Introduction
Fungaemia has high short-term and long-term mortality rates. An Israel study conducted in the early 1990s reported an one-month mortality of 42% and a four-year mortality of 86% [Reference Leibovici1]. In recent decades, the incidence rate of invasive fungal infection has increased dramatically. Candidaemia is the fourth most common type of nosocomial blood stream infections (BSIs). The proportion of nosocomial BSIs induced by antibiotic-resistant organisms is increasing in US hospitals [Reference Wisplinghoff2]. The increase in incidence is caused by advancement of modern medicine, such as organ transplantation [Reference Yang3, Reference Cesaro4], broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents [Reference Schwender, Gordon and Gardner5] and long-term central venous access devices [Reference Devrim6], all of which can prolong the survival time while putting patients at high risk of fungal infections. There are many studies on bacterial and fungal BSIs [Reference Lillie7, Reference McNamara8], however, only a few of them focus on predicting the long-term prognosis of fungaemia.
The number of antifungal treatment options has increased since the approval of caspofungin by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2001 [Reference Dongmo Fotsing and Bajaj9]. However, the long-term prognosis of fungaemia in ICU patients has been rarely reported. MIMIC-III Database was used in this study to explore good predictors of the mortality and prognosis of fungaemia in ICU patients.
Materials and methods
This retrospective study was based on MIMIC-III Database [Reference Johnson10]. The inclusion criteria were: (1) patients who had positive fungal blood culture test and received antifungal therapy and (2) patients who were over 18 years old. The exclusion criteria were patients with incomplete data. This large open database consists of about 53 000 ICU adult patients' de-identified health-related data from 2001 to 2012 at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, MA. It was jointly established by Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Phillips Healthcare and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Access to and use of it were granted after ‘Human Research (Curriculum Group)’, a course of the Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative (CITI) Program, was finished (Certification Number: 29641289).
The variables extracted from MIMIC-III Database included age on the day of blood culture test, gender and major underlying diseases, such as diabetes mellitus(diabetes), congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), renal failure, liver disease and solid tumours. The variables of vital signs were mean blood pressure (mean bp, mmHg) on the day of blood culture test. Other variables of blood test results were serum bilirubin level (bilirubin, mg/dl), serum creatinine level (creatinine, mg/dl), blood urea nitrogen (BUN, mg/dl), INR and pulse oxygen saturation(SPO2）on the day of blood culture test. Severity of fungaemia was estimated using the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score on the day of blood culture test. The patients'comorbidity scores were evaluated with the Elixhauser_vanwalraven scoring system [Reference van Walraven11]. The worst value was taken when a variable was repeatedly tested.
Statistical analysis
The count data were represented by case number (n), and the intergroup differences were analysed with Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. The Shapiro−Wilk normality test showed that some data did not conform to a normal distribution (P < 0.05). Therefore, the measurement data in this study were described by P50 (P25, P75) and a non-parametric rank-sum test was used for intergroup comparison. The factors associated both 30-days and the 4-year mortality were identified. The factors whose P values were ⩽0.1 in univariate analyses were entered into Cox regression model in the way of forward selection (conditional LR) until the final model was achieved. Kaplan–Meier survival curves for significant predictors of the 4-year mortality were constructed and analysed using the log-rank test. All analyses were performed using SPSS (IBM SPSS Statistics 25).
Results
Among the 38 512 ICU patients aged 18 years or more registered in the database, 204(0.53%) with fungaemia who met the inclusion criteria were analysed, and their 225 fungaemia episodes were reviewed. The patients with fungaemia had a median age of 64.7 years (interquartile range: 51.4–74.6) and 57.8% of them were male. The 30-day and 4-year mortality rates were 41.2% and 75%, respectively, while the rest of the population of the database were 13.6% and 34.7%, respectively, as shown in Figure 1. The median age of the 38 315 patients over 18 years old and without fungaemia was 65.9 years (interquartile range: 52.7–78.1) and 56.6% of them were male. The fungi isolated are listed in Table 1.
