Three hundred thousand female combatants and 750 embedded journalists participated in the 2003 Iraq War.Footnote 1 The Pentagon placed these journalists with troops to ensure positive coverage, partly to justify the invasion by claiming to liberate Iraqi women from patriarchal oppression. However, embedded journalist Helen Benedict tells a different narrative.
In Sand Queen, Benedict weaves a documentary-style narrative out of actual events about US Army specialist Kate Brady and two fellow female soldiers guarding Camp Bucca, the army’s largest prison camp in the Um-Qasir desert in southern Iraq. Kate meets Naema Jassim, an Iraqi medical student who offers her services as a translator in exchange for help locating her brother and father, who have been captured by American forces and are being held at Abu Ghraib. Eventually, Kate and her comrades endure severe sexual harassment from high-ranking officers, resulting in the deaths of her friends, while Naema loses her father and brother, who are tortured and executed in prison. Benedict discredits the traditional heroics of American male soldiers, criticizes the White House’s deceptive strategy, and contests the portrayal of Iraq as a primitive nation.Footnote 2
Debunking the myth of American male martial heroism
Benedict, through her protagonist, Kate, reshapes the traditional image of American military heroism. David Lundberg notes that for mid-nineteenth-century American men, reticence about adversity was the norm, and it was often used by realist writers like John DeForest, Ambrose Bierce, and Stephen Crane to glorify combat veterans rather than critique the violence of war.Footnote 3 In contrast, Benedict, in an interview with The Guardian, emphasized challenging the cultural perception of military institutions as guardians of national values.Footnote 4 She interviewed American female veterans from Camp Bucca in Iraq, who described their conditions and the military institutions they served as brutal and meaningless. Consequently, Sand Queen portrays protagonist Kate Brady as a vulnerable soldier.
Kate is nicknamed “Sand Queen” by male comrades, “a pathetic slut too desperate and dumb to know she’s nothing but a mattress” – the term derogatorily referring to women receiving male attention due to the women scarcity.Footnote 5 Kate and the other female soldiersFootnote 6 are harassed and raped by their comrades-in-arms. Lee Ellis defines rape as an act of aggression to subdue women socio-economically and politically, rather than a sexual act.Footnote 7 Tel Nitsan argues that “without viewing women’s bodies as commodities, without men experiencing a sense of entitlement…and/or a sense of superiority in ‘peacetime’ women’s bodies cannot be seen as spoils of war.”Footnote 8
Nitsan asserts that rape is meant to degrade women and reinforce male dominance in both wartime and peacetime. In the story, women comrades must have “battle buddies” at night to avoid being hunted by fellow soldiers.Footnote 9 Nevertheless, Kate is “harassed to death,” and Third Eye is “raped…[by Kormick] and Boner together.”Footnote 10 When Kate tries to report the attack, Sergeant Henley dismisses it as “internal strife,” accusing her of disrupting the unit’s “cohesion.”Footnote 11 They minimize her suffering, alienating her as an intruder, threatening their masculine bond.
Henley threatens Kate, saying, “Sergeant Kormick…reported to me…that…you…behaved…in an indecent manner…he is a fine and dedicated soldier, kindly declining to press any charges in the hope you would not repeat this unacceptable behavior.”Footnote 12 He praises the abuser and condemns the victim. Eugenia DeLamotte argues that women’s gothic arises when institutions alienate “them and their concerns,” echoed by Kate’s remark, “We females are anyway.”Footnote 13 The inability to report abuses highlights a military mentality rooted in broader governmental structures, reducing liberation claims to mere propaganda.
Nonetheless, Kate chooses to report these insults, hoping to shield future soldiers and bring attention to the military. This decision comes at a cost: Kate and her partner, Yvette, who helped “report Kormick,” are punished with “the first line” convoy mission, resulting in Yvette’s death and deepening Kate’s guilt.Footnote 14 Thus, compounded by grief and rape, Kate transforms into a “robot.”Footnote 15 She dehumanizes herself and becomes emotionally detached to fit in.
For Benedict, the military reduces women to sexual weapons. Lindsey Feitz and Joane Nagel attest to women in the military’s use as “sexualized weapons of war and propaganda.”Footnote 16 The U.S. government exploits female soldiers, politicizing their participation. According to Eisenstein, “when women [join] the armed forces, they legitimize militarism, lending cover as ‘gender decoys’ deflecting the hypermasculine nature of the military and war…in ways they didn’t sign up for when they enlisted.”Footnote 17 Therefore, Kate says Kormick has her talk to Iraqis, thinking that the sight of a female US soldier “wins hearts and minds,” highlighting her role as a tool of seduction rather than combat.Footnote 18
Benedict critiques the US government and media for misleading Americans with the WMD narrative and depicting Iraqis as primitives and terrorists.Footnote 19 This echoes in the story when Kate uses “stinking animals” to describe Iraqis and, in retaliation for Yavett’s murder, callously shoots the Iraqi boy’s donkey, making “blood ooze from its ears and mouth” while the boy mourns.Footnote 20 She blames the boy and his animal for her friend’s death, despite the responsibility lying with their officer for assigning them to a dangerous convoy. Notably, Benedict meticulously describes the donkey’s killing to emphasize Americans’ outrage against Iraq and media distortion, echoing Kate’s perplexed response, “I don’t know why [I killed the donkey].”Footnote 21 Kate, driven by her uncertainty, conditioned beliefs in heroism, and meeting her parents’ expectations of targeting the bad guys – Iraqis – believed she was “doing the right thing.”Footnote 22 Thus, Benedict highlights how this misconception justifies the American public’s appetite for war and its ethical consequences.
