Echocardiographic colour Doppler studies of normal healthy children and adolescents commonly detect trivial regurgitation in tricuspid and pulmonic valves, much less frequently in the mitral valve, and only rarely in the aortic valve. Reference Clark, Krishnan, McCarter, Scheel, Sable and Beaton1–Reference Brand, Dollberg and Keren3 This incidentally noted aortic regurgitation is typically trivial and central (see Fig. 1 and Supplementary material video S1). In adulthood, the prevalence of regurgitation in trileaflet aortic valves increases with ageing, initially gradually then more rapidly after 50 years of age. Reference Singh, Evans and Levy4 Among adult patients presenting for aortic valve replacement surgery for pure chronic regurgitation at the Mayo Clinic in 2019, 54% had a trileaflet valve and 24 % of these did not have any associated aortic root dilation. Reference Yang, Michelena, Maleszewski, Schaff and Pellikka5 Thus, regurgitation in a trileaflet aortic valve in adults can be significantly progressive. To the best of our knowledge, there are no published studies that have evaluated for factors associated with the early development of aortic regurgitation in otherwise normal aortic valves among children or for prognosis during the remainder of growth and maturation in adolescence.
Trivial aortic regurgitation in ( a ) Apical 5-chamber view, ( b ) Parasternal long-axis view, and ( c ) Parasternal short-axis view.
Materials and methods
Study population
Paediatric patients (age < 21 years) seen for cardiology consultation between June 2008 and June 2021, who were found to have trivial regurgitation from an otherwise normal appearing aortic valve on echocardiography, were identified retrospectively from the database of Jacksonville Pediatric and Adult Congenital Cardiology. Consecutive echocardiogram studies across all ages from neonates to 20-year-olds were reviewed to identify the study sample. Exclusion criteria were any additional abnormality on echocardiography, especially any aortic valve deformity (such as leaflet fusion, asymmetry, thickening, or prolapse), ventricular septal malalignment, asymmetric septal hypertrophy, subaortic membrane, aortic ectasia (aortic valve or ascending aorta diameter z-score > +2.05, which is the 98th%ile), mitral valve prolapse, history of rheumatic fever or suspected rheumatic heart disease, Kawasaki disease, or any autoimmune, systemic, or genetic disease. Rheumatic fever is quite rare in this region of the world.
Clinical data collected
The indication for cardiology referral, demographics, significant physical exam findings, past medical history, and athletic involvement history were obtained from the clinical record. Body surface area (BSA) was calculated using the formula of Haycock. Reference Haycock, Schwartz and Wisotsky6 Body mass index (BMI) was normalised for age and sex, ranked by percentiles, and converted to z-scores (www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/bmi/calculator). Reference Ogden, Kuczmarski and Flegal7 Resting clinic systolic and diastolic blood pressures were obtained using the Dinamap Monitor PRO 100 (Critikon, Tampa, FL) automated oscillometric device while sitting, and the average of three readings were standardised for age, sex, and height, then given a percentile rank and converted to z-scores (www.bcm.edu/bodycomplab/BPappZjs/BPvAgeAPPz.html). Reference Flynn, Kaelber and Baker-Smith8 Patients who returned for recommended follow-up evaluation had the results of their most recent assessment tabulated for comparison. Institutional Review Board approval was obtained for this retrospective study from Baptist Health Care Florida, Jacksonville [45 CRF 46.104 (d) (4)].
