1 INTRODUCTION
Solar radio bursts are a product of sudden energy release during topological reorganisation of solar magnetic field (Kane et al. Reference Kane, Sawant, Cecatto, Andrade, Fernandes, Karlicky and Meszarosova2003) or magnetic reconnection. These phenomena occur across a wide range of frequencies from decimetric to centimetric wavelengths, as shown in Figure 1. Importantly, solar radio images provide the location of solar radio bursts. However, at present, solar radio imaging observations are only available at a few discrete frequencies, such as Gauribidanur Radioheliograph at 40–150 MHz (Ebenezer et al. Reference Ebenezer, Subramanian, Ramesh, Sundararajan and Kathiravan2007), Nancay Radioheliograph (Kerdraon & Delouis Reference Kerdraon and Delouis1997) at 150–450 MHz, Siberian Solar Radio Telescope (Lesovoi et al. Reference Lesovoi, Altyntsev, Ivanov and Gubin2014) at 5.7 GHz, and Nobeyama Radioheliograph (Nakajima, Nishio, & Enome Reference Nakajima, Nishio and Enome1994) at 17/34 GHz.
A schematic representation of the radio spectrum and different solar radio bursts during and after a large solar flare. The Roman numerals denote different types of metric bursts, with DCIM denoting decimetric emissions. Types IVm and IVs indicate moving and stationary Type IV bursts, respectively. Type IVμ indicates centimetre continuum due to gyrosynchrotron emission. It may continue beyond 100 GHz. Figure and caption taken from Benz (Reference Benz2009).
The Chinese Spectral Radioheliograph (CSRH, Wang et al. Reference Wang2013) was developed to image solar radio bursts over a wide range of frequencies with high-frequency resolution. It provides a new tool for observing solar radio emissions including radio bursts from the primary energy release sites (Yan et al. Reference Yan, Zhang, Wang, Liu, Chen and Ji2008) of solar energetic events such as flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). The CSRH, as shown in Figure 2, consists of two interferometer arrays, CSRH-I and CSRH-II. The CSRH-I array is comprised of 40 reflector antennas with 4.5-m dishes and covers a frequency range from 0.4–2 GHz. The CSRH-II array is comprised of 60 reflector antennas with 2-m dishes and covers a frequency range from 2–15 GHz (Li et al. Reference Li, Yan, Chen, Wang and Zhang2015b). All 100 antennas (Yan et al. Reference Yan, Zhang, Chen, Wang, Liu and Geng2012) are placed along three spiral arms with a maximum baseline of 3 km and surrounded by small hills (Liu et al. Reference Liu, Yan, Zhao and Wang2013). The CSRH will make full solar disk radio images at multiple frequency channels with a time resolution down to 3 ms (Acton Reference Acton1996).
A picture of the CSRH.
Dual circularly polarised feeds are designed to receive polarised solar radio signals. Since the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) is strongly dependent on the polarisation degree of the radio signal, it is desirable to design a feed with good characteristics. Circular polarisation measurements of solar radio emission reveal the relationships between the coronal magnetic field and energetic electrons, and a polarisation degree of 1% is detectable by radio heliographs. The VSWR must be as small as possible so that reflections in the antenna do not distort the very rapidly changing transient signals from the Sun. Previous ultra-wide band feeds, such as the quad-ridged horn (Bennett et al. Reference Bennett, Anderson, McInnes and Whitaker1976), corrugated horn (Kraus & Marhefka Reference Kraus and Marhefka2002), and sinuous antenna (Aghdam, Farajj-Dana, & Rashed-Mohassel Reference Aghdam, Farajj-Dana and Rashed-Mohassel2005), are not suitable for the observation of fast changing radio frequency (RF) signals. The Eleven feed was first developed at Chalmers University in 2005. In Olsson, Kildal, & Weinreb (Reference Olsson, Kildal and Weinreb2006), the reflection coefficient of the original Eleven feed was reported as − 5 dB in the range 0.15–1.5 GHz, which can be used to observe objects with slowly changing signals. However, it is not suitable for observing the Sun since solar radio bursts may vary rapidly at millisecond time scales. In Yang et al. (Reference Yang, Pantaleev, Kildal, Klein, Karandikar, Helldner, Wadefalk and Beaudoin2011), a new system design for reflector antennas was introduced using a cryogenic 2–13 GHz Eleven feed. The reflection coefficient was below − 8 dB in the ultra-wide band width. In Yin et al. (Reference Yin, Yang, Pantaleev and Helldner2013), the performance of the circular Eleven feed shows that the measured reflection coefficient is below − 8 dB in the 2–14 GHz range. However, this performance is still not satisfactory for the requirements of solar radio observations with fast changing signals. Also, in Yang et al. (Reference Yang, Pantaleev, Billade, Ivashina, Carozzi, Helldner and Dahlgren2015) and Yang (Reference Yang2014), a new type of Eleven feed with high sensitivity over 0.35–1.05 GHz range was introduced for the Square Kilometer Array (SKA) project band 1, improving the reflection coefficient below − 12 dB. However, in the low and high-frequency bands, the reflection coefficients vary in the range of − 12 dB to − 4 dB. Further, the isolation between two orthogonal ports is larger than 50 dB and the aperture efficiency is above 70% in the high part of the band. To facilitate the requirement of the CSRH observing the Sun (Li et al. Reference Li, Yan, Chen and Wang2014), we design another circularly polarised feed. It refers to the Eleven feed of Chalmers University (Olsson et al. Reference Olsson, Kildal and Weinreb2006) by improving its VSWR (Kildal Reference Kildal2000).