Kate thought she was going to Iraq to fight evil, but is shocked to discover the evil is within her military brotherhood. Eventually, she loses her identity and pride as a woman with her “period stopped” and “hair falling out,” forgetting “how to walk feminine; [otherwise] the guys won’t leave her alone,” returning home, unable to “stand [her parents]…God…blood is in [her] eyes and soul…pale skin, empty eyes…half robot, half human.”Footnote 23 Kate loses her sense of self.
Naema Jassim: The voice of an Iraqi woman
Another falsehood that Benedict refutes is the stereotypical image of Iraqi women as illiterate and oppressed. She counters this by portraying an educated Iraqi woman – a medical student – stating that in 2003, Iraq had “a lot of secular freedom for women, even more than in any other Muslim country in the world because Saddam’s regime is secular.” Footnote 24 UNESCO noted that Iraq’s education system was “one of the best in the region” (March 28, 2003), which the famous Iraqi blogger “Riverbend” documented in her 2004 memoir.Footnote 25
To reflect this, through the character Naema, Benedict gives a voice to an Iraqi woman to show the West’s failure to understand the country’s people. Naema is portrayed as a self-determined personality who “stands tall and proud, her back straight, her gaze clear and hard.”Footnote 26 Kate thinks Iraqi women “weren’t allowed to do anything except get married,” and she has come to rescue them from patriarchal suppression, offering them an opportunity to be equal to men.Footnote 27 Naema corrects Kate’s misinformation:
Do you know nothing of my country?…My father is a professor of engineering and a poet, my mother is an ophthalmologist—or they were until your war took away their jobs…[my brother]…wants to be a singer… plays his guitar day and night.Footnote 28
Before 2003, Iraqi families, despite Saddam’s dictatorship, adhered to a robust civil law that upheld gender equality. However, the invasion disrupted state security, leading society to rely on tribalism, causing tribal authority to trump civil law. This likens Naema’s family fleeing Baghdad for a village, and she fears living the life of her grandmother, who had been married off at a young age, sayingFootnote 29:
some fundamentalist clerics…are trying to obliterate the rights Iraqi women have had for fifty years… How are we women—how is our culture—to survive?Footnote 30
In 2011, UNESCO reported that illiteracy among women surged to 26.4%. Recently, conservative Islamist parties have pushed for laws permitting nine-year-old marriages and other abuses against women.Footnote 31
Benedict parallels the violence inflicted by US soldiers on Iraqis with that faced by female combatants, reducing them to mere Others. For “reduction of being,” they torment Naema’s family, capturing and humiliating her 13-year-old brother and father, previously tortured by Saddam’s police.Footnote 32 Soldiers “stamped their filthy boots down on [their] necks…bound their hands…and pulled those horrible hoods over their heads [to be taken to Abu Ghraib].”Footnote 33 Noam Chomsky argues that torture in American society has deep roots, rejecting the White House’s portrayal of Abu Ghraib’s incident as an isolated event, seeing it as reflective of the broader American military institution.Footnote 34 Thus, the execution of Naema’s father and brother symbolizes the colonizers’ devastation of Iraq’s peace, culture, and education.
Benedict ends the story with Naema abandoning school to manage her family and Kate, the moral voice, lamenting: “I didn’t protect [Third Eye, who committed suicide]…Yvette…or Naema’s dad or her little brother. I’ve killed so many [Iraqis],” illustrating the triumph of evil over good.Footnote 35
Conclusion
Sand Queen shows the absurdity of the war, dismantles the myth of the heroic American savior, and refutes the coalition’s claims of liberating Iraqi women. The soldiers, with a purportedly liberatory mission, violated their female comrades and silenced Naema, who “had no voice to them, no existence.”Footnote 36 In this way, Benedict’s story challenges the U.S. narrative of liberation, revealing how the U.S. military imposed its own misogyny on a country it claimed to be liberating from patriarchy.
Author contribution
Writing – original draft: A.A.
Acknowledgment
My thanks to Jack McGinn at the LSE Middle East Centre for his assistance in editing this article. I also thank my supervisors at Brunel University, Nick Hubble and Bhagya Casaba Somashekar, for their guidance during my master’s research, which formed the foundation of this article, as well as the anonymous reviewers for their valuable feedback.
Funding statement
None.
Conflicts of interest
None.
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