Introduction
Translational science is focused on decreasing the time it takes to “translate” bench research into healthcare practice in order to deliver new interventions to the communities and patient populations that need them [Reference Vogel1]. To advance this critical goal, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has awarded Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA) since 2006, enabling a network of hubs to advance clinical and translational science throughout the United States. Since 2012, the program has been supported through the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) to apply translational science principles to more quickly convert biomedical research into better health outcomes [2].
Academic health sciences libraries (“libraries”) have long partnered with their constituents to support basic, clinical, and translational research and the related information needs of clinicians and patient populations. Most libraries offer a range of resources and services supporting the research lifecycle, making them natural partners for clinical and translational science. Many libraries have a rich history of working with CTSA Program hubs and other translational efforts such as the IDeA Clinical & Translational Research Network (CTR-N) [3].
In 2021, the CTSA Program Notice of Funding Opportunity (NOFO) was revised and restructured. The new announcement consists of five elements: Overview, Strategic Management, Training & Outreach, Clinical and Translational Science Resources and Pilots, and a Clinical and Translational Science Research Program [4,5]. The new structure represents an evolution of the CTSA Program to advance the science of translational science. A significant modification to the CTSA Program involves greater incorporation of open science and data science into program areas and enhanced requirements for the dissemination and implementation of translational research from discovery to improved health of the community. This translational science spectrum illustrates how each stage of translational research informs and builds upon the next to ensure that translational research leads to improvements in human health [6–Reference Lema, Cheng and Anderson8].
In 2013, Holmes et al. explored the ways that academic health sciences libraries support clinical and translational science based on the functional areas defined by the NCATS program at that time [Reference Holmes, Lyon, Johnson, Sarli and Tennant9]. Much like the CTSA Program, libraries have experienced a significant period of evolution over the last decade, offering an opportunity to revisit, update, and reimagine their support of translational science. This article aims to revisit potential library partnerships with Translational Science Hubs (TSH) considering the evolving structure and mission of these hubs, as well as the ongoing expansion in library services over the past 11 years. For the purposes of this article, TSH includes CTSA Program Hubs and other academic clinical and translational science institutes, a wide range of NIH funding opportunities, and other programs supporting clinical translational science. Here we address areas of academic health sciences library support for each of the CTSA Program’s five functional areas contained in the NOFO. Since TSH programs and libraries are each unique in their structure and priorities, this article is intended to serve as a jumping-off point for TSH and libraries to explore potential partnerships. Partnership with libraries can help connect researchers to relevant library resources and services, support scholarly activities by TSH investigators, and promote the development of new library services and infrastructure supporting clinical and translational science. The authors also believe that the principles outlined are applicable in a variety of settings beyond TSH and can be a useful scaffold upon which to design, develop, and disseminate library programs and resources in support of biomedical research and its application to patient care and population health.
Methods
A team science approach was utilized for this project, integrating findings from a literature review, practical experiences of academic health sciences librarians, and collaborative writing. Case studies explored several examples of successful partnerships with translational science programs. The data collected was mapped to the Clinical and Translational Science Award Program’s five functional elements outlined in the NOFO PAR-24-272 [5]. Librarians from multiple institutions engaged in project activities, discussions, and collaborative writing to share insights and identify opportunities and key factors that drive successful partnerships.
Support for translational science by libraries and librarians is well-represented in the biomedical literature. To conduct this literature review, the authors searched PubMed to identify library or informationist projects for clinical and translational research efforts and included articles that explicitly referenced library collaborations that had librarian coauthors and explicitly referenced library collaborations with their institutional TSH. Additionally, the authors searched Medical Library Association (MLA) Annual Meeting abstracts for papers and posters from MLA annual meetings 2013–2023, including those that mentioned “translational science” in the abstracts.
The literature search identified numerous opportunities for collaboration between libraries TSH that align with organizational priorities. Library partnerships often feature the development of tools and infrastructure to foster discovery and collaboration, critical components of any TSH. Assessment of information needs [Reference Reich, Shipman and Narus11] and creation and maintenance of researcher profile systems [Reference Zeidler and Rood12] represent examples of this role. Additionally, active engagement with pilot projects to develop and create clinical and translational science personas to understand specific roles has grown over several years [Reference Gonzales, O’Keefe and Gutzman13–16]. The development and use of personas contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the different roles and needs of a translational science team, further highlighting how health sciences libraries can provide support.
