Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-77f85d65b8-2tv5m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-04-13T16:22:44.752Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Section 3 - Treatment of the Dementias

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 November 2025

Bruce L. Miller
Affiliation:
University of California, San Francisco
Bradley F. Boeve
Affiliation:
Mayo Clinic, Minnesota
Get access

Information

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

References

Alzheimer’s Disease International. From Plan to Impact III. Maintaining Dementia as a Priority in Unprecedented Times. London: Alzheimer’s Disease International, 2020.Google Scholar
2020 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimer Dement. 2020;16:391460.10.1002/alz.12068CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aisen, PS, Cummings, J, Jack, CR Jr, et al. On the path to 2025: understanding the Alzheimer’s disease continuum. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2017;9(1):60.10.1186/s13195-017-0283-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jack, CR Jr, Bennett, DA, Blennow, K, et al. NIA-AA research framework: toward a biological definition of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2018;14(4):535562.10.1016/j.jalz.2018.02.018CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bateman, RJ, Xiong, C, Benzinger, TL, et al. Clinical and biomarker changes in dominantly inherited Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(9):795804.10.1056/NEJMoa1202753CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubois, B, Hampel, H, Feldman, HH, et al. Preclinical Alzheimer’s disease: definition, natural history, and diagnostic criteria. Alzheimers Dement. 2016;12(3):292323.10.1016/j.jalz.2016.02.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vellas, B, Gauthier, S, Allain, H, et al. Consensus statement on dementia of Alzheimer type in the severe stage. J Nutr Health Aging. 2005;9(5):330338.Google ScholarPubMed
Cummings, J. Drug development for psychotropic, cognitive-enhancing, and disease-modifying treatments for Alzheimer’s disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2021;33(1):313.10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20060152CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummings, J, Lee, G, Ritter, A, et al. Alzheimer’s disease drug development pipeline: 2020. Alzheimers Dement (N Y). 2020;6(1):e12050.10.1002/trc2.12050CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Budd Haeberlein, S, Aisen, PS, Barkhof, F, et al. Two randomized phase 3 studies of aducanumab in early Alzheimer’s disease. J Prev Alzheimers Dis. 2022;9(2):197210.10.14283/jpad.2022.30CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sabbagh, MN, Cummings, J. Open peer commentary to “Failure to demonstrate efficacy of aducanumab: an analysis of the EMERGE and ENGAGE trials as reported by Biogen December 2019.Alzheimers Dement. 2020;17(4):17021703.Google ScholarPubMed
Cummings, J, Rabinovici, GD, Atri, A, et al. Aducanumab: appropriate use recommendations update. J Prev Alzheimers Dis. 2022;9(2):221230.10.14283/jpad.2022.34CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swanson, CJ, Zhang, Y, Dhadda, S, et al. A randomized, double-blind, phase 2b proof-of-concept clinical trial in early Alzheimer’s disease with lecanemab, an anti-Abeta protofibril antibody. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2021;13(1):8094.10.1186/s13195-021-00813-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Dyck, CH, Swanson, CJ, Aisen, P, et al. Lecanemab in early Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2023;388(1):921.10.1056/NEJMoa2212948CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummings, J, Apostolova, L, Rabinovici, GD, et al. Lecanemab: appropriate use recommendations. J Prev Alzheimers Dis. 2023;10(3):362377.10.14283/jpad.2023.30CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mintun, MA, Lo, AC, Duggan Evans, C, et al. Donanemab in early Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(18):16911704.10.1056/NEJMoa2100708CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sperling, RA, Jack, CR Jr, Black, SE, et al. Amyloid-related imaging abnormalities in amyloid-modifying therapeutic trials: recommendations from the Alzheimer’s Association Research Roundtable Workgroup. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7(4):367385.10.1016/j.jalz.2011.05.2351CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
VandeVrede, L, Gibbs, DM, Koestler, M, et al. Symptomatic amyloid-related imaging abnormalities in an APOE epsilon4/epsilon4 patient treated with aducanumab. Alzheimers Dement (Amst). 2020;12(1):e12101.Google Scholar
Liu, J, Hlavka, J, Hillestad, R, et al. Assessing the preparedness of the US healthcare system infrastructure for an Alzheimer’s treatment. [Research report] RAND Corporation., 2017.10.7249/RR2272CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atri, A. The Alzheimer’s disease clinical spectrum: diagnosis and management. Med Clin North Am. 2019;103(2):263293.10.1016/j.mcna.2018.10.009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummings, JL, Morstorf, T, Zhong, K. Alzheimer’s disease drug-development pipeline: few candidates, frequent failures. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2014;6(4):37.10.1186/alzrt269CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, X, Sun, G, Feng, T, et al. Sodium oligomannate therapeutically remodels gut microbiota and suppresses gut bacterial amino acids-shaped neuroinflammation to inhibit Alzheimer’s disease progression. Cell Res. 2019;29(10):787803.10.1038/s41422-019-0216-xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martins, M, Silva, R, M, MMP, et al. Marine natural products, multitarget therapy and repurposed agents in Alzheimer’s disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2020;13(9).10.3390/ph13090242CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levine, SZ, Yoshida, K, Goldberg, Y, et al. Linking the Mini-Mental State Examination, the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale and the Severe Impairment Battery: evidence from individual participant data from five randomised clinical trials of donepezil. Evid Based Ment Health. 2021;24(2):5661.10.1136/ebmental-2020-300184CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rogers, SL, Doody, RS, Mohs, RC, et al. Donepezil improves cognition and global function in Alzheimer disease: a 15-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Donepezil Study Group. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158(9):10211031.10.1001/archinte.158.9.1021CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tan, CC, Yu, JT, Wang, HF, et al. Efficacy and safety of donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, and memantine for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014;41(2):615631.10.3233/JAD-132690CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grossberg, GT, Schmitt, FA, Meng, X, et al. Reviews: Effects of transdermal rivastigmine on ADAS-cog items in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2010;25(8):627633.10.1177/1533317510385808CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummings, J, Ritter, A, Zhong, K. Clinical trials for disease-modifying therapies in Alzheimer’s disease: a primer, lessons learned, and a blueprint for the future. J Alzheimers Dis. 2018;64(s1):S3S22.10.3233/JAD-179901CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dou, KX, Tan, MS, Tan, CC, et al. Comparative safety and effectiveness of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine for Alzheimer’s disease: a network meta-analysis of 41 randomized controlled trials. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2018;10(1):126.10.1186/s13195-018-0457-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winblad, B, Engedal, K, Soininen, H, et al. A 1-year, randomized, placebo-controlled study of donepezil in patients with mild to moderate AD. Neurology. 2001;57(3):489495.10.1212/WNL.57.3.489CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodda, J, Morgan, S, Walker, Z. Are cholinesterase inhibitors effective in the management of the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia in Alzheimer’s disease? A systematic review of randomized, placebo-controlled trials of donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine. Int Psychogeriatr. 2009;21(5):813824.10.1017/S1041610209990354CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummings, JL, Schneider, L, Tariot, PN, et al. Reduction of behavioral disturbances and caregiver distress by galantamine in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161(3):532538.10.1176/appi.ajp.161.3.532CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tariot, PN, Farlow, MR, Grossberg, GT, et al. Memantine treatment in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer disease already receiving donepezil: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291(3):317324.10.1001/jama.291.3.317CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grossberg, GT, Manes, F, Allegri, RF, et al. The safety, tolerability, and efficacy of once-daily memantine (28 mg): a multinational, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients with moderate-to-severe Alzheimer’s disease taking cholinesterase inhibitors. CNS Drugs. 2013;27(6):469478.10.1007/s40263-013-0077-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Atri, A, Hendrix, SB, Pejovic, V, et al. Cumulative, additive benefits of memantine-donepezil combination over component monotherapies in moderate to severe Alzheimer’s dementia: a pooled area under the curve analysis. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2015;7(1):28.10.1186/s13195-015-0109-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farlow, MR, Salloway, S, Tariot, PN, et al. Effectiveness and tolerability of high-dose (23 mg/d) versus standard-dose (10 mg/d) donepezil in moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease: A 24-week, randomized, double-blind study. Clin Ther. 2010;32(7):12341251.10.1016/j.clinthera.2010.06.019CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummings, J, Froelich, L, Black, SE, et al. Randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, 48-week study for efficacy and safety of a higher-dose rivastigmine patch (15 vs. 10 cm2) in Alzheimer’s disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2012;33(5):341353.10.1159/000340056CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seshadri, S, Beiser, A, Selhub, J, et al. Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(7):476483.10.1056/NEJMoa011613CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Douaud, G, Refsum, H, de Jager, CA, et al. Preventing Alzheimer’s disease-related gray matter atrophy by B-vitamin treatment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(23):95239528.10.1073/pnas.1301816110CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Jager, CA, Oulhaj, A, Jacoby, R, et al. Cognitive and clinical outcomes of homocysteine-lowering B-vitamin treatment in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2012;27(6):592600.10.1002/gps.2758CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sakamoto, T, Cansev, M, Wurtman, RJ. Oral supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid and uridine-5’-monophosphate increases dendritic spine density in adult gerbil hippocampus. Brain Res. 2007;1182:5059.10.1016/j.brainres.2007.08.089CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scheltens, P, Kamphuis, PJ, Verhey, FR, et al. Efficacy of a medical food in mild Alzheimer’s disease: a randomized, controlled trial. Alzheimers Dement. 2010;6(1):110 e1.10.1016/j.jalz.2009.10.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scheltens, P, Twisk, JW, Blesa, R, et al. Efficacy of Souvenaid in mild Alzheimer’s disease: results from a randomized, controlled trial. J Alzheimers Dis. 2012;31(1):225236.10.3233/JAD-2012-121189CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soininen, H, Solomon, A, Visser, PJ, et al. 24-month intervention with a specific multinutrient in people with prodromal Alzheimer’s disease (LipiDiDiet): a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2017;16(12):965975.10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30332-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soininen, H, Solomon, A, Visser, PJ, et al. 36-month LipiDiDiet multinutrient clinical trial in prodromal Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2021;17(1):2940.10.1002/alz.12172CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brodaty, H, Connors, MH, Xu, J, et al. Predictors of institutionalization in dementia: a three year longitudinal study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014;40(1):221226.10.3233/JAD-131850CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Connors, MH, Seeher, K, Teixeira-Pinto, A, et al. Dementia and caregiver burden: a three-year longitudinal study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2020;35(2):250258.10.1002/gps.5244CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummings, J, Lai, TJ, Hemrungrojn, S, et al. Role of donepezil in the management of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2016;22(3):159166.10.1111/cns.12484CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummings, JL, Schneider, E, Tariot, PN, et al. Behavioral effects of memantine in Alzheimer disease patients receiving donepezil treatment. Neurology. 2006;67(1):5763.10.1212/01.wnl.0000223333.42368.f1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grossberg, GT, Kohegyi, E, Mergel, V, et al. Efficacy and safety of brexpiprazole for the treatment of agitation in Alzheimer’s dementia: two 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2020;28(4):383400.10.1016/j.jagp.2019.09.009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ballard, C, Banister, C, Khan, Z, et al. Evaluation of the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of pimavanserin versus placebo in patients with Alzheimer’s disease psychosis: a phase 2, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17(3):213222.10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30039-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummings, J, Ballard, C, Tariot, P, et al. Pimavanserin: potential treatment for dementia-related psychosis. J Prev Alzheimers Dis. 2018;5(4):253258.10.14283/jpad.2018.29CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herring, WJ, Ceesay, P, Snyder, E, et al. Polysomnographic assessment of suvorexant in patients with probable Alzheimer’s disease dementia and insomnia: a randomized trial. Alzheimers Dement. 2020;16(3):541551.10.1002/alz.12035CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Porsteinsson, AP, Keltz, MA, Smith, JS. Role of citalopram in the treatment of agitation in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurodegener Dis Manag. 2014;4(5):345349.10.2217/nmt.14.35CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummings, J, Ritter, A, Rothenberg, K. Advances in management of neuropsychiatric syndromes in neurodegenerative diseases. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2019;21(8):79.10.1007/s11920-019-1058-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenberg, PB, Lanctot, KL, Drye, LT, et al. Safety and efficacy of methylphenidate for apathy in Alzheimer’s disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74(8):810–816.10.4088/JCP.12m08099CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummings, J, Pinto, LC, Cruz, M, et al. Criteria for psychosis in major and mild neurocognitive disorders: International Psychogeriatric Association (IPA) consensus clinical and research definition. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2020;28(12):12561269.10.1016/j.jagp.2020.09.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummings, J, Isaacson, S, Mills, R, et al. Pimavanserin for patients with Parkinson’s disease psychosis: a randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2014;383(9916):533540.10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62106-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stern, Y, Albert, M, Brandt, J, et al. Utility of extrapyramidal signs and psychosis as predictors of cognitive and functional decline, nursing home admission, and death in Alzheimer’s disease: prospective analyses from the Predictors Study. Neurology. 1994;44(12):23002307.10.1212/WNL.44.12.2300CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lopez, OL, Brenner, RP, Becker, JT, et al. EEG spectral abnormalities and psychosis as predictors of cognitive and functional decline in probable Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology. 1997;48(6):15211525.10.1212/WNL.48.6.1521CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yeh, TC, Tzeng, NS, Li, JC, et al. Mortality risk of atypical antipsychotics for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: a meta-analysis, meta-regression, and trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2019;39(5):472478.10.1097/JCP.0000000000001083CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummings, JL, Lyketsos, CG, Peskind, ER, et al. Effect of dextromethorphan-quinidine on agitation in patients with Alzheimer disease dementia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;314(12):12421254.10.1001/jama.2015.10214CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrmann, N, Ruthirakuhan, M, Gallagher, D, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of nabilone for agitation in Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2019;27(11):11611173.10.1016/j.jagp.2019.05.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, LY, Shofer, JB, Rohde, K, et al. Prazosin for the treatment of behavioral symptoms in patients with Alzheimer disease with agitation and aggression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;17(9):744751.10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181ab8c61CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sano, M, Cummings, J, Auer, S, et al. Agitation in cognitive disorders: progress in the International Psychogeriatric Association consensus clinical and research definition. Int Psychogeriatr. 2024;36(4);238250.10.1017/S1041610222001041CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummings, J, Sano, M, Auer, S, et al. Reduction and prevention of agitation in persons with neurocognitive disorders: an international psychogeriatric association consensus algorithm. Int Psychogeriatr. 2024;36(4):251262.10.1017/S104161022200103XCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Porsteinsson, AP, Drye, LT, Pollock, BG, et al. Effect of citalopram on agitation in Alzheimer disease: the CitAD randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;311(7):682691.10.1001/jama.2014.93CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ehrhardt, S, Porsteinsson, AP, Munro, CA, et al. Escitalopram for agitation in Alzheimer’s disease (S-CitAD): methods and design of an investigator-initiated, randomized, controlled, multicenter clinical trial. Alzheimers Dement. 2019;15(11):14271436.10.1016/j.jalz.2019.06.4946CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhu, CW, Grossman, HT, Sano, M. Why do they just sit? Apathy as a core symptom of Alzheimer disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2019;27(4):395405.10.1016/j.jagp.2018.12.013CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, DS, Robert, P, Ereshefsky, L, et al. Diagnostic criteria for apathy in neurocognitive disorders. Alzheimers Dement. 2021;17(12):18921904.10.1002/alz.12358CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummings, J. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: development and applications. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2020;33(2):7384.10.1177/0891988719882102CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scherer, RW, Drye, L, Mintzer, J, et al. The Apathy in Dementia Methylphenidate Trial 2 (ADMET 2): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2018;19(1):46.10.1186/s13063-017-2406-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruthirakuhan, MT, Herrmann, N, Abraham, EH, et al. Pharmacological interventions for apathy in Alzheimer’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;5:CD012197.Google ScholarPubMed
Borges, CR, Poyares, D, Piovezan, R, et al. Alzheimer’s disease and sleep disturbances: a review. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2019;77(11):815824.10.1590/0004-282x20190149CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peter-Derex, L, Yammine, P, Bastuji, H, et al. Sleep and Alzheimer’s disease. Sleep Med Rev. 2015;19:2938.10.1016/j.smrv.2014.03.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ju, YE, Lucey, BP, Holtzman, DM. Sleep and Alzheimer disease pathology – a bidirectional relationship. Nat Rev Neurol. 2014;10(2):115119.10.1038/nrneurol.2013.269CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, C, Holtzman, DM. Bidirectional relationship between sleep and Alzheimer’s disease: role of amyloid, tau, and other factors. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2020;45(1):104120.10.1038/s41386-019-0478-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leber, P. Guidelines for the clinical evaluation of antidementia drugs. [First draft. Technical report.] FDA Neuro-Pharm Group, 1990.Google Scholar