Echocardiography
Echocardiograms were obtained using iE33 model echocardiographic instruments (Philips Healthcare, NA) with 2–8 mHz probes following the guidelines and standards for performance of a paediatric echocardiogram recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography. Reference Lai, Geva and Shirali9 All echocardiographic measurements were performed off-line in DICOM format using the Philips Xcelera analysis package according to the recommendations for quantification methods of the American Society of Echocardiography. Reference Lopez, Colan and Frommelt10 Aortic regurgitation was diagnosed by the presence of colour Doppler flow reversal through the aortic valve persisting throughout diastole. The degree of aortic regurgitation was estimated using the vena contracta diameter measured in the zoomed parasternal long-axis view with a Nyquist limit of 60–75cm/sec. Valve regurgitation was graded by the indexed vena contracta diameter, as introduced by Colan and Sleeper, Reference Colan and Sleeper11 where the vena contracta diameter in millimetres is divided by the square root of the BSA in metres. Aortic regurgitation was graded trivial if < 1.5 mm/m. A central location of the aortic regurgitation jet with direction towards the left ventricular apex was also required to rule out any subtle leaflet prolapse or asymmetry. The presence of any mitral valve regurgitation was also recorded. Other echocardiographic measurements catalogued were aortic annulus, aortic sinus, sinotubular junction, and mid-ascending aorta diameters by 2-D imaging in the parasternal long-axis view. Echocardiogram findings were tabulated, and aortic diameter z-scores based on BSA were estimated using the Boston Children’s Hospital calculator. 12 The presence of a valve strand (filiform Lambl excrescence), Reference Hurle, Garcia-Martinez and Sanchez-Quintana13–Reference Phillips, Qureshi, Eidem and Cetta14 defined as a thin (≤ 1 mm wide) undulating filamentous echo-dense strand seen along the line of valve closure on the ventricular surface of the aortic valve, was also noted when at least 5 mm in length to avoid uncertainty with an artefact (see Fig. 2 and Supplementary material video S2).
Aortic valve strand in parasternal long-axis view.
Statistical analysis
Results are presented as mean ± standard deviation for normally distributed parameters and as median with interquartile range (IQR) for non-normal quantitative data. The presence of a normal distribution was determined using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Data were indexed to BSA, height, age, and sex as appropriate. Available z-scores were estimated and reported as mean with 95 per cent confidence intervals (95% CI). When comparing categorical groups, Fisher’s exact test was used for non-paired data and McNemar chi-square test was used for paired data. For normally distributed quantitative data, the paired and unpaired t-tests were used. With non-normal quantitative data, the Wilcoxon test or Mann–Whitney U-test were used as appropriate. A multivariable-adjusted logistic regression analysis was performed to compare patients with persistent aortic regurgitation at follow-up and those without aortic regurgitation at follow-up with the primary independent variable of interest being the presence or absence of mitral regurgitation. Variables were inputted into the model using a forward stepwise selection. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 27.0, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY.
Results
Study population at presentation
A total of 60 children and adolescents, 21 females and 39 males, were identified with trivial aortic regurgitation and otherwise normal echocardiograms. Ages at presentation ranged from five and a half to 19 years-old with only six children under 10 years of age. Presenting chief complaints that led to cardiology consultation were heart murmur in 20, syncope in 16, abnormal screening electrocardiogram in 8, close family history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or sudden cardiac death in 5, asymptomatic irregular heart rhythm due to unifocal isolated premature complexes in 4, chest pain with exercise in 4, and early stage 1 hypertension in 3. Some of these patients had more than one of the above complaints. Additionally, 10 were noted to have mild to moderate pectus excavatum, one had mild pectus carinatum, and one had straight back syndrome. Abnormalities noted on cardiology clinic 12-lead electrocardiograms were voltage criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy in four, non-specific T wave changes in three, mild left axis deviation in two, and one each with mild right axis deviation and mild non-specific intraventricular delay. Eleven patients (18%) were obese (BMI > 95th%ile) with six of these severely obese (> 99th%ile). Only one patient was underweight (BMI < 5th%ile). Thirty-four (57%) were involved in some form of athletics and 26 (43%) reported a relatively sedentary lifestyle. Seven patients were on a stimulant medication for attention-deficit disorder and 10 were using a salbutamol inhaler as needed for asthma symptoms. Demographics and echocardiographic parameters at the time of clinic presentation are listed in Table 1. Aortic regurgitation vena contracta diameters ranged from 0.3 to 1.8 mm, 0.3 to 1.4 mm/m when indexed to BSA0.5, and 2% to 9% when expressed as a percentage of aortic annulus diameter. Aortic valve strands that were visualised had a median length of 9 mm with interquartile range of 8 to 14 mm.