Libraries also frequently contribute to evaluation and assessment of research impact. Examples include use of social network analysis tools to track and visualize inter-institutional interactions of TSH programs and investigators [Reference Hunt, Whipple and McGowan17], creating a systematic review core facility to support evidence synthesis research [Reference Lackey, Greenberg and Rethlefsen18], and hosting library-based drop-in services for TSH core services, therefore providing a one-stop shop for support. In 2016, librarians and program staff from numerous CTSA Program Hubs identified inconsistencies in the categorization of TSH-linked publications and applied machine learning to create a structure by which publications can be classified according to their phase in the translational research spectrum [Reference Surkis, Hogle and DiazGranados19]. In 2017, librarians partnered with a TSH to define the concept of “translational research” [Reference Fort, Herr, Shaw, Gutzman and Starren20]. Librarians have also played critical roles in defining and developing models for assessing translational science impact [Reference Sarli, Dubinsky and Holmes21–Reference Carpenter, Cone and Sarli25] and many health sciences libraries regularly contribute bibliometric, social network, and funding analyses [Reference Holmes, Lyon, Johnson, Sarli and Tennant9, Reference Champieux, Coates, Konkiel and Gutzman26–Reference Yu, Patel, Carnegie and Dave32].
Development of the clinical and translational science librarian workforce continues to be a critical component in the ability of libraries to meet this need on their campuses. To meet this pressing workforce development need, Cleveland et al. developed a virtual three-credit hour graduate-level course, “Genomics and Translational Medicine for Information Professionals” [Reference Cleveland, Holmes and Philbrick33] through the Health Informatics Program at the University of North Texas College of Information. Peer learning and exchange also play an important role in the ongoing development of a translational science-minded library workforce. This often occurs through development activities and training at professional meetings. Librarians actively share and discuss their translational science partnerships and activities through presentations, posters, and conference papers given at a range of events, predominantly the MLA annual meeting, but also at clinical and translational science Program meetings, the Association of Clinical and Translational Sciences annual meeting, the Association of American Medical Colleges Group on Information Resources meeting, and American Medical Informatics Association meetings. These presentations cover a wide range of topics, including library support for clinical research scholars [Reference Louden34,Reference Meyer and Schaefer35].
Library partnership activities
Library partnerships in the literature as well as the services and goals of health sciences libraries align with critical functional areas described in the CTSA Program NOFO. These are described in more detail in the following section and frequently intersect such topics as Strategy, Collaboration, Scholarly Impact, Data Services, Knowledge Management, and Workforce Development (Fig. 1). It is important to note that this is not an exhaustive list. Indeed, each TSH and its associated library (or libraries) bring unique perspectives, resources, and expertise, and it is, therefore, worthwhile to leverage these ideas as inspiration for TSH and their libraries to generate meaningful local ideas for collaboration and partnership.
Key topical categories for library-Translational Science Hubs partnership.
Overview (Element A)
The Overview element requires that TSH applicants define the overall vision and strategic goals for the hub and with the national CTSA Program along with related strengths for the research environment, including descriptions of the team, their high-impact achievements, and the expected impact on science and public health [4]. Many libraries provide scholarly impact services that use bibliometrics and alternative metrics to illustrate the strengths and impact of clinical and translational science by measuring the dissemination and use of scholarly outputs. Library expertise can support TSH by assessing and visualizing the connections of scholarship between partner and collaborator institutions, as well as the hub’s impact on scholarly outputs [Reference Yu, Van and Patel31,Reference Yu, Patel, Carnegie and Dave32]. These scholarly impact metrics can be used to demonstrate the value of clinical and translational science over time and can assist in the creation of evaluation metrics and references that support grant application narratives and funder reporting requirements. Librarian-led literature reviews on key topics can also strengthen application narratives.
Strategic management (Element B)
The Strategic Management element requires a description of operations and infrastructure needed to support the TSH [4]. Strategic management defines governance, leadership structure, integration within the CTSA Program national network, and coordination of resources and programs. Libraries can support strategic management by participating as a member of the TSH’s leadership/governance to oversee information-related planning and strategy; assisting with software and resource licensing, access, and training; providing liaison services for research support; and acting as a liaison between libraries at partner and collaborating institutions. Librarians have contributed to strategic planning and practical solutions to support adaptive capacity at hubs, and critical activity in the context of COVID to support disaster planning [Reference Volkov, Hoyo and Hunt36–Reference Volkov, Ragon, Doyle and Bredella41]. Central to the role of libraries are the requirements for ongoing assessment and program evaluation, and dissemination and implementation (D&I) activities. Libraries can actively support D&I goals of the hub through collaboration on resources and services to support D&I and directly support dissemination by providing guidance on scholarly communication practices, compliance with federal funders’ open access and data sharing mandates, and open science strategies. In addition, many libraries provide services and resources, see Table 1 as an example, to support assessment and program evaluation, including faculty profile systems, collaboration analyses, data visualization and dashboard tools and services, and scholarly impact metrics. The TSH and library sit within the Learning Health System environment, offering additional opportunities for coordination, support, and resources to support the entire enterprise.