Scott, LJ. Lemborexant: first approval. Drugs. 2020;80(4):425432.10.1007/s40265-020-01276-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zee, PC, Vitiello, MV. Circadian rhythm sleep disorder: irregular sleep wake rhythm type. Sleep Med Clin. 2009;4(2):213218.10.1016/j.jsmc.2009.01.009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holth, JK, Fritschi, SK, Wang, C, et al. The sleep-wake cycle regulates brain interstitial fluid tau in mice and CSF tau in humans. Science. 2019;363(6429):880884.10.1126/science.aav2546CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Camargos, EF, Louzada, LL, Quintas, JL, et al. Trazodone improves sleep parameters in Alzheimer disease patients: a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;22(12):15651574.10.1016/j.jagp.2013.12.174CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaczynski, A, Michalowsky, B, Eichler, T, et al. Comorbidity in dementia diseases and associated health care resources utilization and cost. J Alzheimers Dis. 2019;68(2):635646.10.3233/JAD-180896CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonner, LM, Hanson, A, Robinson, G, et al. Care management to promote treatment adherence in patients with cognitive impairment and vascular risk factors: a demonstration project. J Prev Alzheimers Dis. 2018;5(1):3641.10.14283/jpad.2017.28CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smets, T, Onwuteaka-Philipsen, BBD, Miranda, R, et al. Integrating palliative care in long-term care facilities across Europe (PACE): protocol of a cluster randomized controlled trial of the “PACE Steps to Success” intervention in seven countries. BMC Palliat Care. 2018;17(1):47.10.1186/s12904-018-0297-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Geriatrics Society Ethics C, Clinical P, Models of Care C. American Geriatrics Society feeding tubes in advanced dementia position statement. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014;62(8):15901593.10.1111/jgs.12924CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuffaro, L, Di Lorenzo, F, Bonavita, S, et al. Dementia care and COVID-19 pandemic: a necessary digital revolution. Neurol Sci. 2020;41(8):1977_1979.10.1007/s10072-020-04512-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iaboni, A, Cockburn, A, Marcil, M, et al. Achieving safe, effective, and compassionate quarantine or isolation of older adults with dementia in nursing homes. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2020;28(8):835838.10.1016/j.jagp.2020.04.025CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wong, AH, Roppolo, LP, Chang, BP, et al. Management of agitation during the COVID-19 pandemic. West J Emerg Med. 2020;21(4):795800.10.5811/westjem.2020.5.47789CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koralnik, IJ, Tyler, KL. COVID-19: a global threat to the nervous system. Ann Neurol. 2020;88(1):111.10.1002/ana.25807CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ngandu, T, Lehtisalo, J, Solomon, A, et al. A 2 year multidomain intervention of diet, exercise, cognitive training, and vascular risk monitoring versus control to prevent cognitive decline in at-risk elderly people (FINGER): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;385(9984):22552263.10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60461-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De la Rosa, A, Olaso-Gonzalez, G, Arc-Chagnaud, C, et al. Physical exercise in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. J Sport Health Sci. 2020;9(5):394404.10.1016/j.jshs.2020.01.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyle, PA, Buchman, AS, Barnes, LL, et al. Effect of a purpose in life on risk of incident Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment in community-dwelling older persons. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(3):304310.10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.208CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wingo, AP, Wingo, TS, Fan, W, et al. Purpose in life is a robust protective factor of reported cognitive decline among late middle-aged adults: the Emory Healthy Aging Study. J Affect Disord. 2020;263:310317.10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.124CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pistollato, F, Iglesias, RC, Ruiz, R, et al. Nutritional patterns associated with the maintenance of neurocognitive functions and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: a focus on human studies. Pharmacol Res. 2018;131:3243.10.1016/j.phrs.2018.03.012CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morris, MC, Tangney, CC, Wang, Y, et al. MIND diet slows cognitive decline with aging. Alzheimers Dement. 2015;11(9):10151022.10.1016/j.jalz.2015.04.011CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diniz, BS, Butters, MA, Albert, SM, et al. Late-life depression and risk of vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based cohort studies. Br J Psychiatry. 2013;202(5):329335.10.1192/bjp.bp.112.118307CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lou, Q, Liu, S, Huo, YR, et al. Comprehensive analysis of patient and caregiver predictors for caregiver burden, anxiety and depression in Alzheimer’s disease. J Clin Nurs. 2015;24(17-18):26682678.10.1111/jocn.12870CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piersol, CV, Canton, K, Connor, SE, et al. Effectiveness of interventions for caregivers of people with Alzheimer’s disease and related major neurocognitive disorders: a systematic review. Am J Occup Ther. 2017;71(5):7105180020p1–7105180020p10.10.5014/ajot.2017.027581CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummings, J, Zhou, Y, Lee, G, et al. Alzheimer’s disease drug development pipeline: 2023. Alzheimers Dement (N Y). 2023;9(2):e12385.10.1002/trc2.12385CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Ducharme, S, Dols, A, Laforce, R, et al. Recommendations to distinguish behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia from psychiatric disorders. Brain. 2020;143(6):16321650.10.1093/brain/awaa018CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fletcher, PD, Downey, LE, Golden, HL, et al. Pain and temperature processing in dementia: a clinical and neuroanatomical analysis. Brain. 2015;138(Pt 11):33603372.10.1093/brain/awv276CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Galvin, JE, Howard, DH, Denny, SS, Dickinson, S, Tatton, N. The social and economic burden of frontotemporal degeneration. Neurology. 2017;89(20):20492056.10.1212/WNL.0000000000004614CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ayalon, L, Gum, AM, Feliciano, L, Arean, PA. Effectiveness of nonpharmacological interventions for the management of neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with dementia: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(20):21822188.10.1001/archinte.166.20.2182CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brodaty, H, Arasaratnam, C. Meta-analysis of nonpharmacological interventions for neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169(9):946953.10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11101529CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fossey, J, Ballard, C, Juszczak, E, et al. Effect of enhanced psychosocial care on antipsychotic use in nursing home residents with severe dementia: cluster randomised trial. BMJ. 2006;332(7544):756761.10.1136/bmj.38782.575868.7CCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hall, GR, Buckwalter, KC. Progressively Lowered Stress Threshold: a conceptual model for care of adults with Alzheimer’s disease. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 1987;1(6):399406.Google ScholarPubMed
Cohen-Mansfield, J, Marx, MS, Rosenthal, AS. A description of agitation in a nursing home. J Gerontol. 1989;44(3):M77–84.10.1093/geronj/44.3.M77CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kales, HC, Gitlin, LN, Lyketsos, CG, Detroit Expert Panel on Assessment and Management of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Dementia. Management of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia in clinical settings: recommendations from a multidisciplinary expert panel. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014;62(4):762769.10.1111/jgs.12730CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fortinsky, RH, Gitlin, LN, Pizzi, LT, et al. Translation of the Care of Persons with Dementia in their Environments (COPE) intervention in a publicly-funded home care context: Rationale and research design. Contemp Clin Trials. 2016;49:155165.10.1016/j.cct.2016.07.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gitlin, LN, Winter, L, Dennis, MP, Hodgson, N, Hauck, WW. Targeting and managing behavioral symptoms in individuals with dementia: a randomized trial of a nonpharmacological intervention. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58(8):14651474.10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.02971.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hepburn, KW, Lewis, M, Sherman, CW, Tornatore, J. The savvy caregiver program: developing and testing a transportable dementia family caregiver training program. Gerontologist. 2003;43(6):908915.10.1093/geront/43.6.908CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barton, C, Merrilees, J, Ketelle, R, Wilkins, S, Miller, B. Implementation of advanced practice nurse clinic for management of behavioral symptoms in dementia: a dyadic intervention (innovative practice). Dementia (London). 2014;13(5):686696.10.1177/1471301213519895CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Possin, KL, Merrilees, JJ, Dulaney, S, et al. Effect of collaborative dementia care via telephone and internet on quality of life, caregiver well-being, and health care use: the Care Ecosystem Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2019;179(12):16481657.10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.4101CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernstein, A, Merrilees, J, Dulaney, S, et al. Using care navigation to address caregiver burden in dementia: a qualitative case study analysis. Alzheimers Dement (N Y). 2020;6(1):e12010.10.1002/trc2.12010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gitlin, LN, Winter, L, Vause Earland, T, et al. The Tailored Activity Program to reduce behavioral symptoms in individuals with dementia: feasibility, acceptability, and replication potential. Gerontologist. 2009;49(3):428439.10.1093/geront/gnp087CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henry, ML, Hubbard, HI, Grasso, SM, et al. Retraining speech production and fluency in non-fluent/agrammatic primary progressive aphasia. Brain. 2018;141(6):17991814.10.1093/brain/awy101CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morris, MC, Tangney, CC, Wang, Y, et al. MIND diet slows cognitive decline with aging. Alzheimers Dement. 2015;11(9):10151022.10.1016/j.jalz.2015.04.011CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, JK, Chow, ML. Hearing and music in dementia. Handb Clin Neurol. 2015;129:667687.Google ScholarPubMed
Erkkinen, MG, Zuniga, RG, Pardo, CC, Miller, BL, Miller, ZA. Artistic renaissance in frontotemporal dementia. JAMA. 2018;319(13):13041306.10.1001/jama.2017.19501CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, BL, Hou, CE. Portraits of artists: emergence of visual creativity in dementia. Arch Neurol. 2004;61(6):842844.10.1001/archneur.61.6.842CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huey, ED, Putnam, KT, Grafman, J. A systematic review of neurotransmitter deficits and treatments in frontotemporal dementia. Neurology. 2006;66(1):1722.10.1212/01.wnl.0000191304.55196.4dCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murley, AG, Rowe, JB. Neurotransmitter deficits from frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Brain. 2018;141(5):12631285.10.1093/brain/awx327CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, LE, Rittman, T, Regenthal, R, Robbins, TW, Rowe, JB. Improving response inhibition systems in frontotemporal dementia with citalopram. Brain. 2015;138(Pt 7):19611975.10.1093/brain/awv133CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrmann, N, Black, SE, Chow, T, et al. Serotonergic function and treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of frontotemporal dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2012;20(9):789797.10.1097/JGP.0b013e31823033f3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mendez, MF, Shapira, JS, Miller, BL. Stereotypical movements and frontotemporal dementia. Mov Disord. 2005;20(6):742745.10.1002/mds.20465CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prodan, CI, Monnot, M, Ross, ED. Behavioural abnormalities associated with rapid deterioration of language functions in semantic dementia respond to sertraline. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009;80(12):14161417.10.1136/jnnp.2009.173260CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moretti, R, Torre, P, Antonello, RM, Cazzato, G, Bava, A. Frontotemporal dementia: paroxetine as a possible treatment of behavior symptoms. A randomized, controlled, open 14-month study. Eur Neurol. 2003;49(1):1319.10.1159/000067021CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deakin, JB, Rahman, S, Nestor, PJ, Hodges, JR, Sahakian, BJ. Paroxetine does not improve symptoms and impairs cognition in frontotemporal dementia: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2004;172(4):400408.Google Scholar
Ikeda, M, Shigenobu, K, Fukuhara, R, et al. Efficacy of fluvoxamine as a treatment for behavioral symptoms in frontotemporal lobar degeneration patients. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2004;17(3):117121.10.1159/000076343CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lebert, F, Stekke, W, Hasenbroekx, C, Pasquier, F. Frontotemporal dementia: a randomised, controlled trial with trazodone. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2004;17(4):355359.10.1159/000077171CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Furlan, JC, Henri-Bhargava, A, Freedman, M. Clomipramine in the treatment of compulsive behavior in frontotemporal dementia: a case series. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2014;28(1):9598.10.1097/WAD.0b013e318265c104CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chow, TW, Mendez, MF. Goals in symptomatic pharmacologic management of frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2002;17(5):267272.10.1177/153331750201700504CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kales, HC, Kim, HM, Zivin, K, et al. Risk of mortality among individual antipsychotics in patients with dementia. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169(1):7179.10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11030347CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kurlan, R, Cummings, J, Raman, R, Thal, L, Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study G. Quetiapine for agitation or psychosis in patients with dementia and parkinsonism. Neurology. 2007;68(17):13561363.10.1212/01.wnl.0000260060.60870.89CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiden, PJ. EPS profiles: the atypical antipsychotics are not all the same. J Psychiatr Pract. 2007;13(1):1324.10.1097/00131746-200701000-00003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reeves, RR, Perry, CL. Aripiprazole for sexually inappropriate vocalizations in frontotemporal dementia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013;33(1):145146.10.1097/01.jcp.0000426190.64916.3bCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moretti, R, Torre, P, Antonello, RM, et al. Olanzapine as a treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias: a 24-month follow-up of 68 patients. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2003;18(4):205214.10.1177/153331750301800410CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kimura, T, Takamatsu, J. Pilot study of pharmacological treatment for frontotemporal dementia: risk of donepezil treatment for behavioral and psychological symptoms. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2013;13(2):506507.10.1111/j.1447-0594.2012.00956.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kertesz, A, Morlog, D, Light, M, et al. Galantamine in frontotemporal dementia and primary progressive aphasia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2008;25(2):178185.10.1159/000113034CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moretti, R, Torre, P, Antonello, RM, et al. Rivastigmine in frontotemporal dementia: an open-label study. Drugs Aging. 2004;21(14):931–793.10.2165/00002512-200421140-00003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boxer, AL, Knopman, DS, Kaufer, DI, et al. Memantine in patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12(2):149256.10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70320-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, NA, Rademaker, A, Weintraub, S, et al. Pilot trial of memantine in primary progressive aphasia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2010;24(3):308.10.1097/WAD.0b013e3181cf468dCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rahman, S, Robbins, TW, Hodges, JR, et al. Methylphenidate (“Ritalin”) can ameliorate abnormal risk-taking behavior in the frontal variant of frontotemporal dementia. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006;31(3):651658.10.1038/sj.npp.1300886CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huey, ED, Garcia, C, Wassermann, EM, Tierney, MC, Grafman, J. Stimulant treatment of frontotemporal dementia in 8 patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69(12):1981198–2.10.4088/JCP.v69n1219aCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Armstrong, MJ. Diagnosis and treatment of corticobasal degeneration. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2014;16(3):282.10.1007/s11940-013-0282-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McFarland, NR. Diagnostic approach to atypical parkinsonian syndromes. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2016;22(4 Movement Disorders):11171142.10.1212/CON.0000000000000348CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rittman, T, Coyle-Gilchrist, IT, Rowe, JB. Managing cognition in progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurodegener Dis Manag. 2016;6(6):499508.10.2217/nmt-2016-0027CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fremont, R, Manoochehri, M, Armstrong, NM, et al. Tolcapone treatment for cognitive and behavioral symptoms in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia: a placebo-controlled crossover study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2020;75(4):13911403.10.3233/JAD-191265CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moretti, R, Torre, P, Antonello, RM, Cazzato, G, Bava, A. Effects of selegiline on fronto-temporal dementia: a neuropsychological evaluation. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;17(4):391392.10.1002/gps.602CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
VandeVrede, L, Ljubenkov, PA, Rojas, JC, Welch, AE, Boxer, AL. Four-repeat tauopathies: current management and future treatments. Neurotherapeutics. 2020;17(4):15631581.10.1007/s13311-020-00888-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummings, JL, Lyketsos, CG, Peskind, ER, et al. Effect of dextromethorphan-quinidine on agitation in patients with Alzheimer disease dementia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;314(12):12421254.10.1001/jama.2015.10214CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finger, EC, MacKinley, J, Blair, M, et al. Oxytocin for frontotemporal dementia: a randomized dose-finding study of safety and tolerability. Neurology. 2015;84(2):174181.10.1212/WNL.0000000000001133CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kimura, T, Hayashida, H, Furukawa, H, Takamatsu, J. Pilot study of pharmacological treatment for frontotemporal dementia: effect of Yokukansan on behavioral symptoms. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2010;64(2):207210.10.1111/j.1440-1819.2010.02072.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Devanand, DP, Pelton, GH, D’Antonio, K, et al. Low-dose lithium treatment for agitation and psychosis in Alzheimer disease and frontotemporal dementia: a case series. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2017;31(1):7375.10.1097/WAD.0000000000000161CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Onyike, CU, Diehl-Schmid, J. The epidemiology of frontotemporal dementia. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2013;25(2):130137.10.3109/09540261.2013.776523CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perry, DC, Brown, JA, Possin, KL, et al. Clinicopathological correlations in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia. Brain. 2017;140(12):33293345.10.1093/brain/awx254CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoglinger, GU, Respondek, G, Stamelou, M, et al. Clinical diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy: the movement disorder society criteria. Mov Disord. 2017;32(6):853864.10.1002/mds.26987CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boxer, AL, Gold, M, Feldman, H, et al. New directions in clinical trials for frontotemporal lobar degeneration: methods and outcome measures. Alzheimers Dement. 2020;16(1):131143.10.1016/j.jalz.2019.06.4956CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
VandeVrede, L, Dale, ML, Fields, S, et al. Open-label phase 1 futility studies of salsalate and young plasma in progressive supranuclear palsy. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2020;7(4):440447.10.1002/mdc3.12940CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsai, RM, Miller, Z, Koestler, M, et al. Reactions to multiple ascending doses of the microtubule stabilizer TPI-287 in patients with Alzheimer disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol. 2019;77(2):215224.10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.3812CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, SM, Connor, JT, Lewis, RJ. The platform trial: an efficient strategy for evaluating multiple treatments. JAMA. 2015;313(16):16191620.10.1001/jama.2015.2316CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Staffaroni, AM, Ljubenkov, PA, Kornak, J, et al. Longitudinal multimodal imaging and clinical endpoints for frontotemporal dementia clinical trials. Brain. 2019;142(2):443459.10.1093/brain/awy319CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Toller, G, Ranasinghe, K, Cobigo, Y, et al. Revised Self-Monitoring Scale: a potential endpoint for frontotemporal dementia clinical trials. Neurology. 2020;94(22):e2384e2395.10.1212/WNL.0000000000009451CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rabinovici, GD, Gatsonis, C, Apgar, C, et al. Association of amyloid positron emission tomography with subsequent change in clinical management among Medicare beneficiaries with mild cognitive impairment or dementia. JAMA. 2019;321(13):12861294.10.1001/jama.2019.2000CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thijssen, EH, La Joie, R, Wolf, A, et al. Diagnostic value of plasma phosphorylated tau181 in Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Nat Med. 2020;26(3):387397.10.1038/s41591-020-0762-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ljubenkov, PA, Staffaroni, AM, Rojas, JC, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers predict frontotemporal dementia trajectory. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2018;5(10):12501263.10.1002/acn3.643CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meeter, LH, Patzke, H, Loewen, G, et al. Progranulin levels in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in granulin mutation carriers. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2016;6(2):330340.10.1159/000447738CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gendron, TF, Chew, J, Stankowski, JN, et al. Poly(GP) proteins are a useful pharmacodynamic marker for C9ORF72-associated amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Sci Transl Med. 2017;9(383).10.1126/scitranslmed.aai7866CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thijssen, EH, La Joie, R, Wolf, A, et al. Diagnostic value of plasma phosphorylated tau181 in Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Nat Med. 2020;26(3):387397.10.1038/s41591-020-0762-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palmqvist, S, Janelidze, S, Quiroz, YT, et al. Discriminative accuracy of plasma phospho-tau217 for Alzheimer disease vs other neurodegenerative disorders. JAMA. 2020;324(8):772781.10.1001/jama.2020.12134CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kao, AW, McKay, A, Singh, PP, Brunet, A, Huang, EJ. Progranulin, lysosomal regulation and neurodegenerative disease. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2017;18(6):325333.10.1038/nrn.2017.36CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sha, SJ, Miller, ZA, Min, SW, et al. An 8-week, open-label, dose-finding study of nimodipine for the treatment of progranulin insufficiency from GRN gene mutations. Alzheimers Dement (N Y). 2017;3(4):507512.10.1016/j.trci.2017.08.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ljubenkov, PA, Edwards, L, Iaccarino, L, et al. Effect of the histone deacetylase inhibitor FRM-0334 on progranulin levels in patients with progranulin gene haploinsufficiency: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(9):e2125584.10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.25584CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeVos, SL, Miller, TM. Antisense oligonucleotides: treating neurodegeneration at the level of RNA. Neurotherapeutics. 2013;10(3):486497.10.1007/s13311-013-0194-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