Trivial aortic regurgitation: demographics and clinical data at presentation.
Data are reported as median (IQR = interquartile range), mean ± standard deviation, or percentile, and z-scores are reported as mean, 95% CI = 95% confidence intervals
BSA = body surface area
Follow-up evaluation
Thirty-six of the original patients (60%), 12 females and 24 males, were re-evaluated from 1.0 to 6.7 years after the initial visit (median 2.1, IQR 1.7–2.7). Follow-up data were compared to those at presentation (see Table 2 and Fig. 3). The box and whisker plots of aortic diameters in Figure 3 include any outliers. While height, weight, BSA, and BMI increased as expected with growth, the z-scores of the four aortic diameters and the percentages of mitral regurgitation and aortic valve strands did not change significantly. When followed serially, none had worsening of aortic regurgitation. Mitral regurgitation prevalence was lower in those with aortic regurgitation resolution versus persistent aortic regurgitation (10% vs. 50%, p = 0.03) (see Supplementary material Table S1). Although not statistically significant, there was also a lower prevalence of aortic valve strands in those with aortic regurgitation resolution. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the only variable of significance was mitral regurgitation. Compared to those patients with no mitral regurgitation, those with mitral regurgitation had higher odds of having aortic regurgitation at follow-up (adjusted OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.2–2.12, R = 0.49, p = 0.03). Furthermore, when adjusted for BMI z-score and even height z-score, the analysis did not show an independent effect of BMI (p = 0.543) or height (p = 0.786) z-scores. Additionally, there was no statistical change in the Nagelkerke R (0.49–0.48) with the adjusted analysis.
Initial and final aortic diameter z-scores in the follow-up group.
Trivial aortic regurgitation: demographics and clinical data at follow-up.
Data are reported as median (IQR = interquartile range) or mean ± standard deviation, and z-scores are reported as mean, 95% CI = 95% confidence interval, p values for initial versus follow-up
BSA = body surface area; D = diameter
Discussion
Using transthoracic echocardiography in normal children and adolescents, the prevalence of left heart valvular regurgitation has been reported at 0%–0.4% in the aortic valve and 2%–13% in the mitral valve. Reference Clark, Krishnan, McCarter, Scheel, Sable and Beaton1–Reference Brand, Dollberg and Keren3 Valve strands, also known as filiform Lambl excrescences, are composed of a connective tissue core covered by endocardium and appear most often at the central nodulus of Arantius in aortic valves. These have been detected at autopsy on normal aortic valves at all ages, including neonates, and are almost universal after 10 years of age. Reference Hurle, Garcia-Martinez and Sanchez-Quintana13 Phillips et al using modern transthoracic echocardiography in normal paediatric patients visualised these aortic valve strands at a prevalence of 2.6% and found no relationship to age from infancy to 18 years. Reference Phillips, Qureshi, Eidem and Cetta14 During a median follow-up of 66 months in their study, no neurologic events or endocarditis were noted. No difference in male versus female prevalence has been reported for either valve regurgitation or valve strands in normal children and adolescents.