The difference between these feeds lies in the impedance matching and the method of synthesis of dual circularly polarised signals. In the feed testing stage, we found that placing a metal ring in the centre of the microstrip line can improve the VSWR significantly, achieving good impedance matching. Our feed design uses a state-of-the-art principle, the placement of a metal ring (Kim et al. Reference Kim, Eisenstadt, Andrew and Hanaway2008), instead of a balun (Zhang, Peng, & Xin Reference Zhang, Peng and Xin2008). We will show, using systematic simulations, the efficiency and effectiveness of this new method. Our method also improves upon the detection of dual circularly polarised signals. In our method, there are four log-periodic arrays in the feed, and each pair of opposite log-periodic arrays are connected by the microstrip line at the foot of the arrays, i.e. at the high-frequency ends. The coaxial inner core and cable skin are linked with this microstrip line separately, so there are two output ends of the feed in total, which decreases the interference of the cable lines. In Yang et al. (Reference Yang, Pantaleev, Kildal, Klein, Karandikar, Helldner, Wadefalk and Beaudoin2011), there are eight outputs at the ends of the log-periodic arrays. These outputs are combined with two 180° hybrids (balun), four loads, and one 3 dB power combiner to form a feeding network. Such a feeding network would consume more energy and result in signal loss due to the complex structure, compared with Yang et al. (Reference Yang, Pantaleev, Billade, Ivashina, Carozzi, Helldner and Dahlgren2015). The microstrip line we use for both vertical and horizontal polarisations is straight and does not have step transformer-type lines. We use straight microstrip lines to form one polarisation and the main idea is to remove the mutual coupling by using two centre-bridge geometries. For the vertical polarisation, a coaxial cable is fed with the inner conductors connected to one strip line, and the outer conductors connected to another strip line which is also connected to the main ground plane. The measurement of horizontal polarisation uses the same setup.
This paper mainly studies the issue of impedance matching and gives the performance of the CSRH-I antenna. The feed of CSRH-II is introduced in another paper. This paper is organised as follows: Section 1 shows the software simulations of a metal ring placed in the microstrip line of our feed, Section 3 presents the software simulations and actual measurements of our feed, and Section 4 is the conclusion.
2 THE SIMULATION OF IMPEDANCE MATCHING USING A METAL RING
The goal of this feed design is to minimise the VSWR of the output port and obtain good radiation patterns over the frequency band of the CSRH. To achieve good performance, it is necessary to optimise impedance matching. For wide-angle scanning array antennas, the magnitude of the reflection changes substantially with scan angle and wave polarisation. Conventional matching techniques in the individual element of feed lines cannot compensate for these changes. There is a method of wide-angle impedance matching (WAIM) (Sikina Reference Sikina2010) which utilises a thin, high-k dielectric sheet spaced in front of the array. In Deng et al. (Reference Deng, Lai, Jeng and Chen2006), stepped-impedance resonators play important roles for the matching circuits. In our application, during the testing stage of our feed design, a metal ring was placed at the centre of the microstrip line resulting in good impedance matching and therefore an improved VSWR. To explain and verify such an operation, a series of simulations using High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software is implemented in this section.