VandeVrede, L, Boxer, AL, Polydoro, M. Targeting tau: Clinical trials and novel therapeutic approaches. Neurosci Lett. 2020;731:134919.10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134919CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Apetauerova, D, Scala, SA, Hamill, RW, et al. CoQ10 in progressive supranuclear palsy: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2016;3(5):e266.10.1212/NXI.0000000000000266CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bensimon, G, Ludolph, A, Agid, Y, et al. Riluzole treatment, survival and diagnostic criteria in Parkinson plus disorders: the NNIPPS study. Brain. 2009;132(Pt 1):156171.10.1093/brain/awn291CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boxer, AL, Lang, AE, Grossman, M, et al. Davunetide in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2/3 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(7):676685.10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70088-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gauthier, S, Feldman, HH, Schneider, LS, et al. Efficacy and safety of tau-aggregation inhibitor therapy in patients with mild or moderate Alzheimer’s disease: a randomised, controlled, double-blind, parallel-arm, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2016;388(10062):28732884.10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31275-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nuebling, G, Hensler, M, Paul, S, et al. PROSPERA: a randomized, controlled trial evaluating rasagiline in progressive supranuclear palsy. J Neurol. 2016;263(8):15651574.10.1007/s00415-016-8169-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tolosa, E, Litvan, I, Höglinger, GU, et al. A phase 2 trial of the GSK-3 inhibitor tideglusib in progressive supranuclear palsy. Mov Disord. 2014;29(4):470478.10.1002/mds.25824CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsai, RM, Miller, Z, Koestler, M, et al. Reactions to multiple ascending doses of the microtubule stabilizer TPI-287 in patients with Alzheimer disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(2):215224.10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.3812CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dam, T, Boxer, AL, Golbe, LI, et al. Safety and efficacy of anti-tau monoclonal antibody gosuranemab in progressive supranuclear palsy: a phase 2, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Nat Med. 2021;27(8):14511457.10.1038/s41591-021-01455-xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Höglinger, GU, Litvan, I, Mendonca, N, et al. Safety and efficacy of tilavonemab in progressive supranuclear palsy: a phase 2, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2021;20(3):182192.10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30489-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Boeve, B. Dementia with Lewy bodies. In Petersen, R, ed. Continuum (Minneap Minn). Minneapolis: American Academy of Neurology, 2004; pp. 81112.Google Scholar
Boeve, B. Diagnosis and management of the non-Alzheimer dementias. In Noseworthy, J, ed. Neurological Therapeutics: Principles and Practice, 2nd ed. Abingdon: Informa Healthcare, 2006; pp. 31563206.Google Scholar
Boeve, B. A review of the non-Alzheimer dementias. J Clin Psychiatr 2006;67:19852001.10.4088/JCP.v67n1221CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKeith, IG, Boeve, BF, Dickson, DW, et al. Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: fourth consensus report of the DLB Consortium. Neurology 2017;89:88100.10.1212/WNL.0000000000004058CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, JP, McKeith, IG, Burn, DJ, et al. New evidence on the management of Lewy body dementia. Lancet Neurol 2020;19:157169.10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30153-XCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simard, M, van Reekum, R. The acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for treatment of cognitive and behavioral symptoms in dementia with Lewy bodies. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2004;16:409425.10.1176/jnp.16.4.409CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mori, E, Ikeda, M, Kosaka, K. Donepezil for dementia with Lewy bodies: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Neurol 2012;72:4152.10.1002/ana.23557CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKeith, I, Del Ser, T, Spano, P, et al. Efficacy of rivastigmine in dementia with Lewy bodies: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled international study. Lancet 2000;356:20312036.10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03399-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edwards, K, Royall, D, Hershey, L, et al. Efficacy and safety of galantamine in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies: a 24-week open-label study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2007;23:401405.10.1159/000101512CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aarsland, D, Ballard, C, Walker, Z, et al. Memantine in patients with Parkinson’s disease dementia or dementia with Lewy bodies: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet Neurol 2009;8:613618.10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70146-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Emre, M, Tsolaki, M, Bonuccelli, U, et al. Memantine for patients with Parkinson’s disease dementia or dementia with Lewy bodies: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2010;9:969977.10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70194-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maltete, D, Wallon, D, Bourilhon, J, et al. Nucleus basalis of Meynert stimulation for Lewy body dementia: a Phase I randomized clinical trial. Neurology 2021;96:e684e697.10.1212/WNL.0000000000011227CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gratwicke, J, Zrinzo, L, Kahan, J, et al. Bilateral nucleus basalis of Meynert deep brain stimulation for dementia with Lewy bodies: a randomised clinical trial. Brain Stimul 2020;13:10311039.10.1016/j.brs.2020.04.010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilbraham, D, Biglan, KM, Svensson, KA, Tsai, M, Kielbasa, W. Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of Mevidalen (LY3154207), a centrally acting dopamine D1 receptor-positive allosteric modulator (D1PAM), in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2021;10:393403.10.1002/cpdd.874CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landry, IS, Aluri, J, Schuck, E, et al. Phase 1 single ascending and multiple ascending dose studies of phosphodiesterase-9 inhibitor E2027: confirmation of target engagement and selection of Phase 2 dose in dementia with Lewy bodies trial. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2022;36:200207.10.1097/WAD.0000000000000515CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jiang, Y, Alam, JJ, Gomperts, SN, et al. Preclinical and randomized clinical evaluation of the p38alpha kinase inhibitor neflamapimod for basal forebrain cholinergic degeneration. Nat Commun 2022;13:5308.10.1038/s41467-022-32944-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shea, C, MacKnight, C, Rockwood, K. Donepezil for treatment of dementia with Lewy bodies: a case series of nine patients. Int Psychogeriatr 1998;10:229238.10.1017/S1041610298005341CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fergusson, E, Howard, R. Donepezil for the treatment of psychosis in dementia with Lewy bodies. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2000;15:280281.10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(200003)15:3<280::AID-GPS108>3.0.CO;2-N3.0.CO;2-N>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lanctot, KL, Herrmann, N. Donepezil for behavioural disorders associated with Lewy bodies: a case series. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2000;15:338345.10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(200004)15:4<338::AID-GPS119>3.0.CO;2-U3.0.CO;2-U>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chacko, RC, Hurley, RA, Harper, RG, Jankovic, J, Cardoso, F. Clozapine for acute and maintenance treatment of psychosis in Parkinson’s disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1995;7:471475.Google ScholarPubMed
Valldeoriola, F, Nobbe, FA, Tolosa, E. Treatment of behavioural disturbances in Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm Suppl 1997;51:175204.10.1007/978-3-7091-6846-2_15CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dewey, RJ, O’Suilleabhain, P. Treatment of drug-induced psychosis with quetiapine and clozapine in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 2000;55:17531754.10.1212/WNL.55.11.1753CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Workman, RH Jr. Orengo, CA, Bakey, AA, Molinari, VA, Kunik, ME. The use of risperidone for psychosis and agitation in demented patients with Parkinson’s disease [see comments]. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1997;9:594597.Google ScholarPubMed
Leopold, NA. Risperidone treatment of drug-related psychosis in patients with parkinsonism. Mov Disord 2000;15:301304.10.1002/1531-8257(200003)15:2<301::AID-MDS1014>3.0.CO;2-23.0.CO;2-2>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aarsland, D, Larsen, JP, Lim, NG, Tandberg, E. Olanzapine for psychosis in patients with Parkinson’s disease with and without dementia. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1999;11:392394.10.1176/jnp.11.3.392CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummings, J, Street, J, Masterman, D, Clark, W. Efficacy of olanzapine in the treatment of psychosis in dementia with Lewy bodies. Dem Geriatr Cog Disord 2002;13:6773.10.1159/000048636CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Takahashi, H, Yoshida, K, Sugita, T, Higuchi, H, Shimizu, T. Quetiapine treatment of psychotic symptoms and aggressive behavior in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies: a case series. Prog Neuropsychopharm Biol Psychiatry 2003;27:549553.10.1016/S0278-5846(03)00040-XCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummings, J, Isaacson, S, Mills, R, et al. Pimavanserin for patients with Parkinson’s disease psychosis: a randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet 2014;383:533540.10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62106-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tariot, PN, Cummings, JL, Soto-Martin, ME, et al. Trial of pimavanserin in dementia-related psychosis. N Engl J Med 2021;385:309319.10.1056/NEJMoa2034634CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mahowald, MW, Schenck, CH. Status dissociatus – a perspective on states of being. Sleep 1991;14:6979.10.1093/sleep/14.1.69CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arnulf, I, Bonnet, AM, Damier, P, et al. Hallucinations, REM sleep, and Parkinson’s disease: a medical hypothesis. Neurology 2000;55:281288.10.1212/WNL.55.2.281CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boeve, B. Clinical, diagnostic, genetic, and management issues in dementia with Lewy bodies. Clin Sci 2005;109:343354.10.1042/CS20050098CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boeve, B, Silber, M, Saper, C, et al. Pathophysiology of REM sleep behaviour disorder and relevance to neurodegenerative disease. Brain 2007;130:27702788.10.1093/brain/awm056CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rasmussen, K Jr, Russell, J, Kung, S, et al. Electroconvulsive therapy for patients with major depression and probable Lewy body dementia. J ECT 2003;19:103109.10.1097/00124509-200306000-00009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKeith, I, Fairbairn, A, Perry, R, Thompson, P, Perry, E. Neuroleptic sensitivity in patients with senile dementia of Lewy body type [see comments]. BMJ 1992;305:673678.10.1136/bmj.305.6855.673CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walker, Z, Grace, J, Overshot, R, et al. Olanzapine in dementia with Lewy bodies: a clinical study. Inter J Geriatr Psychiatry 1999;14:459466.10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(199906)14:6<459::AID-GPS957>3.0.CO;2-R3.0.CO;2-R>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Molloy, S, McKeith, I, O’Brien, J, Burn, D. The role of levodopa in the management of dementia with Lewy bodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005;76:12001203.10.1136/jnnp.2004.052332CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Molloy, S, Minett, T, O’Brien, J, McKeith, I, Burn, D. Levodopa use and sleep in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies. Mov Disord 2009;24:609612.10.1002/mds.22411CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lang, FM, Kwon, DY, Aarsland, D, et al. An international, randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 2b clinical trial of intepirdine for dementia with Lewy bodies (HEADWAY-DLB). Alzheimers Dement (N Y) 2021;7:e12171.10.1002/trc2.12171CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murata, M, Odawara, T, Hasegawa, K, et al. Effect of zonisamide on parkinsonism in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies: a phase 3 randomized clinical trial. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020;76:9197.10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.12.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hasegawa, K, Kochi, K, Maruyama, H, et al. Efficacy and safety of zonisamide in dementia with Lewy bodies patients with parkinsonism: a post hoc analysis of two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. J Alzheimers Dis 2021;79:627637.10.3233/JAD-200893CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hinkle, JT, Pontone, GM. Invited perspective on the “long-term efficacy and safety of zonisamide for treatment of parkinsonism in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies: an open-label extension of a phase 3 randomized controlled Trial.Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2022;30:329331.10.1016/j.jagp.2021.07.017CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kong, L, Xi, J, Jiang, Z, et al. Zonisamide’s efficacy and safety on Parkinson’s Disease and dementia with Lewy bodies: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Biomed Res Int 2022;2022:4817488.10.1155/2022/4817488CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Odawara, T, Hasegawa, K, Kajiwara, R, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of zonisamide for treatment of parkinsonism in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies: an open-label extension of a phase three randomized controlled trial. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2022;30:314328.10.1016/j.jagp.2021.07.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Odawara, T, Shiozaki, K, Togo, T, Hirayasu, Y. Administration of zonisamide in three cases of dementia with Lewy bodies. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2010;64:327329.10.1111/j.1440-1819.2010.02075.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Panza, F, Lozupone, M, Watling, M, Imbimbo, BP. Pharmacological management of dementia with Lewy bodies with a focus on zonisamide for treating parkinsonism. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2021;22:325337.10.1080/14656566.2020.1828350CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sato, S, Mizukami, K, Asada, T. Successful treatment of extrapyramidal and psychotic symptoms with zonisamide in a patient with dementia with Lewy bodies. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010;34:1130–131.10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.04.018CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tousi, B, Leverenz, JB. the application of zonisamide to patients suffering from dementia with Lewy bodies: emerging clinical data. Drug Des Devel Ther 2021;15:18111817.10.2147/DDDT.S240865CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsuboi, Y, Kochi, K, Maruyama, H, Matsumoto, Y. Zonisamide improves axial symptoms in dementia with Lewy bodies with parkinsonism: post hoc analysis of clinical trials. eNeurologicalSci 2022;26:100384.10.1016/j.ensci.2021.100384CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boeve, B, Silber, M, Ferman, T. REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. J Ger Psychiatry Neurol 2004;17:146157.10.1177/0891988704267465CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boeve, B, Molano, J, Ferman, T, et al. Screening for REM sleep behavior disorder in patients with cognitive impairment and/or parkinsonism: updated validation data on the Mayo Sleep Questionnaire. Neurology 2009;72:A248.Google Scholar
Iranzo, A, Santamaria, J. Severe obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea mimicking REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep 2005;28:203206.10.1093/sleep/28.2.203CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boeve, B, Silber, M, Ferman, T. Current management of sleep disturbances in dementia. Cur Neurol Neurosci Reports 2001;2:169177.10.1007/s11910-002-0027-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarter, S, Boswell, C, St Louis, E, et al. Treatment outcomes in REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep Med 2013;14:237242.10.1016/j.sleep.2012.09.018CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olson, E, Boeve, B, Silber, M. Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: demographic, clinical, and laboratory findings in 93 cases. Brain 2000;123:331339.10.1093/brain/123.2.331CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schenck, C, Mahowald, M. REM sleep behavior disorder: clinical, developmental, and neuroscience perspectives 16 years after its formal identification in SLEEP. Sleep 2002;25:120138.10.1093/sleep/25.2.120CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Byun, JI, Shin, YY, Seong, YA, et al. Comparative efficacy of prolonged-release melatonin versus clonazepam for isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Sleep Breath 2023;27(1):309318.10.1007/s11325-022-02572-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kunz, D, Bes, F. Melatonin as a therapy in REM sleep behavior disorder patients: an open-labeled pilot study on the possible influence of melatonin on REM-sleep regulation. Mov Disord 1999;14:507511.10.1002/1531-8257(199905)14:3<507::AID-MDS1021>3.0.CO;2-83.0.CO;2-8>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boeve, B, Silber, M, Ferman, T. Melatonin for treatment of REM sleep behavior disorder in neurologic disorders: results in 14 patients. Sleep Med 2003;4:281284.10.1016/S1389-9457(03)00072-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ringman, J, Simmons, J. Treatment of REM sleep behavior disorder with donepezil: a report of three cases. Neurology 2000;55:870871.10.1212/WNL.55.6.870CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stefani, A, Santamaria, J, Iranzo, A, et al. Nelotanserin as symptomatic treatment for rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: a double-blind randomized study using video analysis in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies or Parkinson’s disease dementia. Sleep Med 2021;81:180187.10.1016/j.sleep.2021.02.038CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boeve, B, ed. Update on the Diagnosis and Management of Sleep Disturbances in Dementia. Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier, 2008.10.1016/j.jsmc.2008.04.010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lapid, MI, Kuntz, KM, Mason, SS, et al. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of armodafinil therapy for hypersomnia associated with dementia with Lewy bodies: a pilot study. Dem Geriatr Cog Disord 2017;43:269280.10.1159/000471507CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thaisetthawatkul, P, Boeve, B, Benarroch, E, et al. Autonomic dysfunction in dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology 2004;62:18041809.10.1212/01.WNL.0000125192.69777.6DCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benarroch, E, Schmeichel, A, Low, P, et al. Involvement of medullary regions controlling sympathetic output in Lewy body disease. Brain 2005;128:338344.10.1093/brain/awh376CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wright, RA, Kaufmann, HC, Perera, R, et al. A double-blind, dose-response study of midodrine in neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. Neurology 1998;51:120124.10.1212/WNL.51.1.120CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaufmann, H, Freeman, R, Biaggioni, I, et al. Droxidopa for neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Neurology 2014;83:328335.10.1212/WNL.0000000000000615CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hauser, RA, Hewitt, LA, Isaacson, S. Droxidopa in patients with neurogenic orthostatic hypotension associated with Parkinson’s disease (NOH306A). J Parkinsons Dis 2014;4:5765.10.3233/JPD-130259CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hauser, RA, Isaacson, S, Lisk, JP, Hewitt, LA, Rowse, G. Droxidopa for the short-term treatment of symptomatic neurogenic orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson’s disease (nOH306B). Mov Disord 2015;30:646654.10.1002/mds.26086CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singer, W, Opfer-Gehrking, T, McPhee, B, et al. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition: a novel approach in the treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 2003;74:12941298.10.1136/jnnp.74.9.1294CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
mullin, s, smith, l, lee, k, et al. Ambroxol for the treatment of patients with Parkinson disease with and without glucocerebrosidase gene mutations: a nonrandomized, noncontrolled trial. JAMA Neurol 2020;77:427434.10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.4611CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silveira, CRA, MacKinley, J, Coleman, K, et al. Ambroxol as a novel disease-modifying treatment for Parkinson’s disease dementia: protocol for a single-centre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Neurol 2019;19:20.10.1186/s12883-019-1252-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Brien, JT, Chouliaras, L, Sultana, J, et al. RENEWAL: REpurposing study to find NEW compounds with Activity for Lewy body dementia – an International Delphi consensus. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022;14:169.10.1186/s13195-022-01103-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simuni, T, Chahine, LM, Poston, K, et al. A biological definition of neuronal alpha-synuclein disease: towards an integrated staging system for research. Lancet Neurol 2024;23:178190.10.1016/S1474-4422(23)00405-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoglinger, GU, Adler, CH, Berg, D, et al. A biological classification of Parkinson’s disease: the SynNeurGe research diagnostic criteria. Lancet Neurol 2024;23:191204.10.1016/S1474-4422(23)00404-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Adamis, D, Treloar, A, Martin, FC, Macdonald, AJ. A brief review of the history of delirium as a mental disorder. Hist Psychiatry. 2007;18(72 Pt 4):459469.10.1177/0957154X07076467CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, JE, Mart, MF, Cunningham, C, et al. Delirium. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020;6(1):90.10.1038/s41572-020-00223-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publshing, 2022.Google Scholar
