Abbreviations

ACO

accountable care organization

ADL

activities of daily living

AMC

advance market commitment

AMI

acute myocardial infarction

AMR

antimicrobial resistance

APVAX

Asia Pacific Vaccine Access Facility

ART

antiretroviral therapy

ATMP

advanced therapy medicinal product

AUGE

Acceso Universal con Garantias Explicitas

BARDA

Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority

BMGF

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

CARB-X

Combating Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria Biopharmaceutical Accelerator

CBHI

community-based health insurance

CHE

current health expenditure

COPD

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

COVID-19

coronavirus disease

CPRO

COVID-19 Pandemic Response Option

CSMBS

Civil Servant Medical Benefit Scheme (Thailand)

DAC

Development Assistance Committee

DALY

disability-adjusted life-year

DG-RTD

Directorate-General for Research and Innovation

DNDi

Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative

DRG

diagnosis-related group

EBI

Evidence-Based Interventions (programme)

ECO

Economic Cooperation Organization

EDCTP

European and Developing Countries Clinical Trial Partnership

EIB

European Investment Bank

EMA

European Medicines Agency

EU

European Union

FFS

Fee-for-service

FDA

Food & Drug Administration

GAMRIF

Global Antimicrobial Resistance Innovation Fund

GARDP

Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership

G-BA

Federal Joint Committee (Germany)

GDP

gross domestic product

GNI

gross national income

GHS

global health security

GP

general practitioner

HBP

health benefits package

HERA

Health Preparedness and Response Authority

HNP

health, nutrition and population

HICs

high-income countries

HSFA

Health Security Financing Assessment

HTA

health technology assessment

IADL

instrumental activities of daily living

ICER

incremental cost–effectiveness ratio

IMF

International Monetary Fund

IMI

Innovative Medicines Initiative

INHS

Italian National Health Service

INN

international nonproprietary name

IPR

intellectual property rights

JPIAMR

Joint Programming Initiative on Antimicrobial Resistance

LICs

low-income countries

LMICs

low- and middle-income countries

LTC

long-term care

MDB

Multilateral Development Bank

MMV

Medicines for Malaria Venture

MRC

Medical Research Council

MSF

Médecins sans Frontières

NAPHS

National Action Plan for Health Security

NCD

noncommunicable disease

ND4BB

New Drugs for Bad Bugs

NGO

nongovernmental organization

NHA

National Health Accounts

NHS

National Health Service (United Kingdom)

NHIS

National Health Insurance Scheme

NIAID

National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases (USA)

NICE

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (United Kingdom)

NIHR

National Institute for Health Research (United Kingdom)

ODA

official development assistance

OECD

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

OOP

out-of-pocket

P4C

pay for coordination

P4P

pay for performance

P4Q

pay for quality

PCO

primary care organization

PCP

primary care physician

PCV

pneumococcal conjugate vaccine

PDP

product development partnership

PEF

Pandemic Emergency Finance Facility

PPL

priority pathogens list

PRV

priority review voucher

QOF

Quality and Outcomes Framework

QuODA

Quality of Official Development Assistance

R&D

research and development

REDISSE

Regional Disease Surveillance Systems Enhancement (initiative)

SAP

structural adjustment programme

SDG

Sustainable Development Goal

SHA

System of Health Accounts

SHARE

Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe

SHI

social health insurance

SME

small and medium-sized enterprise

SSNIT

Social Security and National Insurance Trust

TATFAR

Transatlantic Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance

TB

tuberculosis

TIPR

transferable intellectual property rights

TPEs

transferable patent extensions

UCS

Universal Coverage Scheme (Thailand)

UHC

universal health coverage

UMICs

upper-middle-income countries

UNDP

United Nations Development Programme

USA

United States of America

VAT

value-added tax

VHI

voluntary health insurance

WHO

World Health Organization