The simulated model and measured model are shown in Figure 3. Figure 3(a) shows the simulated model and the geometry and dimensions of the Eleven feed. The prototype picture of the CSRH feed is shown in Figure 3(b). The side view of the feed and the central part of Figure 3 is shown in detail in Figure 3(c). In Figure 3(c), the parallel solid lines represent two microstrip lines that connect the two opposite dipole log-periodic arrays. The two microstrip lines are connected with the ends of a coaxial line to output two signals. These two signals are combined after a 90° phase shift. li represents the length of half a wave dipole i, d represents the separation between two adjacent dipoles, and r is the distance from the dipoles to the vertex.
The geometries of the proposed design. (a) Top view of feed. (b) The manufactured feed. (c) Side view of the feed.
In our simulation, for computing efficiency, a feed consists of a pair of oppositely located log-periodic dipole arrays. The simulated model of the feed with a metal ring is shown in Figure 4. It shows the side view of the central part, where dr1 and dr2 represent outer and inner diameters of the symmetrical circle, respectively. The centre is connected to a balanced microstrip line, and a metal ring was placed above the microstrip line.
The simulated model with a metal ring (top). The side view and the top view of the central part of the feed (bottom).
Figure 4 shows the geometry of the simulated model with the metal ring geometry. It is a model of a pair of log-periodic arrays for one polarisation. The simulated results were calculated by the software HFSS. We did not find a suitable way of fixing the metal ring to the microstrip lines for the real object feed, so we use four 470 impedances instead of the metal ring geometry.
The simulated results verify the advantage of adding a metal ring above the microstrip line. Figure 5 shows the simulated results with variable sizes and positions of the metal ring in the feed. The poorest performance of this feed occurs when the metal ring is excluded. However, simulating with a metal ring improves the VSWR, whilst the efficiency and radiation patterns are almost the same in different circumstances. The average radiation efficiency is about 0.96, with only a few circumstances showing poor efficiency. Figure 6 shows the simulated radiation patterns at 0.4, 1.2, 1.6, and 2.0 GHz, for different models. We can see that the radiation patterns appear almost the same in different models and therefore, the method of adding a metal ring to improve impedance matching is applicable.
The simulated results [(a) VSWR and (b) Antenna efficiency] using different distances Dp and ring size (inner diameter is dr1 and outer diameter is dr2). Dp represents the distance between the ring and the dielectric slab. Each figure includes seven different circumstances with different colours corresponding to different parameters. (a) The simulated VSWR. (b) Antenna efficiency.
The simulated radiation patterns at different frequencies (the different coloured lines correspond to different circumstances, as shown in Figure 5).
The signal from the feed is imported into the following analogue receiver. The feed and the analogue receiver are connected by a transmission line. To achieve impedance matching, the resistance of the combination of the metal ring and the feed should be equal to the impedance of the transmission line; meanwhile, the reactance should be very small so that the imaginary part of the impedance is near to zero.
3 THE PERFORMANCE OF THE DESIGNED FEED WITH THE PROPOSED IMPEDANCE MATCHING
The ideal feeding network used in the Eleven feed (Yang et al. Reference Yang, Chen, Wadefalk and Kildal2009) consists of two ideal 180° hybrids (balun) and one ideal 3 dB power combiner, which includes a central puck and a real eight-port circuit board. In our CSRH feed, two log-periodic arrays are placed face-to-face to form one polarisation array receiving one polarised signal. These two polarisation arrays are connected by two microstrip lines. The coaxial inner core and cable skin are linked with these two microstrip lines separately and thus a voltage difference between these two dipoles is achieved.
The relationships of the log-periodic arrays are as follows:
$$\begin{equation}
\frac{{{l_n}}}{{{l_{n - 1}}}} = \frac{{{r_n}}}{{{r_{n - 1}}}} = \frac{{{d_n}}}{{{d_{n - 1}}}} = \tau,
\end{equation}$$
$$\begin{equation}
{d_n} = (1 - \tau ) * {r_n},
\end{equation}$$
$$\begin{equation}
\theta = {\tan ^{ - 1}}\left\lbrace {\frac{{l(1 - \tau )}}{{{d_n}/{\lambda _n}}}} \right\rbrace.