Woodhouse, R, Burton, JK, Rana, N, et al. Interventions for preventing delirium in older people in institutional long-term care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;4:CD009537.Google ScholarPubMed
Oh, ES, Fong, TG, Hshieh, TT, Inouye, SK. Delirium in older persons: advances in diagnosis and treatment. JAMA. 2017;318(12):11611174.10.1001/jama.2017.12067CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibb, K, Seeley, A, Quinn, T, et al. The consistent burden in published estimates of delirium occurrence in medical inpatients over four decades: a systematic review and meta-analysis study. Age Ageing. 2020;49(3):352360.10.1093/ageing/afaa040CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marcantonio, ER. Delirium in hospitalized older adults. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(15):14561466.10.1056/NEJMcp1605501CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Geriatrics Society Expert Panel on Postoperative Delirium in Older Adults. Postoperative delirium in older adults: best practice statement from the American Geriatrics Society. J Am Coll Surg. 2015;220(2):136–148 e1.Google Scholar
McNicoll, L, Pisani, MA, Zhang, Y, et al. Delirium in the intensive care unit: occurrence and clinical course in older patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51(5):591598.10.1034/j.1600-0579.2003.00201.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ely, EW, Shintani, A, Truman, B, et al. Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit. JAMA. 2004;291(14):17531762.10.1001/jama.291.14.1753CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fick, DM, Agostini, JV, Inouye, SK. Delirium superimposed on dementia: a systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50(10):17231732.10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50468.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fong, TG, Davis, D, Growdon, ME, Albuquerque, A, Inouye, SK. The interface between delirium and dementia in elderly adults. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14(8):823832.10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00101-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cole, MG, Ciampi, A, Belzile, E, Zhong, L. Persistent delirium in older hospital patients: a systematic review of frequency and prognosis. Age Ageing. 2009;38(1):1926.10.1093/ageing/afn253CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Witlox, J, Eurelings, LS, de Jonghe, JF, et al. Delirium in elderly patients and the risk of postdischarge mortality, institutionalization, and dementia: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2010;304(4):443451.10.1001/jama.2010.1013CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LaHue, SC, Douglas, VC, Kuo, T, et al. Association between inpatient delirium and hospital readmission in patients >/= 65 years of age: a retrospective cohort study. J Hosp Med. 2019;14(4):201206.10.12788/jhm.3130CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leslie, DL, Marcantonio, ER, Zhang, Y, Leo-Summers, L, Inouye, SK. One-year health care costs associated with delirium in the elderly population. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(1):2732.10.1001/archinternmed.2007.4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Inouye, SK, Westendorp, RG, Saczynski, JS. Delirium in elderly people. Lancet. 2014;383(9920):911922.10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60688-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldberg, TE, Chen, C, Wang, Y, et al. Association of delirium with long-term cognitive decline: a meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(11):13731381.10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.2273CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fong, TG, Vasunilashorn, SM, Libermann, T, Marcantonio, ER, Inouye, SK. Delirium and Alzheimer disease: a proposed model for shared pathophysiology. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2019;34(6):781789.10.1002/gps.5088CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pandharipande, PP, Girard, TD, Jackson, JC, et al. Long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(14):13061316.10.1056/NEJMoa1301372CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, DH, Muniz-Terrera, G, Keage, HA, et al. Association of delirium with cognitive decline in late life: a neuropathologic study of 3 population-based cohort studies. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74(3):244251.10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3423CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Inouye, SK. Delirium in older persons. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(11):11571165.10.1056/NEJMra052321CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amador, LF, Goodwin, JS. Postoperative delirium in the older patient. J Am Coll Surg. 2005;200(5):767773.10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2004.08.031CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rolfson, DB, McElhaney, JE, Rockwood, K, et al. Incidence and risk factors for delirium and other adverse outcomes in older adults after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Can J Cardiol. 1999;15(7):771776.Google ScholarPubMed
Ravi, B, Pincus, D, Choi, S, et al. Association of duration of surgery with postoperative delirium among patients receiving hip fracture repair. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(2):e190111.10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.0111CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams-Russo, P, Sharrock, NE, Mattis, S, Szatrowski, TP, Charlson, ME. Cognitive effects after epidural vs general anesthesia in older adults. A randomized trial. JAMA. 1995;274(1):4450.10.1001/jama.1995.03530010058035CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sieber, FE, Neufeld, KJ, Gottschalk, A, et al. Effect of depth of sedation in older patients undergoing hip fracture repair on postoperative delirium: the stride randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surg. 2018;153(11):987995.10.1001/jamasurg.2018.2602CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siddiqi, N, Harrison, JK, Clegg, A, et al. Interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;3:CD005563.Google ScholarPubMed
Wang, Y, Sands, LP, Vaurio, L, Mullen, EA, Leung, JM. The effects of postoperative pain and its management on postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;15(1):5059.10.1097/01.JGP.0000229792.31009.daCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Douglas, VC, Hessler, CS, Dhaliwal, G, et al. The AWOL tool: derivation and validation of a delirium prediction rule. J Hosp Med. 2013;8(9):493499.10.1002/jhm.2062CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shaw, RC, Walker, G, Elliott, E, Quinn, TJ. Occurrence rate of delirium in acute stroke settings: systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke. 2019;50(11):30283036.10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.025015CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McManus, J, Pathansali, R, Stewart, R, Macdonald, A, Jackson, S. Delirium post-stroke. Age Ageing. 2007;36(6):613618.10.1093/ageing/afm140CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watt, CL, Momoli, F, Ansari, MT, et al. The incidence and prevalence of delirium across palliative care settings: a systematic review. Palliat Med. 2019;33(8):865877.10.1177/0269216319854944CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brajtman, S, Wright, D, Hogan, DB, et al. Developing guidelines on the assessment and treatment of delirium in older adults at the end of life. Can Geriatr J. 2011;14(2):4050.10.5770/cgj.v14i2.13CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Filley, CM. The neuroanatomy of attention. Semin Speech Lang. 2002;23(2):8998.10.1055/s-2002-24985CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maldonado, JR. Pathoetiological model of delirium: a comprehensive understanding of the neurobiology of delirium and an evidence-based approach to prevention and treatment. Crit Care Clin. 2008;24(4):789856, ix.10.1016/j.ccc.2008.06.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mori, E, Ikeda, M, Kosaka, K, Donepezil DLBSI. Donepezil for dementia with Lewy bodies: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Neurol. 2012;72(1):4152.10.1002/ana.23557CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jorm, AF, Jacomb, PA. The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE): socio-demographic correlates, reliability, validity and some norms. Psychol Med. 1989;19(4):10151022.10.1017/S0033291700005742CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blessed, G, Tomlinson, BE, Roth, M. The association between quantitative measures of dementia and of senile change in the cerebral grey matter of elderly subjects. Br J Psychiatry. 1968;114(512):797811.10.1192/bjp.114.512.797CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2000; p. xxxvii.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps: A Manual of Classification Relating to the Consequences of Disease. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1993.Google Scholar
Gaudreau, JD, Gagnon, P, Harel, F, Tremblay, A, Roy, MA. Fast, systematic, and continuous delirium assessment in hospitalized patients: the nursing delirium screening scale. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2005;29(4):368375.10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2004.07.009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inouye, SK, van Dyck, CH, Alessi, CA, et al. Clarifying confusion: the Confusion Assessment Method. A new method for detection of delirium. Ann Intern Med. 1990;113(12):941948.10.7326/0003-4819-113-12-941CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shi, Q, Warren, L, Saposnik, G, Macdermid, JC. Confusion assessment method: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2013;9:13591370.10.2147/NDT.S49520CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brummel, NE, Vasilevskis, EE, Han, JH, et al. Implementing delirium screening in the ICU: secrets to success. Crit Care Med. 2013;41(9):21962208.10.1097/CCM.0b013e31829a6f1eCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marra, A, Ely, EW, Pandharipande, PP, Patel, MB. The ABCDEF bundle in critical care. Crit Care Clin. 2017;33(2):2252243.10.1016/j.ccc.2016.12.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Betjemann, JP, Nguyen, I, Santos-Sanchez, C, Douglas, VC, Josephson, SA. Diagnostic yield of electroencephalography in a general inpatient population. Mayo Clin Proc. 2013;88(4):326331.10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.12.013CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Theisen-Toupal, J, Breu, AC, Mattison, ML, Arnaout, R. Diagnostic yield of head computed tomography for the hospitalized medical patient with delirium. J Hosp Med. 2014;9(8):497501.10.1002/jhm.2198CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lai, MM, Wong Tin Niam, DM. Intracranial cause of delirium: computed tomography yield and predictive factors. Intern Med J. 2012;42(4):422427.10.1111/j.1445-5994.2010.02400.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Inouye, SK, Bogardus, ST Jr, Charpentier, PA, et al. A multicomponent intervention to prevent delirium in hospitalized older patients. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(9):669676.10.1056/NEJM199903043400901CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lundstrom, M, Edlund, A, Karlsson, S, et al. A multifactorial intervention program reduces the duration of delirium, length of hospitalization, and mortality in delirious patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(4):622628.10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53210.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, J, Murthy, L, Westby, M, Akunne, A, O’Mahony, R, Diagnosis, prevention, and management of delirium: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ. 2010;341:c3704.10.1136/bmj.c3704CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hshieh, TT, Yue, J, Oh, E, et al. Effectiveness of multicomponent nonpharmacological delirium interventions: a meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(4):512520.10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.7779CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strijbos, MJ, Steunenberg, B, van der Mast, RC, Inouye, SK, Schuurmans, MJ. Design and methods of the Hospital Elder Life Program (HELP), a multicomponent targeted intervention to prevent delirium in hospitalized older patients: efficacy and cost-effectiveness in Dutch health care. BMC Geriatr. 2013;13:78.10.1186/1471-2318-13-78CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Mahony, R, Murthy, L, Akunne, A, Young, J, Guideline Development G. Synopsis of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence guideline for prevention of delirium. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154(11):746751.10.7326/0003-4819-154-11-201106070-00006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuehn, BM. FDA warns antipsychotic drugs may be risky for elderly. JAMA. 2005;293(20):2462.Google ScholarPubMed

References

Borbély, AA, Daan, S, Wirz-Justice, A, Deboer, T. The two-process model of sleep regulation: a reappraisal. J Sleep Res 2016;25.10.1111/jsr.12371CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Achermann, P, Dijk, DJ, Brunner, DP, Borbély, AA. A model of human sleep homeostasis based on EEG slow-wave activity: quantitative comparison of data and simulations. Brain Res Bull 1993;31:97113.10.1016/0361-9230(93)90016-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peng, W, Wu, Z, Song, K, et al. Regulation of sleep homeostasis mediator adenosine by basal forebrain glutamatergic neurons. Science 2020;369.10.1126/science.abb0556CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deboer, T. Circadian regulation of sleep in mammals. Curr Opin Physiol 2020;15:8995.10.1016/j.cophys.2019.12.015CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saper, C, Scammell, T, Lu, J. Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms. Nature 2005;437:12571263.10.1038/nature04284CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patke, A, Young, M, Axelrod, S. Molecular mechanisms and physiological importance of circadian rhythms. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2019;21:6784.10.1038/s41580-019-0179-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hattar, S, Liao, H, Takao, M, Berson, D, Yau, K. Melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells: architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity. Science 2002;295:10651070.10.1126/science.1069609CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chou, T, Scammell, TE, Gooley, J, et al. Critical role of dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus in a wide range of behavioral circadian rhythms. J Neurosci 2003;23:1069110702.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-33-10691.2003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bass, J, Takahashi, J. Circadian integration of metabolism and energetics. Science 2010;330:13491354.10.1126/science.1195027CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iber, C, Ancoli-Israel, S, Chesson, A, Quan, S, Medicine ftAAoS. The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology and Technical Specifications. Westchester, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2007.Google Scholar
Pace-Schott, EF, Hobson, JA. The neurobiology of sleep: genetics, cellular physiology and subcortical networks. Nat Rev Neurosci 2022;3:591605.10.1038/nrn895CrossRefGoogle Scholar
España, RA, Scammell, TE. Sleep neurobiology from a clinical perspective. Sleep 2011;34:845858.Google ScholarPubMed
Anaclet, C, Pedersen, N, Ferrari, L, et al. Basal forebrain control of wakefulness and cortical rhythms. Nature Comm 2015;6:114.10.1038/ncomms9744CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oh, J, Petersen, C, Walsh, C, et al. The role of co-neurotransmitters in sleep and wake regulation. Mol Psychiatr 2019;24:12841295.10.1038/s41380-018-0291-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scammell, TE, Arrigoni, E, Lipton, JO. Neural circuitry of wakefulness and sleep. Neuron 2017;93:747765.10.1016/j.neuron.2017.01.014CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lu, J, Sherman, D, Devor, M, Saper, C. A putative flip-flop switch for control of REM sleep. Nature 2006;441:589594.10.1038/nature04767CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hassani, O, Lee, M, Henny, P, Jones, B. Discharge profiles of identified GABAergic in comparison to cholinergic and putative glutamatergic basal forebrain neurons across the sleep-wake cycle. J Neurosci 2009;29:1182811840.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1259-09.2009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anaclet, C, Ferrari, L, Arrigoni, E, et al. The GABAergic parafacial zone is a medullary slow wave sleep–promoting center. Nature Neurosci 2014;17:12171224.10.1038/nn.3789CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morairty, SR, Dittrich, L, Pasumarthi, RK, et al. A role for cortical nNOS/NK1 neurons in coupling homeostatic sleep drive to EEG slow wave activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013;110:2027220277.10.1073/pnas.1314762110CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boeve, B, Silber, M, Saper, C, et al. Pathophysiology of REM sleep behaviour disorder and relevance to neurodegenerative disease. Brain 2007;130:27702788.10.1093/brain/awm056CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boeve, B. REM sleep behavior disorder: updated review of the core features, the REM sleep behavior disorder-neurodegenerative disease association, evolving concepts, controversies, and future directions. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010;1184:1756.10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05115.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boeve, B. Idiopathic REM sleep behaviour disorder in the development of Parkinson’s disease. Lancet Neurol 2013;12:469482.10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70054-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carrier, J, Viens, I, Poirier, G, et al. Sleep slow wave changes during the middle years of life. Eur J Neurosci 2011;33:758766.10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07543.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farajnia, S, Deboer, T, Rohling, J, Meijer, J, Michel, S. Aging of the suprachiasmatic clock. Neuroscientist 2014;20:4455.10.1177/1073858413498936CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rolls, A. Hypothalamic control of sleep in aging. Neuromolecular Med 2012;14:139153.10.1007/s12017-012-8175-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Romanella, SM, Roe, D, Tatti, E, et al. The sleep side of aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Sleep Med 2021;77:209225.10.1016/j.sleep.2020.05.029CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Da Mesquita, S, Fu, Z, Kipnis, J. The meningeal lymphatic system: a new player in neurophysiology. Neuron 2018;100:375388.10.1016/j.neuron.2018.09.022CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hauglund, N, Pavan, C, Nedergaard, M. Cleaning the sleeping brain – the potential restorative function of the glymphatic system. Curr Opin Physiol 2020;15:16.10.1016/j.cophys.2019.10.020CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rasmussen, MK, Mestre, H, Nedergaard, M. The glymphatic pathway in neurological disorders. Lancet Neurol 2018;17:10161024.10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30318-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iliff, JJ, Wang, M, Liao, Y, et al. A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid β. Sci Transl Med 2012;4:147ra111.10.1126/scitranslmed.3003748CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xie, L, Kang, H, Xu, Q, et al. Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain. Science 2013;342:373377.10.1126/science.1241224CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hablitz, LM, Vinitsky, HS, Sun, Q, et al. Increased glymphatic influx is correlated with high EEG delta power and low heart rate in mice under anesthesia. Sci Adv 2019;5:eaav5447.10.1126/sciadv.aav5447CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benveniste, H, Heerdt, PM, Fontes, M, Rothman, DL, Volkow, ND. Glymphatic system function in relation to anesthesia and sleep states. Anesth Analg 2019;128:747758.10.1213/ANE.0000000000004069CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hablitz, LM, Plá, V, Giannetto, M, et al. Circadian control of brain glymphatic and lymphatic fluid flow. Nat Comm 2020;11:4411.10.1038/s41467-020-18115-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fultz, NE, Bonmassar, G, Setsompop, K, et al. Coupled electrophysiological, hemodynamic, and cerebrospinal fluid oscillations in human sleep. Science 2019;366:628631.10.1126/science.aax5440CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patel, T, Habimana-Griffin, L, Gao, X, et al. Dural lymphatics regulate clearance of extracellular tau from the CNS. Mol Neurodegener 2019;14:11.10.1186/s13024-019-0312-xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roh, JH, Huang, Y, Bero, AW, et al. Disruption of the sleep-wake cycle and diurnal fluctuation of β-amyloid in mice with Alzheimer’s disease pathology. Sci Transl Med 2012;4:150ra122.10.1126/scitranslmed.3004291CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reddy, OC, van der Werf, YD. The sleeping brain: harnessing the power of the glymphatic system through lifestyle choices. Brain Sci 2020;10:868.10.3390/brainsci10110868CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kryger, M, Roth, T, Goldstein, C. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 7th ed. Elsevier, 2022.Google Scholar
