Appendix II Discussions and Representations of the Mausoleum, 1490s–1850s
This list of reconstructions, representations and textual discussions of the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus is intended as a tool for researchers, indicating milestones, continuities and evolutions within the afterlife of the monument. It makes no claim to be comprehensive: works of some types (for instance images based on Heemskerck’s print, or tombs loosely inspired by the Mausoleum) are simply too numerous, while in other cases references to Halicarnassus lie open to debate, or are too distant to warrant an entry. For the latter reasons, some decisions to include – or exclude – specific works inevitably remain arbitrary. We have endeavoured to select those images, texts and buildings that were most influential during the Early Modern period, those that best indicate the continuity and longevity of a pictorial or interpretative tradition, or – inversely – those that reveal a novel approach to the problem of representing a long-destroyed building. Rather than restrict this list to entries distinguished by their scholarly or artistic qualities, we have included works attesting to the Mausoleum’s broad cultural and social reach, such as stage sets and illustrations in children’s books. Keywords will allow the reader to easily understand one or more essential aspects of each entry, though a degree of subjectivity may remain present in some classificatory choices. Indeed, deciding at what point an architect’s drawing becomes excessively fanciful for the ‘Reconstruction’ category – and should instead be labelled an ‘Imaginary Representation’ – can prove challenging. Nor is it always obvious whether an image belongs or not in the ‘Artemisia’ classification, intended for works where the Mausoleum is secondary in importance to the Carian Queen. We wish to thank several of the contributors to the present volume for having drawn to our attention texts, images and buildings that have been added to this appendix.
Desmond Bryan Kraege and Felix Martin
Giovanni Boccaccio
‘Arthemisia’
Book section. In: G. Boccaccio. De Mulieribus Claris, Chapter 57.
# Artemisia
c. 1493–1498
Master of the Story of Griselda
[Artemisia]
Painting. Milan, Museo Poldi Pezzoli (1126).
# Artemisia
1497
Bonsignore Bonsignori
‘[Description of Halicarnassus]’
Book section. In: B. Bonsignori. Viaggio in Gierusalemme per via di Constantinopoli (Florence: Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze, MS Magliabechiani xiii, 93) fol. 30 v.
# Travel Account # Site
Bonsignori’s description, based on his travels in the Eastern Mediterranean, includes a mention of ancient ruins identified as the Mausoleum.
1499
Francesco Colonna and/or Anonymous
[Representation and Description of an Imaginary Pyramid]
Print and book section. In: F. Colonna?. Hypnerotomachia Poliphili (Venice: Aldus Pius Manutius) [s.p.]
# Inspiration
Late 1490s–before 1511
Anonymous Northern Italian Draughtsman
[Reconstruction of the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus]
Drawing. In: [Illustrated Manuscript Copy of Vitruvius’s De architectura] (Ferrara: Biblioteca Comunale Ariostea, MS BAF, Classe ii, no. 176) fol. 4 r.
# Reconstruction
1513
Fra Giocondo and/or Anonymous
[Schematic View of Halicarnassus According to Vitruvius’s Description]
Print. In: Fra Giocondo, Vitruvius iterum et Frontinus à Iocundo revisi repurgatique quantum ex collatione licuit (Florence: Filippo Giunta) fol. 34 r.
# Imaginary Representation
c. 1513
Michelangelo Buonarroti
[Second Project for the Tomb of Pope Julius II]
Drawing. Florence, Gallerie degli Uffizi (608 Er).
# Inspiration
Reconstructions by E. Panofsky, C. L. Frommel and others show a stepped pyramidal volume that has often been interpreted as a reference to the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus.
1519
Raphael or Workshop
[Design for a Funerary Monument to Francesco II Gonzaga]
Drawing. Paris, Louvre, Département des arts graphiques (Inv. 1420 r).
# Inspiration
1521
Cesare Cesariano
[The Mausoleum and Harbour of Halicarnassus]
Print. In: C. Cesariano. Di Lucio Vitruvio Pollione de architectura libri dece traducti de latino in vulgare affigurati per Caesare Caesariano (Como: Gotardus de Ponte) fol. xliv.
# Imaginary Representation
1531–1534
Giulio Romano
[Tomb of Baldassarre Castiglione]
Tomb. Curtatone, Santa Maria delle Grazie.