Overall survival.
Common fungus isolated
Thirty-day mortality and risk factors
Table 2 shows the univariate and Cox regression predictors of mortality by 30 days. Age, SOFA score, Elixhauser_vanwalraven, bilirubin and INR were important predictors of 30-day mortality. The decrease of meanbp was also a good predictor of 30-day mortality. The 30-day mortality rate of patients with liver disease or steroid therapy also increased. The 30-day mortality rate of patients with solid tumours decreased. It was not affected by factors such as the choice of antifungal treatment and the type and number of fungi.
Predictors of 30-day mortality at the time of fungaemia
Four-year mortality and survival curves
As shown in Table 3，In univariate analyses, increased mortality was associated with age, SOFA score, Elixhauser_vanwalraven, congestive heart failure, renal replacement therapy，bilirubin，INR，Bun and Meanbp. In Cox regression analysis, the age, bilirubin，renal failure and INR were accurate in predicting the 4-year mortality. Kaplan−Meier survival curves for quartiles of age and binary variables of renal failure, bilirubin, INR are shown in Figure 2.
Kaplan–Meier survival curves of age, renal failure, bilirubin and INR.
4-year mortality at the time of fungaemia
Discussion
In this study, results show that age，INR and bilirubin are good predictors of short-term and long-term mortality of fungaemia. In particular, the INR is statistically significant in predicting 30-day mortality (P = 0.001, OR = 2.359 (1.433–3.882)), but also in predicting 4-year mortality (P ＜0.001, OR = 2.065(1.471–2.898)). Therefore, INR is a good predictor of mortality in fungaemia. In other reports, INR was associated with in-hospital mortality [Reference Lyons12, Reference Benediktsson13]. One possible explanation we have found is the systemic inflammation that often occurs in patients with fungaemia and the interference between inflammatory pathways and the coagulation system. This may lead to organ dysfunction, such as an increase in bilirubin. Deteriorated organ function leads to increased short-term and long-term mortality in patients with fungaemia.
Bilirubin can be used as an independent predictor of the short-term and long-term prognosis of fungaemia. Bilirubin is the principal tetrapyrrole, bile pigment and catabolite of haem [Reference Wagner14]. It inhibited LPS-induced B-cell proliferation and cytokine production from splenic macrophages to prove immunosuppression associated with hyperbilirubinaemia reported by Nazir M Khan [Reference Khan and Poduval15] et al. Pierrakos et al. [Reference Pierrakos16] found that hyperbilirubinaemia was independently associated with increased mortality in critically ill patients. At the same time, one research study also showed that purification therapy was effective in reducing bilirubin levels [Reference Calabrò17]. It is debatable whether the short-term and long-term prognosis of mycosis can be improved by lowering bilirubin levels.
Bilirubin, as a biomarker for the prevalence of chronic diseases and prediction of all-cause mortality [Reference Wu18], is also a new biomarker for successful ageing [Reference Wagner14]. The short-term and long-term mortality rates increased significantly with age, three observational studies had similar results [Reference Leibovici1, Reference Anunnatsiri, Chetchotisakd and Mootsikapun19, Reference Ribero20]. During the 4-year follow-up period, the mortality rate increased steadily with time compared with other ICU patients. Further research is needed to study this issue and how to reduce the mortality of fungaemia among young people. Ribero et al. [Reference Ribero20] reported that age was also an important prognostic factor for melanoma, and that increase in age led to decrease in survival rate. The Elixhauser_vanwalraven system [Reference van Walraven11] was used to score the patients' underlying diseases and to analyse and predict the mortality of fungaemia and SOFA score reflects the acute status of organ functions. This study shows that the Elixhauser_vanwalraven score and the SOFA score is a good predictor of the 30-day mortality of mycosis.