Grenberg, G, Watson, R, Deptula, D. Neuropsychological dysfunction in sleep apnea. Sleep 1987;10:254362.10.1093/sleep/10.3.254CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engelman, H, Martin, S, Deary, J, Douglas, N. Effect of continuous positive airway pressure treatment on daytime function in sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome. Lancet 1994;343:572575.10.1016/S0140-6736(94)91522-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engelman, H, Martin, S, Deary, J, Douglas, N. Effect of CPAP therapy on daytime function in patients with mild sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome. Thorax 1997;52:114119.10.1136/thx.52.2.114CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engelman, H, Martin, S, Kingshott, R, et al. Randomized placebo controlled trial of daytime function after continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy for the sleep apnea/hypopnoea syndrome. Thorax 1998;53:341345.10.1136/thx.53.5.341CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engelman, H, Kingshott, R, Wraith, P, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial of continuous positive airway pressure for mild sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;159:461467.10.1164/ajrccm.159.2.9803121CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferguson, K, Ono, T, Lowe, A, Keenan, S, Fleetham, J. A randomized crossover study of an oral appliance vs nasal continuous positive airway pressure in the treatment of mild-moderate obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 1996;109:12691275.10.1378/chest.109.5.1269CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferguson, K, Ono, T, Lowe, A, et al. A short term controlled trial of an adjustable oral appliance for the treatment of mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea. Thorax 1997;52:362368.10.1136/thx.52.4.362CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borak, J, Cieslicki, J, Koziej, M, Matuszewski, A, Zielinski, J. Effect of CPAP treatment on psychological status in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea. J Sleep Res 1996;5:123127.10.1046/j.1365-2869.1996.d01-60.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, G, Blumenfeld, L, Yoffe, N, Peled, E, Lavie, P. A crossover study comparing the efficacy of continuous positive airway pressure with anterior mandibular positioning devices on patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 1996;109:14771483.10.1378/chest.109.6.1477CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jenkinson, C, Stradling, J, Petersen, S. Comparison of three measures of quality of life outcome in the evaluation of continuous positive airway pressure for sleep apnea. J Sleep Res 1997;1997:199204.10.1046/j.1365-2869.1997.00043.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkinson, C, Davies, R, Mullins, R, Stradling, J. Comparison of therapeutic and subtherapeutic nasal continuous positive airway pressure for obstructive sleep apnea: a randomized prospective parallel trial. Lancet 1999;353:21002105.10.1016/S0140-6736(98)10532-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kribbs, N, Pack, A, Kline, L, et al. Effects of one night without nasal CPAP treatment on sleep and sleepiness in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;147:11621168.10.1164/ajrccm/147.5.1162CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kullen, A, Stepnowsky, C, Parker, L, Ancoli-Israel, S. Cognitive impairment and sleep disordered breathing. Sleep Res 1993;22:224.Google Scholar
Montplaisir, J, Bedard, M, Richer, F, Rouleau, I. Neurobehavioral manifestations in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome before and after treatment with continuous positive airway pressure. Sleep 1992;15:517519.10.1093/sleep/15.suppl_6.S17CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Redline, S, Adams, N, Strauss, M, et al. Improvement of mild sleep disordered breathing with CPAP compared with conservative therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157:858865.10.1164/ajrccm.157.3.9709042CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weaver, T, Chugh, D, Maislin, G, et al. Changes in functional status after 3 months of CPAP treatment. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157:A53.Google Scholar
Bedard, M, Montplaisir, J, Malo, J, Richer, F, Rouleau, I. Persistent neuropsychological deficits and vigilance impairment in sleep apnea syndrome after treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1993;15:330341.10.1080/01688639308402567CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munoz, X, Marti, S, Sumalla, J, Bosch, J, Sampol, G. Acute delirium as a manifestation of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 1998;158:13061307.10.1164/ajrccm.158.4.9801005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, J. Recurrent delirium associated with obstructive sleep apnea. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1998;20:120122.10.1016/S0163-8343(98)00006-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bliwise, D. Is sleep apnea a cause of reversible dementia in old age? J Am Geriatr Soc 1996;44:14071408.Google ScholarPubMed
Scheltens, P, Visscher, F, Van Keimpema, A, et al. Sleep apnea syndrome presenting with cognitive impairment. Neurology 1991;41:155156.10.1212/WNL.41.1.155CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ancoli-Israel, S, Kripke, D, Klauber, M, et al. Sleep-disordered breathing in community-dwelling elderly. Sleep 1991;14:486495.10.1093/sleep/14.6.486CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedman, M, Ibrahim, H, Joseph, N. Staging of obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome: a guide to appropriate treatment. Laryngoscope 2004;114:454459.10.1097/00005537-200403000-00013CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chung, F, Yegneswaran, B, Liao, P, et al. STOP questionnaire: a tool to screen patients for obstructive sleep apnea. Anesthesiology 2008;108:812821.10.1097/ALN.0b013e31816d83e4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beninati, W, Harris, C, Herold, D, Shepard, JJ. The effect of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea on the sleep quality of bed partners. Mayo Clin Proc 1999;74:955958.10.1016/S0025-6196(11)63991-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chong, M, Ayalon, L, Marler, M, et al. Continuous positive airway pressure reduces subjective daytime sleepiness in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease with sleep disordered breathing. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006;54:777781.10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00694.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ayalon, L, Ancoli-Israel, S, Stepnowsky, C, et al. Adherence to continuous positive airway pressure treatment in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006;14:176180.10.1097/01.JGP.0000192484.12684.cdCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Colrain, I, Brooks, S, Black, J. A pilot evaluation of a nasal expiratory resistance device for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Sleep Med 2008;4:426433.10.5664/jcsm.27277CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sleeper, G, Rashidi, M, Strohl, K, et al. Comparison of expiratory pressures generated by four different EPAP devices in a laboratory bench setting. Sleep Med 2022;96:8792.10.1016/j.sleep.2022.05.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, R, Terzano, M, Parrino, L, Weiss, J. Obstructive sleep-disordered breathing with a dominant cyclic alternating pattern–a recognizable polysomnographic variant with practical clinical implications. Sleep 2004;27:229234.10.1093/sleep/27.2.229CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pusalavidyasagar, S, Olson, E, Gay, P, Morgenthaler, T. Treatment of complex sleep apnea syndrome: a retrospective comparative review. Sleep Med 2006;7:474479.10.1016/j.sleep.2006.04.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morgenthaler, T, Gay, P, Gordon, N, Brown, L. Adaptive servoventilation versus noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for central, mixed, and complex sleep apnea syndromes. Sleep 2007;30:468475.10.1093/sleep/30.4.468CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allen, RP, Picchietti, DL, Auerbach, M, et al. Evidence-based and consensus clinical practice guidelines for the iron treatment of restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease in adults and children: an IRLSSG task force report. Sleep Med 2018;41:2744.10.1016/j.sleep.2017.11.1126CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vitiello, M, Prinz, P. Alzheimer’s disease. Sleep and sleep/wake patterns. Clin Geriatr Med 1989;5(2):289299.10.1016/S0749-0690(18)30679-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vitiello, M, Prinz, P, Williams, D, Frommlet, M, Ries, R. Sleep disturbances in patients with mild stage Alzheimer’s disease. J Gerontol 1990;45:M131M138.10.1093/geronj/45.4.M131CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bliwise, D, Carroll, J, Lee, K, Nekich, J, Dement, W. Sleep and “sundowning” in nursing home patients with dementia. Psych Res 1993;48:277292.10.1016/0165-1781(93)90078-UCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ancoli-Israel, S, Klauber, M, Jones, D, et al. Variations in circadian rhythms of activity, sleep, and light exposure related to dementia in nursing-home patients. Sleep 1997;20:1823.Google ScholarPubMed
Kang, J, Lim, M, Bateman, R, et al. Amyloid-beta dynamics are regulated by orexin and the sleep-wake cycle. Science 2009;326:10051007.10.1126/science.1180962CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lim, A, Kowgier, M, Yu, L, Buchman, A, Benett, D. Sleep fragmentation and the risk of incident Alzheimer’s disease and cognitive decline in order persons. Sleep 2013;36:10271032.10.5665/sleep.2802CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skene, D, Swaab, D. Melatonin rhythmicity: effect of age and Alzheimer’s disease. Exp Gerontol 2003;38:199206.10.1016/S0531-5565(02)00198-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singer, C, MacArthur, A, Hughes, R, Sack, R, Lewy, A. High dose melatonin and sleep in the elderly. Sleep Research 1995;24A:151.Google Scholar
Brusco, L, Fainstein, I, Marquez, M, Cardinali, D. Effect of melatonin in selected populations of sleep-disturbed patients. Biol Signal Recep 1999;8:126131.10.1159/000014580CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singer, C, Tractenberg, R, Kaye, J, et al. A multicenter, placebo-controlled trial of melatonin for sleep disturbance in Alzheimer’s disease. Sleep 2003;26:893901.10.1093/sleep/26.7.893CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hozumi, S, Okawa, M, Mishima, K, et al. Phototherapy for elderly patients with dementia and sleep-wake rhythm disorders – a comparison between morning and evening light exposure. Japan J Psych Neurol 1990;44:813814.Google Scholar
Lyketsos, C, Lindell Veiel, L, Baker, A, Steele, C. A randomized, controlled trial of bright light therapy for agitated behaviors in dementia patients residing in long-term care. Internat J Ger Psychiatry 1999;14:520525.10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(199907)14:7<520::AID-GPS983>3.0.CO;2-M3.0.CO;2-M>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Satlin, A, Volicer, L, Ross, V, Herz, L, Campbell, S. Bright light treatment of behavioral and sleep disturbances in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Psychiatry 1992;149:10281032.Google ScholarPubMed
Van Someren, E, Kessler, A, Mirmiran, M, Swaab, D. Indirect bright light improves circadian rest-activity rhythm disturbances in demented patients. Biol Psychiatry 1997;41:955963.10.1016/S0006-3223(97)89928-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herring, WJ, Ceesay, P, Snyder, E, et al. Polysomnographic assessment of suvorexant in patients with probable Alzheimer’s disease dementia and insomnia: a randomized trial. Alzheimers Dement 2020;16:541551.10.1002/alz.12035CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thannickal, T, Lai, Y, Siegel, J. Hypocretin (orexin) cell loss in Parkinson’s disease. Brain 2007;130:15861595.10.1093/brain/awm097CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCarter, SJ, St Louis, EK, Boeve, BF. Sleep disturbances in frontotemporal dementia. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2016;16:85.10.1007/s11910-016-0680-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boeve, A, Ferman, TJ, Aakre, J, et al. Excessive daytime sleepiness in major dementia syndromes. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2019;34:261264.10.1177/1533317519828046CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferman, T, Smith, G, Dickson, D, et al. Abnormal daytime sleepiness in dementia with Lewy bodies compared to Alzheimer’s disease using the Multiple Sleep Latency Test. Alzheimer Res Ther 2014;16:76.10.1186/s13195-014-0076-zCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gurian, B, Rosowsky, E. Low-dose methylphenidate in the very old. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1990;3:152154.10.1177/089198879000300305CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ben-Itzhak, R, Giladi, N, Gruendlinger, L, Hausdorff, J. Can methylphenidate reduce fall risk in community-living older adults? A double-blind, single-dose cross-over study. J Amer Geriatr Soc 2008;56:695700.10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01623.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lapid, MI, Kuntz, KM, Mason, SS, et al. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of armodafinil therapy for hypersomnia associated with dementia with Lewy bodies: a pilot study. Dem Geriatr Cog Disord 2017;43:269280.10.1159/000471507CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olson, E, Boeve, B, Silber, M. Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: demographic, clinical, and laboratory findings in 93 cases. Brain 2000;123:331339.10.1093/brain/123.2.331CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Postuma, R, Gagnon, J, Vendette, M, et al. Quantifying the risk of neurodegenerative disease in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology 2009;72 12961300.10.1212/01.wnl.0000340980.19702.6eCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iranzo, A, Molinuevo, J, Santamaría, J, et al. Rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder as an early marker for a neurodegenerative disorder: a descriptive study. Lancet Neurol 2006;5:572577.10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70476-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
St Louis, EK, Boeve, AR, Boeve, BF. REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson’s disease and other synucleinopathies. Mov Disord 2017;32:645658.10.1002/mds.27018CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
St Louis, EK, Boeve, BF. REM sleep behavior disorder: diagnosis, clinical implications, and future directions. Mayo Clin Proc 2017;92:17231736.10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.09.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boeve, BF, Silber, MH, Ferman, TJ, et al. REM sleep behavior disorder and degenerative dementia: an association likely reflecting Lewy body disease. Neurology 1998;51:363370.10.1212/WNL.51.2.363CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boeve, B, Silber, M, Ferman, T, Lucas, J, Parisi, J. Association of REM sleep behavior disorder and neurodegenerative disease may reflect an underlying synucleinopathy. Mov Disord 2001;16:622630.10.1002/mds.1120CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boeve, B, Silber, M, Ferman, T, et al. REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy. In Bedard, M, Agid, Y, Chouinard, S, et al., eds. Mental and Behavioral Dysfunction in Movement Disorders. Totowa: Humana Press, 2003; pp. 383397.Google Scholar
Boeve, B, Silber, M, Parisi, J, et al. Synucleinopathy pathology and REM sleep behavior disorder plus dementia or parkinsonism. Neurology 2003;61:4045.10.1212/01.WNL.0000073619.94467.B0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boeve, B, Silber, M, Ferman, T. REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. J Ger Psychiatry Neurol 2004;17:146157.10.1177/0891988704267465CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boeve, B, Molano, J, Ferman, T, et al. Validation of the Mayo Sleep Questionnaire to screen for REM sleep behavior disorder in an aging and dementia cohort. Sleep Med 2011;12:445453.10.1016/j.sleep.2010.12.009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boeve, B, Molano, J, Ferman, T, et al. Validation of the Mayo Sleep Questionnaire to screen for REM sleep behavior disorder in a community-based sample. J Clin Sleep Med 2013;9:475480.10.5664/jcsm.2670CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iranzo, A, Santamaria, J. Severe obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea mimicking REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep 2005;28:203206.10.1093/sleep/28.2.203CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCarter, S, Boswell, C, St Louis, E, et al. Treatment outcomes in REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep Med 2013;14:237242.10.1016/j.sleep.2012.09.018CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schenck, C, Mahowald, M. REM sleep behavior disorder: clinical, developmental, and neuroscience perspectives 16 years after its formal identification in SLEEP. Sleep 2002;25:120138.10.1093/sleep/25.2.120CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gagnon, J, Postuma, R, Montplaisir, J. Update on the pharmacology of REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology 2006;67:742747.10.1212/01.wnl.0000233926.47469.73CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kunz, D, Bes, F. Melatonin as a therapy in REM sleep behavior disorder patients: An open-labeled pilot study on the possible influence of melatonin on REM-sleep regulation. Mov Disord 1999;14:507511.10.1002/1531-8257(199905)14:3<507::AID-MDS1021>3.0.CO;2-83.0.CO;2-8>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boeve, B, Silber, M, Ferman, T. Melatonin for treatment of REM sleep behavior disorder in neurologic disorders: results in 14 patients. Sleep Med 2003;4:281284.10.1016/S1389-9457(03)00072-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGrane, I, Leung, J, St Louis, E, Boeve, B. Melatonin therapy for REM sleep behavior disorder: a critical review of evidence. Sleep Med 2015;16(1):1926.10.1016/j.sleep.2014.09.011CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reynolds, C, Kupfer, D, Hoch, C, Sewitch, D. Sleeping pills in the elderly: are they ever justified? J Clin Psychiatry 1985;46:912.Google ScholarPubMed
McCleery, J, Sharpley, AL. Pharmacotherapies for sleep disturbances in dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020;11:CD009178.Google ScholarPubMed
Ringman, J, Simmons, J. Treatment of REM sleep behavior disorder with donepezil: a report of three cases. Neurology 2000;55:870–871.10.1212/WNL.55.6.870CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Onofrj, M, Luciano, AL, Thomas, A, Iacono, D, D’Andreamatteo, G. Mirtazapine induces REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) in parkinsonism. Neurology 2003;60:113–115.10.1212/01.WNL.0000042084.03066.C0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winkelman, J, James, L. Serotonergic antidepressants are associated with REM sleep without atonia. Sleep 2004;15:317321.10.1093/sleep/27.2.317CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnulf, I, Bonnet, AM, Damier, P, et al. Hallucinations, REM sleep, and Parkinson’s disease: a medical hypothesis. Neurology 2000;55:281–288.10.1212/WNL.55.2.281CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boeve, B. Dementia with Lewy bodies. In Petersen, R, ed. Continuum (Minneap Minn). Minneapolis: American Academy of Neurology, 2004; pp, 81–112.Google Scholar
McKeith, I, Dickson, D, Lowe, J, et al. Dementia with Lewy bodies: diagnosis and management: third report of the DLB Consortium. Neurology 2005;65:1863–1872.10.1212/01.wnl.0000187889.17253.b1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Emre, M, Aarsland, D, Brown, R, et al. Clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2007;22:16891707.10.1002/mds.21507CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boeve, B. Diagnosis and management of the non-Alzheimer dementias. In Noseworthy, J, ed. Neurological Therapeutics: Principles and Practice, 2nd ed. Abingdon: Informa Healthcare, 2006; pp. 31563206.Google Scholar
McKeith, I, Del Ser, T, Spano, P, et al. Efficacy of rivastigmine in dementia with Lewy bodies: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled international study. Lancet 2000;356:2031–2036.10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03399-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Emre, M, Aarsland, D, Albanese, A, et al. Rivastigmine for dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 2004;351:2509–2518.10.1056/NEJMoa041470CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrmann, N, Rabheru, K, Wang, J, Binder, C. Galantamine treatment of problematic behavior in Alzheimer disease: post-hoc analysis of pooled data from three large trials Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005;13:527–534.10.1097/00019442-200506000-00012CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummings, J, Schneider, E, Tariot, P, Graham, S, Group MM-M-S. Behavioral effects of memantine in Alzheimer disease patients receiving donepezil treatment. Neurology 2006;67:57–63.10.1212/01.wnl.0000223333.42368.f1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummings, J, McRae, T, Zhang, R, Group. D-SS. Effects of donepezil on neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with dementia and severe behavioral disorders. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006;14:605–612.10.1097/01.JGP.0000221293.91312.d3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ju, Y, Lucey, B, Holtzman, D. Sleep and Alzheimer disease pathology – a bidirectional relationship. Nature Rev Neurol 2014;10:115–119.10.1038/nrneurol.2013.269CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Polsek, D, Gildeh, N, Cash, D, et al. Obstructive sleep apnoea and Alzheimer’s disease: In search of shared pathomechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018;86:142–149.10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.12.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yaffe, K, Laffan, A, Litwack Harrison, S, et al. Sleep-disordered breathing, hypoxia, and risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia in older women. JAMA 2011;306 613–619.Google ScholarPubMed
Bubu, OM, Brannick, M, Mortimer, J, et al. Sleep, cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep 2017;40.10.1093/sleep/zsw032CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Osorio, RS, Gumb, T, Pirraglia, E, et al. Sleep-disordered breathing advances cognitive decline in the elderly. Neurology 2015;84:1964–1971.10.1212/WNL.0000000000001566CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lal, C, Ayappa, I, Ayas, N, et al. The link between obstructive sleep apnea and neurocognitive impairment: an official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2022;19:1245–1256.10.1513/AnnalsATS.202205-380STCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ju, YE, Finn, MB, Sutphen, CL, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea decreases central nervous system-derived proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid. Ann Neurol 2016;80:154–159.10.1002/ana.24672CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