Strategic management use case example
Training & outreach (Element C) – Workforce development for clinical research staff professionals module and community and stakeholder engagement research module
The Training & Outreach element includes two distinct modules: (1) workforce development for clinical research staff professionals and (2) community and stakeholder engagement [4]. Training and outreach are foundational components of most health sciences library services, providing a unique opportunity for TSH to leverage an existing, well-developed strength of health sciences librarians.
Workforce development for clinical research staff professionals
The workforce development for clinical research staff professional’s module encompasses a variety of educational activities, including workshops, seminars, online classes, and other opportunities that support professional development, with an emphasis on early career researchers and team science. Training and outreach are core functions of libraries and are easily translatable to the clinical and translational science environment. Libraries can partner in the creation of clinical and translational science information guides, information discovery through databases like PubMed, training, and support for systematic reviews and evidence syntheses, data management planning (see Table 2 example), and the use of scholarly repositories to support preservation and dissemination of research. In addition, many libraries offer resources and expertise to support instruction on best practices in data sharing, data science skills such as coding, the science of team science [Reference Ragon42], open science best practices, rigor and reproducibility in science, and knowledge and expertise supporting IRBs (Institutional Review Boards) and/or the IACUC (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee). Libraries support mentorship through workshop offerings and resources. Librarians have also developed and published code that uses structured data to automatically generate training grant tables illustrating mentor-mentee relationships in NIH format [Reference Albert and Joshi43]. Academic health sciences libraries are increasingly offering artificial intelligence (AI) training and resources, including research information discovery tools, prompt engineering, ethics, copyright, literature reviews, and citation of use [Reference Hosseini, Gao and Liebovitz44–Reference DeSimone48].
Training and outreach use case example
Community and stakeholder engagement research
The community and stakeholder engagement research module includes support for building effective teams, dissemination of research, and diversification of representation in research teams and participants to create meaningful connections between research findings with individual communities, especially rural, minority, and underserved populations. Academic health sciences librarians are critical partners in understanding and addressing bias in the research lifecycle and can acquire and create information resources on anti-racist practices in primary and secondary research, data, publishing, and information searching [49,50]. Additionally, librarians have considerable expertise in training a wide range of roles on how to find and apply credible health information and how to adopt the FAIR principles (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable), ensuring researchers, members of the public, and community-based health organizations have access to the best information from reliable sources. Academic health sciences libraries can also be partners in community engagement through their relationships with public libraries and other community organizations by providing health information to consumers, as well as educating public librarians in consumer health information best practices. Academic health sciences librarians are skilled in the creation of online information guides, best practices in licensing and access to resources, and support of citizen science, all of which can advance goals around community and stakeholder engagement.
Clinical and translational science resources and pilots (Element D) – Resources and services module, clinical and translational science pilot module, and data science module
The Clinical and Translational Science Resources and Pilots element includes three modules: 1) resources and services, 2) clinical and translational science pilots, and 3) data science [4].
Resources and services
The resources and services module may support needs across a broad range of areas, including biostatistics and research design, data science and informatics, research recruitment, provision of core lab equipment, and general training opportunities. Libraries provide support throughout the entire research lifecycle. Many libraries contribute to TSH biostatistics needs with resources and services, including training workshops, statistical software licenses, and collection resources such as journals, books, and reference materials. This includes support for data collection tools like REDCap and other platforms, data visualization and dashboards, as well as utilizing programing languages such as R and Python (see Table 3) for data analysis and reporting [Reference Read and LaPolla51,Reference Lauseng, Alpi, Linares, Sullo and von Isenburg52]. Libraries regularly provide instruction for data management, federal funder open access mandates, rigor and reproducibility, and best practices in research integrity and responsible research [Reference Federer53–Reference LaPolla, Bakker, Exner, Montnech, Surkis and Ye55]. Librarians act as data governance custodians and can provide regulatory support for protected data sets inside a secure data enclave and collaborate with IRBs to ensure data protection and authorized access [Reference Oxley, Ruffing, Campion, Wheeler and Cole56].