\end{equation}$$
Two adjacent dipoles above the ground plane generate bore-sight radiation patterns. In order to get circularly polarised signals, a wideband 3 dB hybrid (Cristal & Young Reference Cristal and Young1965) is synthesised using multiple symmetrical parallel offset strip lines (Shelton Reference Shelton1966). Figure 7 shows the schematic drawing of the 90° hybrid. We selected a ripple value of 0.25 dB and the number of strip lines is 5. This number sets the size of each microstrip line. This is simulated using Advance Design System (ADS) software (Qing & Chia Reference Qing and Chia1999). Next, we manufactured the hybrid and tested it with a vector network analyser. Figure 8 shows the phase distance of the two outputs from the hybrid and indicates the phase difference of the hybrid output. The phase difference in the wide frequency band is almost 90° with no more than a 3° variation. Figure 9 shows the S parameters of the hybrid, where the measured and simulated transmission coefficients S 31 and S 41 are almost − 3 dB and the measured and simulated S 11 and S 21 are less than − 27 dB. It indicates that the signal transmission efficiency is good and signal loss is very small. The results show consistency between the simulations and the actual measurements in Figures 8 and 9.
The schematic drawing of a 90° hybrid.
The simulated and measured results of phase difference for the hybrid output.
The results of the S parameter characteristics.
The far-field pattern measurements of the feed were carried out in an anechoic chamber (Yang & Kildal Reference Yang and Kildal2000). The distance between the source and the feed under test was about 15 m. The radiation patterns (Richard & Jasik Reference Richard and Jasik1984) of the proposed feed in the E and H planes are listed in Figure 10 for 0.4, 1.2, and 2.0 GHz. It can be seen that the co-polar patterns have a nearly constant beam width at these frequencies. The axial ratio was measured in this chamber too. In general, Figure 11 shows that the axial ratio band is below 2.5 dB, over the whole band. Figure 12 shows the measured feed gains, varying in the range of 8.9–11.2 dB across the whole operating frequency bands. Again, it can be seen that the measured results agree well with the simulated results.
The simulated and measured radiation patterns of the feed.
The simulated and measured axial ratio.
The simulated and measured peak gain of the feed.
The VSWR of the CSRH-I feed was simulated using Ansoft HFSS (Xie et al. Reference Xie, Wang, Li, Zhou and Zhenya2007) and measured using an Agilent E8363B PNA network analyser, as shown in Figure 13. Figure 13 shows that the measured results agree reasonably well with the simulated ones, with values below 2 from 0.4 to 2 GHz.
The simulated and measured VSWR.
CSRH uses a primarily focussed reflector antenna and the focal ratio (F/D) is 0.4. Figure 14 shows the simulated 3D radiation patterns at 0.4 GHz. The radiation pattern is symmetrical and its illumination angle of the 10 dB beam width is about 135°. The simulated total gain is about 27.7 dB. The feed is installed in the focus of the reflector antenna and we use a weather satellite as a radiation source to measure the radiation pattern of this antenna. The antenna uses the satellite beacon signal in azimuth and elevation directions to get the antenna pattern (Yang et al. Reference Yang, Chen, Wadefalk and Kildal2009). Figure 15 shows radiation patterns both in declination and right ascension directions at 1.7 GHz. The first sidelobe of the measured radiations is − 14 dB and the measured pointing and tracking accuracy is 9 arcsec. The measured aperture efficiency is about 0.46 (Li et al. Reference Li, Yan, Chen, Wang and Liu2015a).
The simulated 3D radiation patterns at 0.4 GHz.
The radiation patterns at 1.7 GHz for both declination and right ascension directions.
4 CONCLUSION
In this paper, we demonstrate that a metal ring placed above strip lines can improve the efficiency of the feed significantly. The measurements of the Eleven feed meet the scientific objectives of the CSRH programme which requires that the antenna have VSWR < 2, axial ratio < 2.5 dB and 90° hybrid phase imbalance < 3° in the ultra-wide frequency band, in order to measure degree of circular polarisation with an accuracy of 10%. The proposed feed design with the inclusion of a metal ring, derived from the traditional designs, may improve the VSWR significantly and this idea can be applied to other feed designs.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported in part by National Major Scientific Equipment Research and Design project under Grant ZDYZ2009-3. The feed measurement was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China NSFC grants (Nos.: MOST2011CB811401, 11221063, 10778605, 11003028, 11573043, 11433006, 61572461, U1231205).