André, C, Rehel, S, Kuhn, E, et al. Association of sleep-disordered breathing with Alzheimer disease biomarkers in community-dwelling older adults: a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol 2020;77:716–724.10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.0311CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sharma, RA, Varga, AW, Bubu, OM, et al. obstructive sleep apnea severity affects amyloid burden in cognitively normal elderly. A longitudinal study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018;197:933–943.10.1164/rccm.201704-0704OCCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bubu, OM, Pirraglia, E, Andrade, AG, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and longitudinal Alzheimer’s disease biomarker changes. Sleep 2019;42.10.1093/sleep/zsz048CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carvalho, D, St. Louis, E, Knopman, D, et al. Excessive daytime sleepiness predicts increased β-amyloid accumulation in non-demented elderly: a longitudinal PiB-PET study. Neurology 2017;88.10.1212/WNL.88.16_supplement.S14.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carvalho, DZ, St Louis, EK, Boeve, BF, et al. Excessive daytime sleepiness and fatigue may indicate accelerated brain aging in cognitively normal late middle-aged and older adults. Sleep Med 2017;32:236–243.10.1016/j.sleep.2016.08.023CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carvalho, DZ, St Louis, EK, Knopman, DS, et al. Association of excessive daytime sleepiness with longitudinal beta-amyloid accumulation in elderly persons without dementia. JAMA Neurol 2018;75(6):672680.10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.0049CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carvalho, DZ, St Louis, EK, Przybelski, SA, et al. Sleepiness in cognitively unimpaired older adults is associated with CSF biomarkers of inflammation and axonal integrity. Front Aging Neurosci 2022;14:930315.10.3389/fnagi.2022.930315CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carvalho, DZ, St Louis, EK, Schwarz, CG, et al. Witnessed apneas are associated with elevated tau-PET levels in cognitively unimpaired elderly. Neurology 2020;94:e1793e1802.10.1212/WNL.0000000000009315CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fortea, J, Vilaplana, E, Carmona-Iragui, M, et al. Clinical and biomarker changes of Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome: a cross-sectional study. Lancet 2020;395:19881997.10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30689-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giménez, S, Altuna, M, Blessing, E, Osorio, RM, Fortea, J. Sleep disorders in adults with Down syndrome. J Clin Med 2021;10.10.3390/jcm10143012CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giménez, S, Farre, A, Morente, F, et al. Feasibility and long-term compliance to continuous positive airway pressure treatment in adults with Down syndrome, a genetic form of Alzheimer’s disease. Front Neurosci 2022;16:838412.10.3389/fnins.2022.838412CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferman, TJ, Boeve, BF, Smith, GE, et al. REM sleep behavior disorder and dementia: cognitive differences when compared with AD. Neurology 1999;52:951957.10.1212/WNL.52.5.951CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferman, T, Smith, G, Boeve, B, et al. Neuropsychological differentiation of dementia with Lewy bodies from normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Clin Neuropsychol 2006;20.10.1080/13854040500376831CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferman, T, Boeve, B, Smith, G, et al. Inclusion of RBD improves the diagnostic classification of dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology 2011;77:875882.10.1212/WNL.0b013e31822c9148CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Molano, J, Boeve, B, Ferman, T, et al. Mild cognitive impairment associated with limbic and neocortical Lewy body disease: a clinicopathological study. Brain 2009;133:540556.10.1093/brain/awp280CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schenck, C, Boeve, B, Mahowald, M. Delayed emergence of a parkinsonian disorder or dementia in 81% of older males initially diagnosed with idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD): a 16-year update on a previously reported series. Sleep Med 2013;14(8):744748.10.1016/j.sleep.2012.10.009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iranzo, A, Fernandez-Arcos, A, Tolosa, E, et al. Neurodegenerative disorder risk in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder: study in 174 patients. PLoS One 2014;9:e89741.10.1371/journal.pone.0089741CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Postuma, R, Gagnon, J-F, Bertrand, J-A, Marchand, D, Montplaisir, J. Parkinson risk in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology 2015;84:11041113.10.1212/WNL.0000000000001364CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Postuma, RB, Iranzo, A, Hu, M, et al. Risk and predictors of dementia and parkinsonism in idiopathic REM sleep behaviour disorder: a multicentre study. Brain 2019;142:744759.10.1093/brain/awz030CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boeve, B. Predicting the future in idiopathic rapid-eye movement sleep behaviour disorder. Lancet Neurol 2010;9:10401042.10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70221-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Postuma, RB, Gagnon, JF, Montplaisir, JY. REM sleep behavior disorder: from dreams to neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2012;46:553558.10.1016/j.nbd.2011.10.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schenck, C, Montplaisir, J, Frauscher, B, et al. Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: devising controlled active treatment studies for symptomatic and neuroprotective therapy-a consensus statement from the International Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder Study Group. Sleep Med 2013;14:795806.10.1016/j.sleep.2013.02.016CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miglis, MG, Adler, CH, Antelmi, E, et al. Biomarkers of conversion to alpha-synucleinopathy in isolated rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder. Lancet Neurol 2021;20:671684.10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00176-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sixel-Doring, F, Schweitzer, M, Mollenhauer, B, Trenkwalder, C. Polysomnographic findings, video-based sleep analysis and sleep perception in progressive supranuclear palsy. Sleep Med 2009;10:407415.10.1016/j.sleep.2008.05.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walsh, CM, Ruoff, L, Walker, K, et al. Sleepless night and day, the plight of progressive supranuclear palsy. Sleep 2017;40:zsx154.10.1093/sleep/zsx154CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lew, CH, Petersen, C, Neylan, TC, Grinberg, LT. Tau-driven degeneration of sleep- and wake-regulating neurons in Alzheimer’s disease. Sleep Med Rev 2021;60:101541.10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101541CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oh, JY, Walsh, CM, Ranasinghe, K, et al. Subcortical neuronal correlates of sleep in neurodegenerative diseases. JAMA Neurol 2022;79:498508.10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.0429CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roman, GC, Verma, AK, Zhang, YJ, Fung, SH. Idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus and obstructive sleep apnea are frequently associated: a prospective cohort study. J Neurol Sci 2018;395:164168.10.1016/j.jns.2018.10.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riedel, CS, Milan, JB, Juhler, M, Jennum, P. Sleep-disordered breathing is frequently associated with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus but not other types of hydrocephalus. Sleep 2022;45.10.1093/sleep/zsab265CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oliveira, LM, Nitrini, R, Roman, GC. Normal-pressure hydrocephalus: a critical review. Dement Neuropsychol 2019;13:133143.10.1590/1980-57642018dn13-020001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roman, GC, Jackson, RE, Fung, SH, Zhang, YJ, Verma, AK. Sleep-disordered breathing and idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus: recent pathophysiological advances. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2019;19:39.10.1007/s11910-019-0952-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

2021 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement, 2021. 17(3):327406.10.1002/alz.12328CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plassman, B.L., et al., Prevalence of dementia in the United States: the aging, demographics, and memory study. Neuroepidemiology, 2007. 29(1-2):125132.10.1159/000109998CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Redfoot, D., Feinberg, L., Houser, A., The aging of the baby boom and the growing care gap: a look at future declines in the availability of family caregivers. Washington, DC: AARP Public Policy Institute, Insight on the Issues 85, 2013.Google Scholar
Parker, K., Patten, E., The sandwich generation: rising financial burdens for middle-aged Americans. [Report] Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, 2013:Google Scholar
Seeley, W.W., et al., Neurodegenerative diseases target large-scale human brain networks. Neuron, 2009. 62(1):4252.10.1016/j.neuron.2009.03.024CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Langa, K.M., et al., National estimates of the quantity and cost of informal caregiving for the elderly with dementia. J Gen Intern Med, 2001. 16(11):770778.10.1111/j.1525-1497.2001.10123.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schulz, R., et al., Psychiatric and physical morbidity effects of dementia caregiving: prevalence, correlates, and causes. Gerontologist, 1995. 35(6):771791.10.1093/geront/35.6.771CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schulz, R., Beach, S.R., Caregiving as a risk factor for mortality: the Caregiver Health Effects Study. JAMA, 1999. 282(23):22152219.10.1001/jama.282.23.2215CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lwi, S.J., et al., Poor caregiver mental health predicts mortality of patients with neurodegenerative disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2017. 114(28):73197324.10.1073/pnas.1701597114CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gaugler, J.E., Kane, R.L., Chapter 1 – Introduction: Family Caregiving in the New Normal. In Gaugler, J.E., Kane, R.L., eds. Family Caregiving in the New Normal. San Diego: Academic Press, 2015; pp. 113.Google Scholar
Lopez, R.P., et al., Managing shame: a grounded theory of how stigma manifests in families living with dementia. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc, 2020. 26(2):181188.10.1177/1078390319832965CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Epps, F., Rose, K.M., Lopez, R.P., Who’s your family?: African American caregivers of older adults with dementia. Res Gerontol Nurs, 2019. 12(1):2026.10.3928/19404921-20181212-04CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelley, A.S., et al., The burden of health care costs for patients with dementia in the last 5 years of life. Ann Intern Med, 2015. 163(10):729736.10.7326/M15-0381CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hurd, M.D., et al., Monetary costs of dementia in the United States. N Engl J Med, 2013. 368(14):13261334.10.1056/NEJMsa1204629CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adelman, R.D., et al., Caregiver burden: a clinical review. JAMA, 2014. 311(10):10521060.10.1001/jama.2014.304CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shim, B., et al., Finding meaning in caring for a spouse with dementia. Appl Nurs Res, 2013. 26(3):121126.10.1016/j.apnr.2013.05.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yu, D.S.F., Cheng, S.T., Wang, J., Unravelling positive aspects of caregiving in dementia: An integrative review of research literature. Int J Nurs Stud, 2018. 79:126.10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.10.008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Erikson, E.H., Erikson, J., Kivnick, H., Vital Involvement in Old Age. New York: Norton, 1986.Google Scholar
Schulz, R., et al., Predictors and consequences of perceived lack of choice in becoming an informal caregiver. Aging Ment Health, 2012. 16(6):712721.10.1080/13607863.2011.651439CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolff, J.L., et al., A national profile of family and unpaid caregivers who assist older adults with health care activities. JAMA Intern Med, 2016. 176(3):372379.10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.7664CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pham, H.H., et al., Primary care physicians’ links to other physicians through Medicare patients: the scope of care coordination. Ann Intern Med, 2009. 150(4):236242.10.7326/0003-4819-150-4-200902170-00004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bronskill, S.E., et al., Trajectories of health system use and survival for community-dwelling persons with dementia: a cohort study. BMJ Open, 2020. 10(7):e037485.10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037485CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Godard-Sebillotte, C., et al., Impact of health service interventions on acute hospital use in community-dwelling persons with dementia: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 2019. 14(6):e0218426.10.1371/journal.pone.0218426CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiss, J., et al., Critical workforce gaps in dementia education and training. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2020. 68(3):625629.10.1111/jgs.16341CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, J.L., et al., Obstacles and opportunities in Alzheimer’s clinical trial recruitment. Health Aff (Millwood), 2014. 33(4):574579.10.1377/hlthaff.2013.1314CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Institute on Aging, Together We Can Make the Difference. National Strategy for Recruitment and Participation in Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias Clinical Research. Washington, DC: National Institutes of Health, 2018.Google Scholar
Gilmore-Bykovskyi, A., et al., Underreporting of gender and race/ethnicity differences in NIH-funded dementia caregiver support interventions. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen, 2018. 33(3):145152.10.1177/1533317517749465CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rote, S.M., et al., Caregiving across diverse populations: new evidence from the National Study of Caregiving and Hispanic EPESE. Innov Aging, 2019. 3(2):igz033.10.1093/geroni/igz033CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Canevelli, M., et al., The issue of dementia in migrants and ethnic minorities: the perspective of national dementia plans. Aging Clin Exp Res, 2021. 33(10):27032708.10.1007/s40520-019-01340-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Portacolone, E., et al., Earning the trust of African American communities to increase representation in dementia research. Ethn Dis, 2020. 30(Suppl 2):719734.10.18865/ed.30.S2.719CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burgdorf, J., et al., Family caregiver factors associated with emergency department utilization among community-living older adults with disabilities. J Prim Care Community Health, 2019. 10:2150132719875636.10.1177/2150132719875636CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schulz, R., Beach, S.R., Friedman, E.M., Caregiving factors as predictors of care recipient mortality. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 2021. 29(3):295303.10.1016/j.jagp.2020.06.025CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelley, A.S., et al., Residential setting and the cumulative financial burden of dementia in the 7 years before death. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2020. 68(6):13191324.10.1111/jgs.16414CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ankuda, C.K., et al., Implications of 2020 Skilled Home Healthcare Payment Reform for Persons with Dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2020. 68(10):23032309.10.1111/jgs.16654CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Modi H, Orgera K, Grover A. Exploring Barriers to Mental Health Care in the U.S. Washington, DC: AAMC; 2022. https://doi.org/10.15766/rai_a3ewcf9p.Google Scholar
Luth, E.A., et al., Survival in hospice patients with dementia: the effect of home hospice and nurse visits. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2021. 69(6):15291538.10.1111/jgs.17066CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harding, R., et al., Comparative analysis of informal caregiver burden in advanced cancer, dementia, and acquired brain injury. J Pain Symptom Manage, 2015. 50(4):445452.10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2015.04.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Costa-Requena, G., Espinosa Val, M.C., Cristofol, R., Caregiver burden in end-of-life care: advanced cancer and final stage of dementia. Palliat Support Care, 2015. 13(3):583589.10.1017/S1478951513001259CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clipp, E.C., George, L.K., Dementia and cancer: a comparison of spouse caregivers. Gerontologist, 1993. 33(4):534541.10.1093/geront/33.4.534CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donaldson, C., Tarrier, N., Burns, A., The impact of the symptoms of dementia on caregivers. Br J Psychiatry, 2018. 170(1):6268.10.1192/bjp.170.1.62CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abdollahpour, I., et al., Positive Aspects of Caregiving Questionnaire: a validation study in caregivers of patients with dementia. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol, 2017. 30(2):7783.10.1177/0891988716686831CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossman, M.R., Gruenewald, T.L., Caregiving and perceived generativity: a positive and protective aspect of providing care? Clin Gerontologist, 2017. 40(5):435447.10.1080/07317115.2017.1317686CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richardson, T.J., et al., Caregiver health: health of caregivers of Alzheimer’s and other dementia patients. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 2013. 15(7):367.10.1007/s11920-013-0367-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monin, J.K., Schulz, R., Interpersonal effects of suffering in older adult caregiving relationships. Psychol Aging, 2009. 24(3):681695.10.1037/a0016355CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coope, B., et al., The prevalence of depression in the carers of dementia sufferers. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry, 1995. 10(3):237242.10.1002/gps.930100310CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuijpers, P., Depressive disorders in caregivers of dementia patients: a systematic review. Aging Ment Health, 2005. 9(4):325330.10.1080/13607860500090078CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brodaty, H., Donkin, M., Family caregivers of people with dementia. Dialogues Clin Neurosci, 2009. 11(2):217228.10.31887/DCNS.2009.11.2/hbrodatyCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Joling, K.J., et al., Incidence of depression and anxiety in the spouses of patients with dementia: a naturalistic cohort study of recorded morbidity with a 6-year follow-up. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 2010. 18(2):146153.10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181bf9f0fCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kolanowski, A.M., et al., Spouses of persons with dementia: their healthcare problems, utilization, and costs. Res NursHealth, 2004. 27(5):296306.Google Scholar
Grafstrom, M., et al., Health and social consequences for relatives of demented and non-demented elderly. a population-based study. J Clin Epidemiol, 1992. 45(8):861870.10.1016/0895-4356(92)90069-YCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baumgarten, M., et al., Health of family members caring for elderly persons with dementia. A longitudinal study. Ann Intern Med, 1994. 120(2):126132.10.7326/0003-4819-120-2-199401150-00005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dura, J.R., Stukenberg, K.W., Kiecolt-Glaser, J.K., Anxiety and depressive disorders in adult children caring for demented parents. Psychol Aging, 1991. 6(3):467473.10.1037/0882-7974.6.3.467CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Dwyer, S.T., et al., Suicidal ideation in family carers of people with dementia: a pilot study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry, 2013. 28(11):1182–118.Google ScholarPubMed
Blazer, D., Geriatric psychiatry. In Hales, R.E., Yudofsky, S.C., Talbott, J.A., eds. The American Psychiatric Press Textbook of Psychiatry, 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994; pp. 1495–1421.Google Scholar