# Inspiration
First half of sixteenth century
Sangallo Workshop, including Bastiano da Sangallo, Antonio da Sangallo the Younger, Giovan Francesco da Sangallo and other Collaborators
[Sketch Sheets Including Reconstructions of the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus and Projects Inspired by the Monument]
Drawings. Florence, Gallerie degli Uffizi, Gabinetto dei Disegni e delle Stampe (240 A; 894 A; 1037 A; 1039 A; 1040 A; 1042 A; 1109 A; 1124 A; 1127 A; 1128 A; 1129 A; 1167 A; 1232 A; 1385 A).
# Reconstruction
Among these drawings, the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus often appears on the same sheets as the tomb of Porsenna. Metae referring to the Sangallo workshop’s reconstructions of both monuments appear in several projects, including the design for St Peter’s (see for instance Florence, Gallerie degli Uffizi, 262 A, and the Sangallo Model in the Fabbrica di San Pietro, Rome). Yet the Sangallo reconstruction of the Mausoleum that attained the greatest diffusion was probably 240 Ar.
1538–1541
Francisco de Holanda (largely based on a drawing by Bastiano da Sangallo or the Sangallo Workshop, Florence, Gallerie degli Uffizi, 240 Ar)
Vestigia Mausolei ab Artemisia Regina Cariae con Ditum [Reconstruction of the Mausoleum]
Drawing. In: F. de Holanda. Das Antigualhas (Escorial: Real Biblioteca del Monasterio de el Escorial, MS RBME 28-i-20) fol. 46 r.
# Reconstruction
Walther Hermann Ryff (Gualtherus Hermenius Rivius) (partly after Cesare Cesariano)
[The Mausoleum and Harbour of Halicarnassus]
Print. In: W. H. Ryff. Vitruvius Teutsch (Nuremberg: Johann Petreius) lxxxiii–lxxxv.
# Imaginary Representation
Mid sixteenth century
Alessandro Cesati
[Bronze Medals Featuring Artemisia (obverse) and the Mausoleum (reverse)]
Medals. Produced in Rome.
# Artemisia
c. 1553–1558
Michele Sanmicheli, Alessandro Vittoria and Danese Cattaneo
[Tomb of Alessandro Contarini]
Tomb. Padua, Basilica of Saint Anthony.
# Inspiration
c. 1558
Hieronymus Cock or Workshop (partly after a drawing by Bastiano da Sangallo or the Sangallo Workshop, Florence, Gallerie degli Uffizi, 240 Ar)
[Reconstruction of the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus]
Print. Antwerp, [Aux Quatre Vents?]. Only known copy: Wolfenbüttel, Herzog August Bibliothek (D4 Geom. 2° (1–36)).
# Reconstruction
1563–1570
Antoine Caron
[Artemisia and Her Son View the Completed Mausoleum]
Drawing. In: A. Caron and N. Houël. [Histoire de la reine Artémise] (Paris: Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS Fr AD 105) fol. 43 r.
# Artemisia
1572
Maarten van Heemskerck (Draughtsman) and Philips Galle (Printmaker)
Mausoleum [from Print Series of the Wonders]
Print. In: M. van Heemskerck and P. Galle. Octo Mundi Miracula (Antwerp: [Theodoor Galle]).
# Wonders Series # Imaginary Representation
After 1572
Flemish Workshop (largely after Maarten van Heemskerck)
[Artemisia and the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, from Tapestry Series of the Wonders]
Tapestry. Princeton, Princeton University Art Museum (y1965-261).
# Wonders Series # Imaginary Representation
Second half of sixteenth century
Franciscus van Aelst (Dedicator) (partly after the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili draughtsman?)
Li sette miracoli del mondo
Print. Rome, van Aelst.
# Wonders Series # Imaginary Representation
1581
Claude Guichard
‘[Discussion of the Mausoleum and Its Destruction by Crusaders, Including an Account from a First-Hand Witness]’
Book section. In: C. Guichard. Funérailles et diverses manières d’ensevelir des Romains, Grecs et autres nations, tant anciennes que modernes (Lyon: Jean de Tournes) 373–381.
# Travel Account # Site
1583
Piermaria Bagnatore (after Maarten van Heemskerck)
Mausolaeum [from Fresco Series of the Wonders]
Fresco. Velthurns Castle.