Our study of children and adolescents with the rare incidental echocardiographic finding of trivial aortic regurgitation and otherwise normal appearing trileaflet aortic valves suggests that it is more prevalent in adolescents, males, and those with taller stature and larger body mass index adjusted for age and sex. Among our 60 patients with trivial aortic regurgitation, 10 had mild to moderate pectus excavatum and 1 had the straight back syndrome. Both orthopaedic conditions decrease the anterior–posterior diameter of the thorax and may distort the cardiac structures to some extent. Mishiro et al demonstrated a relationship between this flattening of the chest and physiologic mitral regurgitation in normal young adults but did not report the presence or absence of aortic valve regurgitation. Reference Mishiro, Oki and Iuchi15 We found no relationship between aortic regurgitation and athletic participation history. Our clinic blood pressures were obtained with the oscillometric method and compared to available normal population ranges based on the auscultatory method. A meta-analysis comparison of oscillometric and auscultatory measurements in children found that the oscillometric systolic blood pressure estimate is on average 2.5 mmHg higher, while there is no difference in diastolic blood pressure values. Reference Duncombe, Voss and Harris16 In our study patients with trivial aortic regurgitation, the mean oscillometric systolic blood pressure z-score using auscultatory norms was slightly increased (+ 0.30, 95% CI + 0.05– + 0.55), and the mean diastolic blood pressure z-score was not different than zero. Thus, given the difference in measurement methods, there was no conclusive evidence of elevated blood pressure in our aortic regurgitation patients. The average aortic annulus, sinotubular junction, and mid-ascending aorta diameters were normal, while that for the aortic sinus was slightly increased (mean z-score + 0.23, 95% CI + 0.02– + 0.44). Patients in our study with aortic regurgitation demonstrated a relatively high prevalence of concomitant physiologic mitral valve regurgitation and aortic valve strands.
Among those re-evaluated on follow-up, over one-fourth had resolution of aortic regurgitation and the rest had unchanged aortic regurgitation without worsening. Those with persistent aortic regurgitation also had a slightly increased prevalence of associated mitral valve regurgitation, while those with resolved aortic regurgitation had a decrease in mitral regurgitation percentage. Aortic valve strand prevalence was also somewhat lower in those with aortic regurgitation resolution but not significantly. Thus, the presence of aortic regurgitation, valve strands, and mitral regurgitation trended together. Colan and Sleeper recently demonstrated in healthy paediatric patients without evidence of heart disease that there is significant temporal variation in the presence of cardiac valve regurgitation. Reference Colan and Sleeper11 The interval between exams in their study was 2.7 ± 1.9 years, and they noted that study-to-study variability was as frequently resolution as new-onset regurgitation in all four valves. They concluded that new-onset valve regurgitation requires the presence of greater than mild severity or additional evidence of valve abnormality in order to be classified as pathologic rather than physiologic.
In the adult years, the prevalence of left-sided heart valve regurgitation increases sooner in the mitral valve and later in the aortic valve. Healthy adults younger than 50 years of age have been shown to have gradually increasing colour Doppler evidence of regurgitation from 11% to 72% in the mitral valve and from 1.3% to 7% in the aortic valve, usually trivial to mild. Reference Jobic, Slama and Tribouilloy17–Reference Reid, Anton-Culver, Yunis and Gardin20 Young adult athletes have not been shown to have a higher prevalence of aortic regurgitation than control patients, Reference Douglas, Berman, O’Toole, Hiller and Reichek21–Reference Vasconcelos, Jungueira Junior and Sanchez Osella22 unless they are male competitive weightlifters where aortic regurgitation is associated with progressive aortic root dilation that correlates with duration of high-intensity strength training. Reference Babaee Bigi and Aslani23 Older adults at 50 years and beyond have a 58%–74% prevalence of mitral valve regurgitation and a substantially increased rate of aortic regurgitation at 17%–23% with more regurgitation in the moderate to severe range. Reference Lavie, Hebert and Cassidy18–Reference Klein, Burstow and Tajik19 Associated risk factors for the development of aortic regurgitation in adults have been demonstrated to be older age, Reference Singh, Evans and Levy4–Reference Yang, Michelena, Maleszewski, Schaff and Pellikka5,Reference Lavie, Hebert and Cassidy18–Reference Klein, Burstow and