Dassel, K.B., Carr, D.C., Does dementia caregiving accelerate frailty? Findings from the health and retirement study. Gerontologist, 2016. 56(3):444450.10.1093/geront/gnu078CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vitaliano, P.P., Zhang, J., Scanlan, J.M., Is caregiving hazardous to one’s physical health? A meta-analysis. Psychol Bull, 2003. 129(6):946972.10.1037/0033-2909.129.6.946CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baumgarten, M., et al., The psychological and physical health of family members caring for an elderly person with dementia. J Clin Epidemiol, 1992. 45(1):6170.10.1016/0895-4356(92)90189-TCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moritz, D.J., Kasl, S.V., Ostfeld, A.M., The health impact of living with a cognitively impaired elderly spouse: blood pressure, self-rated health, and health behaviors. J Aging Health, 1992. 4(2):244267.10.1177/089826439200400205CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiecolt-Glaser, J.K., et al., Spousal caregivers of dementia victims: longitudinal changes in immunity and health. Psychosom Med, 1991. 53(4):345362.10.1097/00006842-199107000-00001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uchino, B.N., Kiecolt-Glaser, J.K., Cacioppo, J.T., Age-related changes in cardiovascular response as a function of a chronic stressor and social support. J Pers Soc Psychol, 1992. 63(5):839846.10.1037/0022-3514.63.5.839CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Norton, M.C., et al., Greater risk of dementia when spouse has dementia? The Cache County Study. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2010. 58(5):895900.10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.02806.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wells, J.L., Hua, A.Y., Levenson, R.W., Poor disgust suppression is associated with increased anxiety in caregivers of persons with neurodegenerative disease. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci, 2021. 76(7):13021312.10.1093/geronb/gbaa056CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, C.L., et al., Emotion recognition and reactivity in persons with neurodegenerative disease are differentially associated with caregiver health. Gerontologist, 2020. 60(7):12331243.10.1093/geront/gnaa030CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hua, A.Y., et al., Emotional and cognitive empathy in caregivers of people with neurodegenerative disease: relationships with caregiver mental health. Clin Psychol Sci, 2021. 9(3):449466.10.1177/2167702620974368CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Radloff, L.S., The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Measure, 1977. 1:385401.10.1177/014662167700100306CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, R.B. Jr, et al., Type A behavior, hostility, and coronary atherosclerosis. Psychosom Med, 1980. 42:539549.10.1097/00006842-198011000-00002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fredrickson, B.L., Levenson, R.W., Positive emotions speed recovery from the cardiovascular sequelae of negative emotions. Cogn Emot, 1998. 12(2):191220.10.1080/026999398379718CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schulz, R., Visintainer, P., Williamson, G.M., Psychiatric and physical morbidity effects of caregiving. J Gerontol, 1990. 45(5): P 181191.10.1093/geronj/45.5.P181CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merrilees, J.J., et al., The Care Ecosystem: promoting self-efficacy among dementia family caregivers. Dementia (London), 2020. 19(6):19551973.10.1177/1471301218814121CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernstein, A., et al., The role of care navigators working with people with dementia and their caregivers. J Alzheimers Dis, 2019. 71(1):4555.10.3233/JAD-180957CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wong, C., et al., The experiences of caregiving: differences between behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 2012. 20(8):724728.10.1097/JGP.0b013e318233154dCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hinrichsen, G.A., Niederehe, G., Dementia management strategies and adjustment of family members of older patients. Gerontologist, 1994. 34(1):95102.10.1093/geront/34.1.95CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levenson, R.W., Emotion elicitation with neurological patients. In Coan, J.A., Allen, J.J.B., eds. The Handbook of Emotion Elicitation and Assessment. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007; pp. 158168.10.1093/oso/9780195169157.003.0011CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, K.H., et al., Greater experience of negative non-target emotions by patients with neurodegenerative diseases is related to lower emotional well-being in caregivers. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord, 2017. 44(5-6):245255.10.1159/000481132CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Otero, M.C., Levenson, R.W., Lower visual avoidance in dementia patients is associated with greater psychological distress in caregivers. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord, 2017. 43(5-6):247258.10.1159/000468146CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, C.L., et al., Empathic accuracy deficits in patients with neurodegenerative disease: association with caregiver depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 2018. 26(4):484493.10.1016/j.jagp.2017.10.012CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hooker, K., et al., Mental and physical health of spouse caregivers: the role of personality. Psychol Aging, 1992. 7(3):367375.10.1037/0882-7974.7.3.367CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lockenhoff, C.E., et al., Five-factor personality traits and subjective health among caregivers: the role of caregiver strain and self-efficacy. Psychol Aging, 2011. 26(3):592604.10.1037/a0022209CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chunga, R.E., et al., Family caregivers’ distress responses to daily behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: the moderating role of relationship quality. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry, 2021. 36(6):822830.10.1002/gps.5482CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rigby, T., et al., Comparison of the caregiving experience of grief, burden, and quality of life in dementia with Lewy bodies, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis, 2021. 80(1):421432.10.3233/JAD-201326CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farina, N., et al., Factors associated with the quality of life of family carers of people with dementia: a systematic review. Alzheimers Dement, 2017. 13(5):572581.10.1016/j.jalz.2016.12.010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quinn, C., Toms, G., Influence of positive aspects of dementia caregiving on caregivers’ well-being: a systematic review. Gerontologist, 2019. 59(5):e584e596.Google ScholarPubMed
Wells, J.L., et al., Neurodegenerative disease caregivers’ 5-HTTLPR genotype moderates the effect of patients’ empathic accuracy deficits on caregivers’ well-being. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 2019. 27(10):10461056.10.1016/j.jagp.2019.04.009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belsky, J. Pluess, M., Beyond diathesis stress: differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Psychol Bull, 2009. 135(6):885908.10.1037/a0017376CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verduyn, P., et al., The Relationship between Self-Distancing and the Duration of Negative and Positive Emotional Experiences in Daily Life. Emotion, 2012.10.1037/a0028289CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levenson, R.W., Carstensen, L.L., Gottman, J.M., Long-term marriage: age, gender and satisfaction. Psychol Aging, 1993. 8(2):301313.10.1037/0882-7974.8.2.301CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levenson, R.W., Gottman, J.M., Marital interaction: physiological linkage and affective exchange. J Person Soc Psychol, 1983. 45(3):587597.10.1037/0022-3514.45.3.587CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, K.H., et al., Lower activity linkage between caregivers and persons with neurodegenerative diseases is associated with greater caregiver anxiety. Psychophysiology, 2022. 59(8):e14040.10.1111/psyp.14040CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Connelly, D.E., et al., Pronoun use during patient-caregiver interactions: associations with caregiver well-being. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord, 2020. 49(2):18.10.1159/000508095CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lwi, S.J., et al., Genuine smiles by patients during marital interactions are associated with better caregiver mental health. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci, 2019. 74(6):975987.10.1093/geronb/gbx157CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Navaie-Waliser, M., et al., When the caregiver needs care: the plight of vulnerable caregivers. Am J Public Health, 2002. 92(3):409413.10.2105/AJPH.92.3.409CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ory, M.G., et al., Prevalence and impact of caregiving: a detailed comparison between dementia and nondementia caregivers. Gerontologist, 1999. 39(2):177185.10.1093/geront/39.2.177CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schulz, R., Martire, L.M., Family caregiving of persons with dementia: prevalence, health effects, and support strategies. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 2004. 12(3):240249.10.1097/00019442-200405000-00002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brodaty, H., et al., Time until institutionalization and death in patients with dementia. Role of caregiver training and risk factors. Arch Neurol, 1993. 50(6):643650.10.1001/archneur.1993.00540060073021CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jennings, L.A., et al., Unmet needs of caregivers of individuals referred to a dementia care program. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2015. 63(2):282289.10.1111/jgs.13251CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evertson, L.C., et al., Caregiver outcomes of a dementia care program. Geriatr Nurs, 2021. 42(2):447459.10.1016/j.gerinurse.2021.02.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Svendsboe, E., et al., Caregiver burden in family carers of people with dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry, 2016. 31(9):10751083.10.1002/gps.4433CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wong, C., et al., The experience of caregiving: differences between behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 2012. 20(8):724748.10.1097/JGP.0b013e318233154dCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Molony, S.L., et al., Person-centered assessment and care planning.Gerontologist, 2018. 58(Suppl 1):S32S47.10.1093/geront/gnx173CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zaharias, G., What is narrative-based medicine? Narrative-based medicine 1. Can Fam Physician, 2018. 64(3):176180.Google ScholarPubMed
Orsulic-Jeras, S., et al., A dyadic perspective on assessment in Alzheimer’s dementia: supporting both care partners across the disease continuum. Alzheimers Dement (N Y), 2020. 6(1):e12037.10.1002/trc2.12037CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friss Feinberg, L., Moving toward person- and family-centered care. Public Policy Aging Rep, 2014. 24(3):97101.10.1093/ppar/pru027CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dilworth-Anderson, P., Moon, H., Aranda, M.P., Dementia caregiving research: expanding and reframing the lens of diversity, inclusivity, and intersectionality. Gerontologist, 2020. 60(5):797805.10.1093/geront/gnaa050CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nolan, M., Ingram, P., Watson, R., Working with family carers of people with dementia: “negotiated” coping as an essential outcome. Dementia, 2002. 1(1):7593.10.1177/147130120200100104CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quinn, C., et al., Negotiating the balance: the triadic relationship between spousal caregivers, people with dementia and admiral nurses. Dementia (London), 2013. 12(5):588605.10.1177/1471301212437780CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fioretti, C., et al., Research studies on patients’ illness experience using the Narrative Medicine approach: a systematic review. BMJ Open, 2016. 6(7):e011220.10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011220CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosti, G., Role of narrative-based medicine in proper patient assessment. Support Care Cancer, 2017. 25(Suppl 1):36.Google ScholarPubMed
Dooley, J., Bailey, C., McCabe, R., Communication in healthcare interactions in dementia: a systematic review of observational studies. Int Psychogeriatr, 2015. 27(8):12771300.10.1017/S1041610214002890CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Langewitz, W., et al., Spontaneous talking time at start of consultation in outpatient clinic: cohort study. BMJ, 2002. 325(7366):682683.10.1136/bmj.325.7366.682CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blau, J.N., Time to let the patient speak. BMJ, 1989. 298(6665):39.10.1136/bmj.298.6665.39CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fortin, A.H., Mills, L., Chapter 3: Skill set one: the beginning of the encounter, in Chou, C.L., Cooley, L., eds. Communication Rx: Transforming Healthcare through Relationship-Centered Communication. New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2018.Google Scholar
Chou, C.M., Chapter 5: Skill set three: delivering diagnoses and treatment plans, in Chou, C.L., Cooley, L., eds. Communication Rx: Transforming Healthcare through Relationship-Centered Communication. New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2018.Google Scholar
Clark, W.D., Russell, M., Chapter 4: Skill set two: skills that build trust, in Chou, C.L., Cooley, L., eds. Communication Rx: Transforming Healthcare through Relationship-Centered Communication. New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2018.Google Scholar
Schulz, R.E., Eden, J., eds. Families Caring for an Aging America. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2016.10.17226/23606CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Periyakoil, V.S., Building a culturally competent workforce to care for diverse older adults: scope of the problem and potential solutions. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2019. 67(S2):S423S432.10.1111/jgs.15939CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
White, A.A., Stubblefield-Tave, B., Some advice for physicians and other clinicians treating minorities, women, and other patients at risk of receiving health care disparities. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities, 2017. 4(3):472479.10.1007/s40615-016-0248-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Apesoa-Varano, E.C., et al., Multi-cultural caregiving and caregiver interventions: a look back and a call for future action. Generations, 2015. 39(4):3948.Google Scholar
Fredriksen-Goldsen, K.I., et al., Cognitive impairment, Alzheimer’s disease, and other dementias in the lives of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) older adults and their caregivers: needs and competencies. J Appl Gerontol, 2018. 37(5):545569.10.1177/0733464816672047CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hinton, L., et al., Conceptions of dementia in a multiethnic sample of family caregivers. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2005. 53(8):14051410.10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53409.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Portacolone, E., et al., Expectations and concerns of older adults with cognitive impairment about their relationship with medical providers: a call for therapeutic alliances. Qual Health Res, 2020. 30(10):15841595.10.1177/1049732320925796CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milby, E., Murphy, G., and Winthrop, A. , Diagnosis disclosure in dementia: understanding the experiences of clinicians and patients who have recently given or received a diagnosis. Dementia (London), 2017. 16(5):611628.10.1177/1471301215612676CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2020 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement, 2020 Mar 10.Google Scholar
Increase the proportion of older adults with dementia, or their caregivers, who know they have it – DIA-01. Healthy People 2030 [Healthy People 2030] May 22, 2021. Available from: https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/dementias/increase-proportion-older-adults-dementia-or-their-caregivers-who-know-they-have-it-dia-01.Google Scholar
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, National Plan to Address Alzheimer’s Disease. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, 2012.Google Scholar
Schultz, S.K., et al., Quality improvement in dementia care: Dementia Management Quality Measurement Set 2018 Implementation Update. Neurology, 2020. 94(5):210216.10.1212/WNL.0000000000008678CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lecouturier, J., et al., Appropriate disclosure of a diagnosis of dementia: identifying the key behaviours of “best practice.” BMC Health Serv Res, 2008. 8:95.10.1186/1472-6963-8-95CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grossberg, G.T., et al., The art of sharing the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer’s disease with patients and caregivers: recommendations of an expert consensus panel. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry, 2010. 12(1):PCC.09cs00833.Google ScholarPubMed
Lichtenstein, B.J., et al., Effect of physician delegation to other healthcare providers on the quality of care for geriatric conditions. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2015. 63(10):21642170.10.1111/jgs.13654CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riffin, C., Wolff, J.L., Pillemer, K.A., Assessing and addressing family caregivers’ needs and risks in primary care. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2021. 69(2):432440.10.1111/jgs.16945CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCabe, M., You, E., Tatangelo, G., Hearing their voice: a systematic review of dementia family caregivers’ needs.Gerontologist, 2016. 56(5):e7088.10.1093/geront/gnw078CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peterson, K., et al., In the Information Age, do dementia caregivers get the information they need? Semi-structured interviews to determine informal caregivers’ education needs, barriers, and preferences. BMC Geriatr, 2016. 16(1):164.10.1186/s12877-016-0338-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bilodeau, G., et al., Reducing complexity of patient decision aids for community-based older adults with dementia and their caregivers: multiple case study of Decision Boxes. BMJ Open, 2019. 9(5):e027727.10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027727CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Austrom, M.G., Boustani, M., LaMantia, M.A., Ongoing medical management to maximize health and well-being for persons living with dementia. Gerontologist, 2018. 58(Suppl_1):S48S57.10.1093/geront/gnx147CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gitlin, L.N.P., et al., Translating evidence-based dementia caregiving interventions into practice: state-of-the-science and next steps. Gerontologist, 2015. 55(2):210.10.1093/geront/gnu123CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butler M, G.J., Talley, K.M.C., Abdi, H.I., et al. Care Interventions for People Living with Dementia and Their Caregivers. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, August 2020.10.23970/AHRQEPCCER231CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belle, S.H., et al., Enhancing the quality of life of dementia caregivers from different ethnic or racial groups: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med, 2006. 145(10):727738.10.7326/0003-4819-145-10-200611210-00005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vickrey, B.G., et al., The effect of a disease management intervention on quality and outcomes of dementia care: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med, 2006. 145(10):713726.10.7326/0003-4819-145-10-200611210-00004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Possin, K.L., et al., Effect of collaborative dementia care via telephone and internet on quality of life, caregiver well-being, and health care use: the Care Ecosystem Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med, 2019. 179(12):16581667.10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.4101CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gitlin, L.N., et al., Dissemination and implementation of evidence-based dementia care using embedded pragmatic trials. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2020. 68(Suppl 2):S28S36.10.1111/jgs.16622CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gorges, R.J., Sanghavi, P., Konetzka, R.T., A national examination of long-term care setting, outcomes, and disparities among elderly dual eligibles. Health Aff (Millwood), 2019. 38(7):11101118.10.1377/hlthaff.2018.05409CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shih, R.A., et al., Improving dementia long-term care: a policy blueprint. Rand Health Q, 2014. 4(2):2.Google ScholarPubMed
Bernstein Sideman, A., et al., Practices, challenges, and opportunities when addressing the palliative care needs of people living with dementia: Specialty memory care provider perspectives. Alzheimers Dement (N Y), 2021. 7(1):e12144.10.1002/trc2.12144CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, S.L., et al., The clinical course of advanced dementia. N Engl J Med, 2009. 361(16):15291538.10.1056/NEJMoa0902234CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Armstrong, M.J., et al., End-of-life experiences in dementia with Lewy bodies: qualitative interviews with former caregivers. PLoS One, 2019. 14(5):e0217039.10.1371/journal.pone.0217039CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mickler, A.K., et al., Understanding the daily experiences and perceptions of homebound older adults and their caregivers: a qualitative study. J Appl Gerontol, 2021:733464821990171.10.1177/0733464821990171CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Regier, N.G., et al., Place of death for persons with and without cognitive impairment in the United States. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2021. 69(4):924931.10.1111/jgs.16979CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luth, E.A., et al., Race, ethnicity, and other risks for live discharge among hospice patients with dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2020. 68(3):551558.10.1111/jgs.16242CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kroenke, K., PHQ-9: global uptake of a depression scale. World Psychiatry, 2021. 20(1):135136.10.1002/wps.20821CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Back, A.L., et al., “Why are we doing this?”: clinician helplessness in the face of suffering. J Palliat Med, 2015. 18(1):2630.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bouchard, L., Compassion fatigue in advanced practice registered nurses: why don’t we know more? Nurs Clin North Am, 2019. 54(4):625637.10.1016/j.cnur.2019.08.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pijl-Zieber, E.M., et al., Caring in the wake of the rising tide: Moral distress in residential nursing care of people living with dementia. Dementia (London), 2018. 17(3):315336.10.1177/1471301216645214CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Austin, C.L., Saylor, R., Finley, P.J., Moral distress in physicians and nurses: Impact on professional quality of life and turnover. Psychol Trauma, 2017. 9(4):399406.10.1037/tra0000201CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Back, A.L., Deignan, P.F., Potter, P.A., Compassion, compassion fatigue, and burnout: key insights for oncology professionals. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book, 2014:e454e459.10.14694/EdBook_AM.2014.34.e454CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Arias, JJ, Flicker, LS. A matter of intent: a social obligation to improve criminal procedures for individuals with dementia. J Law Med Ethics. 2020 Jun 1;48(2):318327.10.1177/1073110520935345CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stites, SD, Rubright, JD, Karlawish, J. What features of stigma do the public most commonly attribute to Alzheimer’s disease dementia? Results of a survey of the U.S. general public Alzheimers Dement. 2018 Jul 1;14(7):925932.10.1016/j.jalz.2018.01.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arias, JJ, Karlawish, J. Confidentiality in preclinical Alzheimer disease studies: when research and medical records meet. Neurology. 2014 Feb 25;82(8):725729.10.1212/WNL.0000000000000153CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Appelbaum, PS. Assessment of patients’ competence to consent to treatment. N Engl J Med. 2007 Nov 1;357(18):18341840.10.1056/NEJMcp074045CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raab, EL. The parameters of informed consent. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2004 Dec;102:225232.Google ScholarPubMed
American Medical Association. Informed Consent. Opinion 2.1.1 [Internet]. [cited 2021 Jul 12]. Available from: www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/ethics/informed-consentGoogle Scholar
