T.D.] may indeed oppose itself to the abstract reflective determinations or categories of the previous metaphysics: for in one-sidedness it stands on a level with them, though these are indeed on a higher level of thought; but on the other hand it appears all the more meagre and empty when compared with the profounder ideas of ancient philosophy on the conception of the soul or of thinking, as for example the genuinely speculative ideas of Aristotle. If the Kantian philosophy investigated the reflective categories in question, it was even more bound to investigate the firmly held abstraction of the empty ‘I’, the presumed idea of the thing-in-itself, which, precisely on account of its abstraction, proves on the contrary to be something completely untrue. (WL: 778–79)
III. A critical outlook
Now we have reached the point to ask where the main difference between Aristotle's theology and Hegel's conception of the absolute idea or absolute spirit can be recognized. In my view, we find this difference in Aristotle's and Hegel's understanding of the activity of God or the Absolute. As we have already seen, for Aristotle God's νόησις νοήσεως is a pure actuality or a pure ἐνέργεια that is free from all potentiality, that is free from matter and thus pure form. The νόησις νοήσεως is an eternal θεωρία which is unchangeable within itself and it is eternal activity in the sense of a self-related intellectual intuition, the object of which consists of nothing else other than God's own intellectual intuition. In this intuition, which is for Aristotle the highest realization of truth, there can be no processuality. In other words: God's thinking is the unchangeable positivity or presence of being itself which is for itself in the way of a self-related intellection.
For Hegel, however, as he shows in the Doctrine of the Notion in the third part of the Science of Logic, the activity of the notion is an operation of a negativity which only refers to negativity itself.Footnote 18 Hegel calls this self-related negativity the activity of the notion (die Tätigkeit des Begriffs), which is the articulation of what for Hegel is infinite subjectivity. Without going into details here, Hegel's conception of an absolute or self-related negativity must be regarded as an autonomous or free process in which the immediate notion differentiates itself within itself into two opposing moments. But nevertheless the notion is identical with itself in these moments, since in them the notion at once is returning to itself, into its primary unity, which is now a mediated unity or a concrete totality of the moments of the notion. According to Hegel, the notion's diremption is a processual self-mediation to a higher and richer unity of the notion. The higher unity or the higher-tier notion is mediated or reflected in itself and is always a form of thought that is (in the end) a more fulfilled concretization of the absolute idea.
When Hegel, in the Lectures on the History of Philosophy, as well as in the Science of Logic and the Encyclopedia, explicitly sees an anticipation of his infinite subjectivity which is processual and developmental in itself in Aristotle's νόησις νοήσεως, he connects the latter with his own conception of the notion's self-related negativity, which is obviously incompatible with Aristotle's idea of the pure positivity or presence of being itself, for which God as the νόησις νοήσεως stands. When Hegel tries to convince us that he returns to Aristotle's theology with his theory of the absolute idea and the absolute spirit, this is convincing only insofar as Hegel can really find a theory of a first being in the Metaphysics, in which substantiality, self-thinking thinking and the highest ontological truth are unified in God. But Hegel gives Aristotle's theology too much of a Neoplatonic appearance when he interprets the νόησις νοήσεως on the basis of a self-related negativity, so that in Hegel's reading God's thinking becomes a process in which God unfolds himself into a plurality of forms or concepts. There is no evidence in book Λ of the Metaphysics that Aristotle regards the activity or actuality of God's self-thinking thinking as productive in itself. Insofar as such an interpretation is much more Neoplatonic than originally Aristotelian, one might maintain that Hegel's conception of the absolute idea and absolute spirit, which contains the process of God's self-unfolding as the process of the infinite subjectivity of the notion, is more compatible with philosophies such as that of Plotinus or Proclus than with Aristotle's. And this, I would say, is correct, even though Hegel rejects in his philosophical system the Neoplatonic theory of absolute Oneness—a Oneness that, because of its pure unity, is beyond being (ἐπέκεινα τῆς οὐσίας) and beyond the divine intellect (ἐπέκεινα τοῦ νοῦ), so that being and the divine intellect are founded in the pure unity of the One.Footnote 19
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