Tajik19,Reference Andell, Li and Martinsson24–Reference Vriz, Bertin, Bossone and Palatini25,Reference Wenzel, Petersen and Nikorowitsch27–Reference Yang, Enriquez-Sarano and Michelena28 male sex, Reference Singh, Evans and Levy4–Reference Yang, Michelena, Maleszewski, Schaff and Pellikka5,Reference Andell, Li and Martinsson24,Reference Wenzel, Petersen and Nikorowitsch27 and aortic root dilation. Reference Yang, Michelena, Maleszewski, Schaff and Pellikka5,Reference Klein, Burstow and Tajik19,Reference Andell, Li and Martinsson24–Reference Vriz, Bertin, Bossone and Palatini25,Reference Wenzel, Petersen and Nikorowitsch27–Reference Yang, Enriquez-Sarano and Michelena28 Of aortic root dimensions, the sinotubular junction diameter has shown the strongest association with moderate to severe aortic regurgitation. Reference Wenzel, Petersen and Nikorowitsch27–Reference Yang, Enriquez-Sarano and Michelena28 Systolic hypertension has been related to aortic regurgitation only in older adults consistent with very prolonged blood pressure elevation. Reference Yang, Michelena, Maleszewski, Schaff and Pellikka5,Reference Vriz, Bertin, Bossone and Palatini25–Reference Rahimi, Mohseni and Kiran26,Reference Yang, Enriquez-Sarano and Michelena28 In the adult population, aortic regurgitation has not been shown to be related to body mass index Reference Singh, Evans and Levy4,Reference Reid, Anton-Culver, Yunis and Gardin20,Reference Vriz, Bertin, Bossone and Palatini25–Reference Rahimi, Mohseni and Kiran26 and, to the best of our knowledge, there are no studies that evaluated for a relationship to height alone. The prevalence of aortic valve strands in healthy adults is 14%–27%, persists unchanged over time, and is equally frequent among adults of all age groups and between men and women. Reference Roldan, Shively and Crawford29–Reference Roldan, Schevchuck and Tolustrup30 Like our study results, the lengths of these valve strands in healthy adults have been reported at 9.1 ± 3.4 mm. Reference Omron, Chaker, Lerario, Merkler, Navi and Kamel31 Aortic valve strands in adults have not been shown to be associated with atherosclerosis, inflammation, or thrombogenesis. Reference Omron, Chaker, Lerario, Merkler, Navi and Kamel31 Furthermore, in agreement with the paediatric research of Phillips et al, Reference Hurle, Garcia-Martinez and Sanchez-Quintana13 recent adult research studies adjusting for comorbidities have also revealed that valve strands do not appear to be a source of embolic stroke. Reference Roldan, Shively and Crawford29–Reference Omron, Chaker, Lerario, Merkler, Navi and Kamel31
Limitations
The study is limited by its retrospective design; however, the identification of aortic valve regurgitation was logged in the echocardiogram reports at the time of patient encounters prospectively, minimising selection bias. The identification of valve strands is influenced by technical aspects of scanner settings, the patient’s acoustic windows with transthoracic imaging, and the reading cardiologist’s awareness of their possible presence. Part of our standard imaging protocol was to zoom in on the left ventricular outflow tract in the parasternal long-axis view and to use harmonic imaging, both of which increase the chances of detecting an undulating valve strand. The sample size of the study was small due to the rarity of the condition, and compliance with follow-up evaluations was incomplete. However, enough patients returned for re-evaluation to allow some conclusions about medium-term prognosis. A larger prospective study should be considered in the future to expand on these findings.
Conclusions
Trivial aortic valve regurgitation in paediatric patients with otherwise normal echocardiograms appears to be more common in adolescents, particularly in those who are relatively taller and heavier, and in males. Trivial aortic regurgitation is associated with an increased prevalence of aortic valve strands and physiologic mitral valve regurgitation. During later adolescence, this valve regurgitation does not worsen and may even resolve, consistent with being physiologic rather than pathologic at this stage of development. Thus, we recommend that routine follow-up for this benign incidental finding is not necessary.
Supplementary material
To view supplementary material for this article, please visit https://doi.org/10.1017/S1047951123001270.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful for the excellent work of our former and current lead cardiac sonographers: Amanda Whitlow, Shaina Jackson, and Ashley Sheehan. The authors would like to thank Dr Gautam Shiva for his invaluable assistance with statistical analysis.
Financial support
This research received no specific grant from any funding agency, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests
None.
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