Clinical and Translational Science resources use case example
Clinical and translational science pilots
The clinical and translational science pilot module provides support for new and innovative projects. Libraries provide a variety of research support services that can be leveraged for pilots. Libraries support literature searches to ensure that translational science projects are aware of relevant scientific evidence in the scholarly record. Libraries may also provide guidance on the dissemination of research products, including journal selection, data description, repository selection (including use of local institutional repositories), and the use of information management and synthesis tools. Because facilitating the research process is a core aspect of libraries in the learning health system, many library initiatives may be of interest to pilot project investigators, including the development of tools for data discovery and identification of potential collaborators.
Data science
The data science module provides an opportunity to leverage the resources and expertise of the hub in data science, informatics, and open science to advance clinical and translational science and enhance the quality of research. This includes a variety of research activities, resources, and services, including data management and sharing, cohort discovery via i2b2 and Leaf, extraction of Electronic Health Record data, computable phenotyping, data description and discovery, privacy, and security. Given the strong connection from data science and informatics to information science, this is a particularly strong area of collaboration between libraries and TSH. Librarians regularly provide training and consultation services across a wide range of data science and informatics topics and often serve in leadership roles [57] or as co-investigators on projects and major initiatives. They also can support researchers through the creation of information guides and delivery of other resources. Many libraries have developed expertise and provide extensive training and support in metadata, federal funder open access and data sharing mandates, data ethics, best practices for reproducibility, and open science practices and tools. Libraries have invested in training or tools to support bioinformatics and data science services [Reference Fort, Herr, Shaw, Gutzman and Starren20,Reference Wheeler and Oxley58–60]. Libraries are also playing important roles to meet the urgent need for training, support, and responsible use of AI tools.
Libraries play a central role in research data sharing and discovery [Reference Contaxis, Clark and Dellureficio61] as well as initiatives to support meaningful data metrics[62] and incentivize good data practices. Libraries have developed specialized data catalogs to facilitate discovery of existing institutionally created data sets that can be located/mined for secondary use [Reference Sheridan, Dellureficio, Ratajeski, Mannheimer and Wheeler63,Reference Yee, Surkis, Lamb and Contaxis64]. These catalogs are designed to encourage collaboration and cross-disciplinary discovery. Libraries also develop and deliver campus resources [Reference Champieux, Solomonides and Conte65] and repository infrastructures to support funders’ data-sharing mandates and support FAIR principles best practices and equitable access to knowledge. Examples of this include institutional repositories [66,Reference Fay, Buda and Dellureficio67] and partnerships on repository projects with domain-specific repositories or generalist repositories, such as the NIH Generalist Repository Ecosystem Initiative [68–70]. Libraries are also frequent and active collaborators in the development, implementation, and/or support of institutional profile systems and data (see Table 4) to facilitate collaboration [Reference Santangelo71,72]. This work builds upon library expertise and resources and supports a range of efforts beyond researcher profiles that support team science.
Clinical and Translational Science resources use case example
Clinical and translational science research program (Element E)
The Clinical and Translational Science Research Program is intended to be a discrete research project, with the intent that project innovations are generalizable in other translational science settings. The library research support services described in the preceding sections – such as literature searching, data management support, evidence synthesis, data visualization, and coding instruction – can serve to support this project through the research lifecycle. Furthermore, because the research project(s) described in Element E may have more specific needs, TSH is encouraged to contact your library about other resources or services that may be available.
Ultimately, there are several examples of points of successful partnerships between TSH and libraries – with many more potential areas of collaboration and capacity left to explore. Several examples inspired by the NOFO as well as currently underway at TSH are highlighted in Table 5.
Library contributions and partnerships that can support local Translational Science Hubs (TSH) work
Library contributions and partnerships to support local Clinical and Translational Science efforts. Library partnerships and activities to address key topics and needs at Translational Science Hubs (TSH). Topical categories of Strategy, Collaboration, Scholarly Impact, Data Services, Knowledge Management, and Workforce Development (Fig. 1) are noted in columns, with intersections indicated with dots in the corresponding category. Relevant elements from the CTSA NOFO are shown in the right-most column (A: Overview, B: Strategic Management, C: Training and Outreach, D: Clinical and Translational Science Resources and Pilots, E: Clinical and Translational Science Research Program).
Discussion
The integration of academic health sciences libraries’ specialized expertise and support activities into the TSH is a strategic alliance aimed at bridging gaps between research innovation and practical application in the learning health system. The breadth and depth of the examples discussed in this work and listed in Table 1 underscore the significant contributions of libraries in supporting clinical and translational science, highlighting their role in enhancing research visibility, developing a skilled and trained research workforce, promoting interdisciplinary collaboration, and increasing compliance with evolving research mandates.