Fields, LM, Calvert, JD. Informed consent procedures with cognitively impaired patients: a review of ethics and best practices. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2015;69(8):4624–71.10.1111/pcn.12289CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arias, JJ. A time to step in: legal mechanisms for protecting those with declining capacity. Am J Law Med. 2013;39(1):134159.10.1177/009885881303900103CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Appelbaum, PS, Grisso, T. Assessing patients’ capacities to consent to treatment. N Engl J Med. 1988;319(25):16351638.10.1056/NEJM198812223192504CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glaser, J, Nouri, S, Fernandez, A, et al. Interventions to improve patient comprehension in informed consent for medical and surgical procedures: an updated systematic review. Med Decis Making. 2020 Feb 1;40(2):119143.10.1177/0272989X19896348CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wasserman, JA, Navin, MC. Capacity for preferences: respecting patients with compromised decision-making. Hastings Cent Rep. 2018;48(3):3139.10.1002/hast.853CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, LM, Lee, CS, Whitlatch, CJ, Lyons, KS. Involvement of hospitalized persons with dementia in everyday decisions: a dyadic study. Gerontologist. 2018 Jul;58(4):644653.10.1093/geront/gnw265CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wright, MS. Resuscitating consent. Boston Coll Law Rev. 2022;63(4):887956. [cited 2021 Oct 18]. Available from: https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3915232Google Scholar
Strumpf, NE, Evans, LK. Physical restraint of the hospitalized elderly: perceptions of patients and nurses. Nurs Res. 1988 May 1;37(3):132137.10.1097/00006199-198805000-00002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peck, K., Law, R L. Alzheimer’s and the Law: Counseling Clients with Dementia and Their Families. American Bar Association, 2014.Google Scholar
Dworkin, R. Life’s Dominion: An Argument about Abortion, Euthanasia, and Individual Freedom. New York: Vintage Books, 1993.Google Scholar
Kopelman, LM. The best interests standard for incompetent or incapacitated persons of all ages. J Law Med Ethics. 2007;35(1):187196.10.1111/j.1748-720X.2007.00123.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Medical Association. Decisions for adult patients who lack capacity. Opinion 2.1.2. | [Internet]. [cited 2021 Jul 12]. Available from: www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/ethics/decisions-adult-patients-who-lack-capacityGoogle Scholar
Dresser, R. Life, death, and incompetent patients: conceptual infirmities and hidden values in the law. Ariz LAW Rev. 1986;28(3):35.Google ScholarPubMed
Dresser, R. Precommitment: a misguided strategy for securing death with dignity. Tex Law Rev. 2003;27.Google Scholar
Wright, M. Dementia, autonomy, and supported healthcare decision making. Md Law Rev. 2019;79(257):257324.Google Scholar
Wright, M. Dementia, cognitive transformation, and supported decision making. Am J Bioeth. 2020 Aug 2;20(8):8890.10.1080/15265161.2020.1781959CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dresser, R. Missing persons: legal perceptions of incompetent patients. Rutgers Law Rev. 1994;113.Google Scholar
Dresser, R. Advance directives and discrimination against people with dementia. Hastings Cent Rep. 2018;48(4):2627.10.1002/hast.867CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Powell, T. Dementia Reimagined: Building a Life of Joy and Dignity from Beginning to End. Avery, 2020.Google Scholar
Somogyi-Zalud, E, Zhong, Z, Lynn, J, Hamel, MB. Elderly persons’ last six months of life: findings from the hospitalized elderly longitudinal project. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48(S1):S131S139.10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb03122.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wright, MS. Equality of autonomy? Physician aid in dying and supported decision- making. Ariz Law Rev. 2021;63:41.Google Scholar
Kohn, NA. Legislating supported decision-making. Harvard J Legis. 2021;58(313) [cited 2021 May 12]; Available from: www.ssrn.com/abstract=3768684Google Scholar
Kohn, NA, Blumenthal, JA, Campbell, AT. Supported decision-making: a viable alternative to guardianship? [Internet]. Penn State Law Rev. 2013;117(4). [cited 2021 Oct 13]. Available from: https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2161115Google Scholar
Wright, MS. Reconsidering capacity assessments. 2021.Google Scholar
Wright, MS. Dementia, healthcare decision making, and disability law. J Law Med Ethics. 2019;47(S4):2533.10.1177/1073110519898040CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peterson, A, Karlawish, J, Largent, E. Supported decision making with people at the margins of autonomy. Am J Bioeth. 2020 Dec 29;121.10.1080/15265161.2020.1863507CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diller, R. Legal capacity for all: including older persons in the shift from adult guardianship to supported decision-making. Fordham Urb Law J. 2016;43(3).Google Scholar
Cantor, NL. On avoiding deep dementia. Hastings Cent Rep. 2018 Jul;48(4):1524.10.1002/hast.865CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, DS. Advance directives and Alzheimer’s disease. J Law Med Ethics. 2018;46(3):744748.10.1177/1073110518804235CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Menzel, PT, Chandler-Cramer, MC. Advance directives, dementia, and withholding food and water by mouth. Hastings Cent Rep. 2014 May;44(3):2337.10.1002/hast.313CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Appel, J. The ethics of Nevada’s new law on dementia and advance medical directives. Opinion. [Internet]. The Nevada Independent. Novemeber 11, 2019 [cited 2021 Oct 13]. Available from: https://thenevadaindependent.com/article/the-ethics-of-nevadas-new-law-on-dementia-and-advance-medical-directivesGoogle Scholar
Dresser, R. The limited value of dementia-specific advance directives. Hastings Cent Rep. 2021 Mar;51(2):45.10.1002/hast.1239CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pope, T. Avoiding late-stage dementia with advance directives for stopping eating and drinking [Internet]. KevinMD.com. 2019 [cited 2021 Oct 13]. Available from: www.kevinmd.com/blog/2019/10/avoiding-late-stage-dementia-with-advance-directives-for-stopping-eating-and-drinking.htmlGoogle Scholar
Oregon Health Authority. Oregon Revised Statute: Oregon’s Death with Dignity Act [Internet]. [cited 2021 Oct 13]. Available from: www.oregon.gov/oha/PH/PROVIDERPARTNERRESOURCES/EVALUATIONRESEARCH/DEATHWITHDIGNITYACT/Pages/ors.aspxGoogle Scholar
Menzel, PT, Steinbock, B. Advance directives, dementia, and physician-assisted death. J Law Med Ethics. 2013;41(2):484500.10.1111/jlme.12057CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bickenbach, JE. Disability and life-ending decisions. In Batten, MP, Rhodes, R, Silvers, A, eds. Physician-Assisted Suicide: Expanding the Debate. London: Routledge, 1998; chapter 7.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Palliative care [Internet]. [cited 2021 Oct 13]. Available from: www.who.int/westernpacific/health-topics/palliative-careGoogle Scholar
Ahronheim, JC, Morrison, RS, Morris, J, Baskin, S, Meier, DE. Palliative care in advanced dementia: a randomized controlled trial and descriptive analysis. J Palliat Med. 2005;3(3).Google Scholar
Hughes, JC, Jolley, D, Jordan, A, Sampson, EL. Palliative care in dementia: issues and evidence. Adv Psychiatr Treat. 2018 Jul;13(4):251260.10.1192/apt.bp.106.003442CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jack, CR Jr, Bennett, DA, Blennow, K, et al. NIA‐AA Research Framework: toward a biological definition of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2018;14(4):535562.10.1016/j.jalz.2018.02.018CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kopits, IM, Chen, C, Roberts, JS, Uhlmann, W, Green, RC. Willingness to pay for genetic testing for Alzheimer’s disease: a measure of personal utility. Genet Test Mol Biomark. 2011 Dec;15(12):871875.10.1089/gtmb.2011.0028CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neumann, PJ, Hammitt, JK, Mueller, C, et al. Public attitudes about genetic testing for Alzheimer’s disease. Health Aff Proj Hope. 2001 Oct;20(5):252264.10.1377/hlthaff.20.5.252CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prince, AER, Berkman, BE. When does an illness begin: genetic discrimination and disease manifestation. J Law Med Ethics. 2012;40(3):655664.10.1111/j.1748-720X.2012.00696.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. EEOC Disability – related resources. [Internet]. [cited 2021 Aug 3]. Available from: www.eeoc.gov/disability-discriminationGoogle Scholar
Arias, JJ, Tyler, AM, Oster, BJ, Karlawish, J. The proactive patient: long-term care insurance discrimination risks of Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers. J Law Med Ethics. 2018;46(2):485498.10.1177/1073110518782955CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Aducanumab (marketed as Aduhelm) Information. [Internet]. 2021 Jul 8 [cited 2021 Aug 3]; Available from: www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/aducanumab-marketed-aduhelm-informationGoogle Scholar
Rabinovici, GD. Controversy and progress in Alzheimer’s disease – FDA approval of Aducanumab. N Engl J Med. 2021 Aug 26;385(9):771774.10.1056/NEJMp2111320CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levine, C. HIPAA and talking with family caregivers: what does the law really say? AJN Am J Nurs. 2006 Aug;106(8):5153.10.1097/00000446-200608000-00022CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Majumder, MA, Guerrini, CJ, Bollinger, JM, et al. Sharing data under the 21st Century Cures Act. Genet Med. 2017;19(12):12891294.10.1038/gim.2017.59CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berger, JT, Rosner, F, Kark, P, Bennett, AJ. Reporting by physicians of impaired drivers and potentially impaired drivers. J Gen Intern Med. 2000 Sep;15(9):667672.10.1046/j.1525-1497.2000.04309.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iverson, DJ, Gronseth, GS, Reger, MA, et al. Practice parameter update: evaluation and management of driving risk in dementia. Neurology. 2010;74(16):13161324.10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181da3b0fCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Black, BS, Rabins, PV, Sugarman, J, Karlawish, JH. Seeking assent and respecting dissent in dementia research. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010 Jan;18(1):7785.10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181bd1de2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bacon, D, Fisher, RS, Morris, JC, Rizzo, M, Spanaki, MV. American Academy of Neurology position statement on physician reporting of medical conditions that may affect driving competence. Neurology. 2007;68(15):11741177.10.1212/01.wnl.0000259514.85579.e0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kapp, MB. The Law and Older Persons: Is Geriatric Jurisprudence Therapeutic? Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Schmidt, WC. Adult protective services and the therapeutic state. Law Psychol Rev. 1986;10:101121.Google Scholar
Pennsylvania Adult Protective Services Act of Oct. 7, P.L.484, No. 70 Cl. 23 [Internet]. [cited 2021 Oct 13]. Available from: www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/li/uconsCheck.cfm?yr=2010&sessInd=0&act=70Google Scholar
Delaware Title 31. Welfare Agencies. Chapter 39. Adult Protective Services. 2010. [Internet]. [cited 2021 Oct 13]. Available from: https://delcode.delaware.gov/title31/c039/index.htmlGoogle Scholar
2017 California Code. Welfare and Institutions Code – WIC Division 9 – Public Social Services:: Part 3 – Aid and Medical Assistance:: Chapter 13 – Adult Protective Services [Internet]. Justia Law. 2017. [cited 2021 Oct 13]. Available from: https://law.justia.com/codes/california/2017/code-wic/division-9/part-3/chapter-13/Google Scholar
American Bar Association. Elder abuse [Internet]. [cited 2021 Oct 13]. Available from: www.americanbar.org/groups/law_aging/resources/elder_abuse/Google Scholar
Ernst, JS, Smith, CA. Adult protective services clients confirmed for self-neglect: characteristics and service use. J Elder Abuse Negl. 2011 Oct;23(4):289303.10.1080/08946566.2011.558800CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Adult Protective Services Association. What is neglect? [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2021 Oct 13]. Available from: www.napsa-now.org/get-informed/what-is-neglect/Google Scholar
Reyes-Ortiz, CA, Burnett, J, Flores, DV, Halphen, JM, Dyer, CB. Medical implications of elder abuse: self-neglect. Clin Geriatr Med. 2014 Nov 1;30(4):807823.10.1016/j.cger.2014.08.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, SYH, Schrock, L, Wilson, RM, et al. An approach to evaluating therapeutic misconception. IRB. 2009;31(5):714.Google ScholarPubMed
U.S, Department of Health and Human Services. 45 CFR 46 [Internet]. HHS.gov. 2016 [cited 2021 Oct 13]. Available from: www.hhs.gov/ohrp/regulations-and-policy/regulations/45-cfr-46/index.htmlGoogle Scholar
Gupta, UC. Informed consent in clinical research: Revisiting few concepts and areas. Perspect Clin Res. 2013;4(1):2632.10.4103/2229-3485.106373CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Read the Belmont Report [Internet]. HHS.gov. 2018 [cited 2021 Jul 12]. Available from: www.hhs.gov/ohrp/regulations-and-policy/belmont-report/read-the-belmont-report/index.htmlGoogle Scholar
Grady, C, Cummings, SR, Rowbotham, MC, et al. Informed consent. N Engl J Med. 2017 Mar 2;376(9):856867.10.1056/NEJMra1603773CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ahalt, C, Stijacic-Cenzer, I, Miller, BL, et al. Cognition and incarceration: cognitive impairment and its associated outcomes in older adults in jail. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2018 Nov;66(11):20652071.10.1111/jgs.15521CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ahalt, C, Sudore, R, Bolano, M, Metzger, L, Williams, B. “Teach-to-goal” to better assess informed consent comprehension among incarcerated clinical research participants. AMA J Ethics. 2017 Sep 1;19(9):862872.Google ScholarPubMed
Roberts, LW. Informed consent and the capacity for voluntarism. Am J Psychiatry. 2002 May 1;159(5):705712.10.1176/appi.ajp.159.5.705CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, RM, Merz, JF. Voluntariness of consent for research: an empirical and conceptual review. Med Care. 2002;40(9):V6980.10.1097/00005650-200209001-00010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Agrawal, M. Voluntariness in clinical research at the end of life. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2003 Apr;25(4):S25S32.10.1016/S0885-3924(03)00057-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mergenthaler, JV, Chiong, W, Dohan, D, et al. A qualitative analysis of ethical perspectives on recruitment and consent for human intracranial electrophysiology studies. AJOB Neurosci. 2021 Jan 2;12(1):5767.10.1080/21507740.2020.1866098CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Medical Association. Declaration of Helsinki 2008 [Internet]. 2008. [cited 2021 Aug 9]. Available from: www.wma.net/what-we-do/medical-ethics/declaration-of-helsinki/doh-oct2008/Google Scholar
Grady, C. Enduring and emerging challenges of informed consent. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:855862.10.1056/NEJMra1411250CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, SY, Kim, HM, Langa, K, et al. Surrogate consent for dementia research: a national survey of older Americans. Neurology. 2009 Jan 13;72(2):149155.10.1212/01.wnl.0000339039.18931.a2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wright, MS, Ulrich, MR, Fins, JJ. Guardianship and clinical research participation: the case of wards with disorders of consciousness. Kennedy Inst Ethics J. 2017;27(1):4370.10.1353/ken.2017.0003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wright, MS. Who decides? Legal changes to facilitate inclusion of participants with impaired cognition in research. In Cascio, MA, Racine, E, eds. Research Involving Participants with Cognitive Disability and Difference [Internet]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019; chapter 2. [cited 2021 Oct 13]. Available from: https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/10.1093/oso/9780198824343.001.0001/oso-9780198824343-chapter-2Google Scholar
Thorogood, A, Mäki-Petäjä-Leinonen, A, Brodaty, H, et al. Consent recommendations for research and international data sharing involving persons with dementia. Alzheimers Dement. 2018 Oct 1;14(10):13341343.10.1016/j.jalz.2018.05.011CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slaughter, S, Cole, D, Jennings, E, Reimer, MA. Consent and assent to participate in research from people with dementia. Nurs Ethics. 2007 Jan;14(1):2740.10.1177/0969733007071355CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Principles for the return of individual research results: ethical and societal considerations. In National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Botkin, JR, Mancher, M, Downey, AS, Busta, ER, eds. Returning Individual Research Results to Participants: Guidance for a New Research Paradigm. National Academies Press (US); 2018: p. 59. [cited 2021 Oct 13]. Available from: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525079/10.17226/25094CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Academies. New report says individual research results should be shared with participants more often; recommends framework for decision-making. News release July 10, 2018. [cited 2021 Oct 13]. Available from: www.nationalacademies.org/news/2018/07/new-report-says-individual-research-results-should-be-shared-with-participants-more-often-recommends-framework-for-decision-makingGoogle Scholar
Roberts, JS, Green, RC. Disclosing APOE genotype to individuals at risk for Alzheimer’s disease. World Alzheimer Report 2021. 2021.Google Scholar
Guan, Y, Roter, DL, Erby, LH, et al. Disclosing genetic risk of Alzheimer’s disease to cognitively impaired patients and visit companions: findings from the REVEAL Study. Patient Educ Couns. 2017 May;100(5):927935.10.1016/j.pec.2016.12.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harkins, K, Sankar, P, Sperling, R, et al. Development of a process to disclose amyloid imaging results to cognitively normal older adult research participants. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2015 Dec;7(1):26.10.1186/s13195-015-0112-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
REVEAL Study Group, Roberts, JS, Chen, CA, Uhlmann, WR, Green, RC. Effectiveness of a condensed protocol for disclosing APOE genotype and providing risk education for Alzheimer disease. Genet Med. 2012 Aug;14(8):742748.10.1038/gim.2012.37CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, J, Christensen, K, Green, R. Using Alzheimer’s disease as a model for genetic risk disclosure: implications for personal genomics. Clin Genet. 2011 Nov;80(5):407414.10.1111/j.1399-0004.2011.01739.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, RC, Cupples, LA, Whitehouse, PJ, et al. Disclosure of APOE genotype for risk of Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2009 Jul 16;361(3):246254.10.1056/NEJMoa0809578CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Resnik, DB. Disclosure of individualized research results: a precautionary approach. Account Res. 2011 Nov;18(6):382397.10.1080/08989621.2011.622172CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Department of Health and Human Services. Attachment B: Return of Individual Research Results [Internet]. HHS.gov. 2016 [cited 2021 Oct 13]. Available from: www.hhs.gov/ohrp/sachrp-committee/recommendations/attachment-b-return-individual-research-results/index.htmlGoogle Scholar
Harkins, K, Sankar, P, Sperling, R, et al. Development of a process to disclose amyloid imaging results to cognitively normal older adult research participants. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2015;7(1):26.10.1186/s13195-015-0112-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, AB, Wright, MS, Cooney, L, Fried, T. Guardianship and end-of-life decision making. JAMA Intern Med. 2015 Oct 1;175(10):1687.10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.3956CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adult Guardianship and Protective Proceedings Jurisdiction Act. Uniform Law Commission [Internet]. 2007. [cited 2021 Oct 13]. Available from: www.uniformlaws.org/committees/community-home?CommunityKey=0f25ccb8-43ce-4df5-a856-e6585698197aGoogle Scholar
Durocher, JM, Nicholas, A, Soliman, A, et al. Beyond guardianship: toward alternatives that promote greater self-determination. Washington, DC: National Council on Disability; 2018.Google Scholar
Kanter, AS. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and its implications for the rights of elderly people under international law. Ga State Univ Law Rev. 2009;25:49.Google Scholar
Salzman, L. Rethinking guardianship (again): substituted decision making as a violation of the integration mandate of Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act. U Colo L Rev. 2010;157(81):91.Google Scholar
Dinerstein, RD. Implementing legal capacity under article 12 of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: the difficult road from guardianship to supported decision-making. Human Rights Brief. 2012;19:6.Google Scholar
Roca, R, Finucane, T. Physicians and guardianship: a brief commentary. Md J Contemp Leg Issues. 1996;7:239.Google Scholar
Falk, E, Landsverk, E, Mosqueda, L, et al. Geriatricians and psychologists: essential ingredients in the evaluation of elder abuse and neglect. J Elder Abuse Negl. 2010;22(3–4):281290.10.1080/08946566.2010.490142CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Falk, E, Hoffman, N. The role of capacity assessments in elder abuse investigations and guardianships. Clin Geriatr Med. 2014 Nov;30(4):851868.10.1016/j.cger.2014.08.009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hurme, SB, Appelbaum, PS. Defining and assessing capacity to vote: the effect of mental impairment on the rights of voters. McGeorge Law Rev. 2007;38:84.Google Scholar
Liljegren, M, Naasan, G, Temlett, J, et al. Criminal behavior in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer disease. JAMA Neurol. 2015 Mar;72(3):295300.10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.3781CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wall, B, Lee, R. Assessing competency to stand trial. Psychiatric Times. 2020;37(10) [cited 2021 Oct 13]. Available from: www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/assessing-competency-to-stand-trialGoogle Scholar
Mendez, MF. The unique predisposition to criminal violations in frontotemporal dementia. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law Online. 2010 Sep 1;38(3):318323.Google ScholarPubMed
Williams, BA, Sudore, RL, Greifinger, R, Morrison, RS. Balancing punishment and compassion for seriously ill prisoners. Ann Intern Med. 2011 Jul 19;155(2):122126.10.7326/0003-4819-155-2-201107190-00348CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greene, M, Ahalt, C, Stijacic-Cenzer, I, Metzger, L, Williams, B. Older adults in jail: high rates and early onset of geriatric conditions. Health Justice. 2018 Feb 17;6:3.10.1186/s40352-018-0062-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, A, Williams, B. Compassionate release policy reform: physicians as advocates for human dignity. AMA J Ethics. 2017 Sep 1;19(9):854861.Google ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×