Renal failure could be used as an independent predictor of the long-term prognosis of fungaemia. Similar results have been found in other disease studies, such as Toshitaka Okabe [Reference Okabe21] et al.'s study, which found that renal failure was associated with cardiovascular death in patients with heart failure. This is because fungaemia aggravates chronic inflammation of the kidney, which increases the risk of death [Reference Furman22].
In this study, nine cases of patients with fungaemia accompanied by solid tumour, only one died within 30 days. The 30-day mortality rate of fungaemia patients with solid tumour was reduced. Chen [Reference Chen23] et al. reported that there was no difference in 30-day mortality of patients with mycosis accompanied by solid tumour. The possible explanation was that the data are too small, resulting in selective errors.
In addition, we have illustrated that the 1-month, 1-year, 2-year, 3-year and 4-year mortality rates of fungaemia are 41.2%, 62.3%, 68.1%, 72.5% and 75.0% among ICU patients in this study, respectively. Siriluck Anunnatsiri et al. [Reference Anunnatsiri, Chetchotisakd and Mootsikapun19] reported that the overall in-hospital mortality of fungaemia was 56.1% at Srinagarind Hospital in northeastern Thailand. Lillie et al. [Reference Lillie7] reported that the 30-day mortality and the 3-year mortality of BSIs were 15% and 48.75%, respectively. Fungaemia and bacteraemia have completely different short-term and long-term prognosis.
Among the fungal strains in this study, there is a case of fungaemia caused by Saccharomyces cerevisiae infection. General patient information is, male, 50.8 years old, with renal failure and liver disease, long-term use of glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants. After diagnosis of fungaemia, the survival period was 218 days. S. cerevisiae is widely used in baking and brewing industry, which is a very rare infection in human beings. Patricia Muñoz [Reference Muñoz24] suggested that the use of S. cerevisiae should be carefully reassessed, especially in immunosuppressed or critically ill patients. Davide Fiore Bavaro reported that targeted therapy might enhance or inhibit immunity in patients with autoimmune idiopathic diseases. However, the drugs would have some adverse reactions, such as opportunistic infections [Reference Bavaro25].
This study has six limitations: ① the sample size was small because the data were from a single centre and the incidence of fungaemia was low, which might lead to non-universal findings. ② Fungaemia are often ‘opportunistic’ infections, caused by important antibiotic selective pressure, parenteral nutrition and major abdominal surgery. However, this study is a retrospective study rather than a prospective study, which inevitably leads to the limitation. ③ There were no data control group in this study. ④ The study did not stratify outcomes according to therapeutic interventions. ⑤ Polymicrobic infections were not used as a prediction; ⑥ The long-term and short-term mortality of fungaemia might be different in different areas because of differences in healthcare quality, economic development and culture.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the incidence rate of fungaemia is 0.53% among ICU patients. There is an appreciable and gradual increase in mortality after an episode of bloodstream fungal infection. The SOFA score and Elixhauser vanwalraven score have good performance in predicting the 30-day mortality. Treatment of organ dysfunction and control of underlying diseases may help improve the short-term prognosis of fungaemia. Age，INR and bilirubin are good predictors of the short-term and long-term mortality rates of fungaemia. Renal failure has good performance in predicting the long-term mortality.
Author contributions
Maolong Dong was responsible for the design and revision of papers. Peng Xie was responsible for extracting data from MIMIC-III database，performed statistical analysis and writed paper. Wenqiang Wang was responsible for checking data and statistical analysis. All authors contributed to the writing of the final manuscript.
Financial support
This study did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Data
The data that support the findings of this study are from database. This large open database consists of about 53 000 ICU adult patients' de-identified health-related data from 2001 to 2012 at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, MA. It was jointly established by Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Phillips Healthcare and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Access to and use of it were granted after ‘Human Research (Curriculum Group)’, a course of the Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative (CITI) Program, was finished (Certification Number: 29641289).
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