Libraries have proven instrumental in leveraging bibliometrics and alternative metrics to showcase the impact of clinical and translational science, including visualizing the connections of scholarship across institutions and illustrating the dissemination and utility of translational science scholarly outputs. Furthermore, librarian expertise in scholarly communication, knowledge of publication open access and data management and sharing federal mandates, and implementation experience with open science initiatives (leveraging the FAIR principles), can contribute to a foundation of robust resources and expertise, governance perspective, and operational experience to successfully support and sustain the work of the TSH. This involvement ensures that information-related strategies are aligned with the overarching goals of clinical and translational science, facilitating seamless integration within the CTSA Program or other translational science national network. Expertise may vary widely between academic health sciences libraries. In certain cases, particularly those involving data management and governance of human subject research, libraries may not be the most suitable source of credible information. In such instances, TSH and libraries can explore additional partnerships, such as compliance or information technology units, to support translational science needs. As previously mentioned, the research lifecycle framework can be a valuable tool for identifying additional opportunities for collaboration and enhancing support for clinical and translational science [10].
The provision of specialized resources and services further exemplifies the critical role of libraries in clinical and translational science. As information technologies advance, the scope of traditional knowledge formats, such as books and journals, has expanded to include datasets, code, and other emerging forms of information. Many libraries and librarians have adopted new roles in supporting these areas and by offering support for research tools such as REDCap, R, Python, SAS, and SPSS, and providing instruction in data management and compliance with open access mandates, libraries facilitate rigorous and responsible research practices [73–81]. Furthermore, library expertise in evidence synthesis enables them to lead research teams in using best practices and developing research protocols that directly ensure the replicability of these evidence reviews. Moreover, their involvement in good data practices and long history of providing research consultation services and training underscore a commitment to ensuring high standards of research integrity and reproducibility. Furthermore, libraries can act as a liaison between libraries at partner and collaborator institutions, ensuring researchers and administrators have access to their institutional resources supporting translational science, and reinforcing active connections with partners.
The opportunity to consider clinical translation science in the context of the TSH offers new opportunities for libraries to collaborate with TSH and co-develop training and resources to meet emerging needs in an efficient and effective manner. It is important to recognize that these partnerships can start and become productive even before formal funding mechanisms are in place. Early engagement during the proposal development phase is a great way to raise awareness of existing library services and resources that support the translational science spectrum. This early engagement can also pave the way for deeper and long-lasting partnerships between libraries and TSH.
Ultimately, the multifaceted support provided by libraries directly reflects the priorities of the TSH and is critical to the success of clinical and translational science. Libraries’ contributions across the functional areas demonstrate the potential translational synergies of this collaboration, as well. As TSH continues to evolve, the sustained inclusion of health sciences librarians will be crucial in ensuring that scientific discoveries are efficiently translated into tangible health benefits for communities.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank the following individuals for helpful discussions and input on this work: Sandra Burks, integrated Translational Health Research Institute of Virginia; and Keith Herzog, Nicole Woitowich, Donald Lloyd Jones, Richard D’Aquila, Sara Becker, and Clyde Yancy, Northwestern University Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute.
Author contributions
BR takes responsibility for the manuscript as a whole and contributed to conceptualization, project administration, supervision, writing original draft, writing & review & editing, visualization, and funding acquisition. AS contributed to conceptualization, project administration, writing original draft, writing & review & editing. EW contributed to project administration, supervision, writing original draft, and writing review & editing. AS contributed to conceptualization, supervision, and writing review & editing. AH contributed to supervision, writing original draft, and writing review & editing. JM contributed to writing original draft and writing review & editing. MLR contributed to writing original draft and writing review & editing. JD contributed to conceptualization and writing review & editing. ND contributed to writing review & editing. RB contributed to conceptualization and writing review & editing. NC contributed to writing original draft and writing review & editing. EJG contributed to writing original draft and writing review & editing. EH contributed to conceptualization and writing review & editing. MI contributed to conceptualization and writing review & editing. BK contributed to writing review & editing. ML contributed to writing original draft and writing review & editing. KP contributed to writing review & editing. ES contributed to writing review & editing. DT contributed to writing review & editing. DW contributed to writing review & editing. TRW contributed to writing original draft and writing review & editing. KH contributed to conceptualization, project administration, writing original draft, writing review & editing, methodology, funding acquisition, and visualization.
Funding statement
This work was supported, in part, through the following National Institutes of Health NCATS and National Institute of General Medical Sciences grants: UL1TR003015, UM1TR004926, UM1TR004402, UL1TR001445, UL1TR002319, UM1TR004771, UL1TR001857, U54GM115458, U54GM115428, UL1TR002553, UL1TR001872, U54GM115677, UL1TR00200, UL1TR002389, UL1TR002384, UM1TR005121.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Open access