# Wonders Series # Imaginary Representation
1588
Jean-Jacques Boissard (partly after a sixteenth-century Italian medal)
[Artemisia Drinking the Ashes of Mausolus]
Print. In: J. J. Boissard. Emblèmes latins (Metz: Abraham Faber) 75.
# Artemisia
1594
Anonymous (partly after the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili draughtsman?)
Mausoleo di Artemisia. Meraviglia VI
Print. In: G. Francino. Le cose maravigliose dell’alma città di Roma (Venice: [s.n.]) [s.p.]
# Wonders Series # Imaginary Representation
1606?
Willem Blaeu (Cartographer) and Josua van den Ende (Printmaker) (after Maarten van Heemskerck)
Nova totius Terrarum Orbis Geographica Ac Hydrographica Tabula
Print. Amsterdam, G. Ianssonius.
# Wonders Series # Imaginary Representation
World map surrounded by images including the Wonders of the World.
1608
Antonio Tempesta
[The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, from Print Series of the Wonders]
Print. In: A. Tempesta. Septem Orbis Admiranda (Antwerp: Johannes Baptista Vrints i) 5.
# Wonders Series # Imaginary Representation
c. 1610
Ambrosius Francken the Elder (partly after Maarten van Heemskerck)
[The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, from Painting Series of the Wonders]
Painting. [Lost during WWII] Formerly Poland, private collection.
# Wonders Series # Imaginary Representation
1610–1620
Domenico Fetti
[Artemisia]
Painting. Florence, Gallerie degli Uffizi (0900099564; additional version in Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum, 3818; additional version sold in Lyon, Conan Belleville Hôtel d’Ainay, 2 March 2021, no. 444).
# Artemisia
1611
Bernard Rantwyck (after Maarten van Heemskerck)
[The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, from Painting Series of the Wonders]
Painting. Florence, Palazzo Pitti (1890 no. 5974).
# Wonders Series # Imaginary Representation
1614
Maarten de Vos (Draughtsman) and Crispijn van de Passe (Printmaker)
Mausoleum [from Print Series of the Wonders]
Print. In: M. de Vos and C. van de Passe. Admiranda et Prodigiosa Antiquitatis Opera, Quae Septem Orbis Miracula Vulgo Vocantur (Utrecht: Crispijn van de Passe) 5.
# Wonders Series # Imaginary Representation
After 1614
Anonymous (after Maarten de Vos)
[The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, from Tapestry Series of the Wonders]
Tapestry. Lyon, Hôtel-Dieu (Pièce murale no. 19).
# Wonders Series # Imaginary Representation
After 1614
Anonymous (after Maarten de Vos)
[The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, from Tapestry Series of the Wonders]
Tapestry. Arles, Musée Réattu.
# Wonders Series # Imaginary Representation
Before 1621
Louis de Caullery (partly after Maarten van Heemskerck)
[Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, from Painting Series of the Wonders]
Painting. Aranjuez, Royal Palace of Aranjuez.
# Wonders Series # Imaginary Representation
c. 1623–1625
Francesco Curradi
[Artemisia Drinking the Ashes of Mausolus]
Painting. Florence, Museo del Cenacolo di Andrea del Sarto (1890, 7716; additional version in Florence, Villa La Petraia; additional version in Belfast, Ulster Museum).
# Artemisia
c. 1623–1626
Simon Vouet
[Portrait of Artemisia Gentileschi]
Painting. Pisa, Fondazione Pisa.
# Artemisia
The sitter wears a sixteenth-century Paduan medal that features the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, thus identifying her with Queen Artemisia of Caria.
c. 1635–1665
Giovanni Angelo Canini
[Artemisia Lamenting upon the Ashes of Mausolus]
Drawing. Haarlem, Teylers Museum (J 009).
# Artemisia
1639–1640
Jean Boulanger
[Artemisia Preparing to Drink the Ashes of Mausolus]
Fresco. Sassuolo, Ducal Palace (0800199019).
# Artemisia
1639–1640
Claude Vignon (Draughtsman), Gilles Rousselet and Abraham Bosse (Printmakers)
Artemise
Print. Paris, Pierre Mariette.
# Artemisia
1640
Leone Allacci?
‘Mausoli Sepulchrum’
Book section. In: L. Allacci. Philo Byzantivs de septem orbis spectacvlis (Rome: Mascardus) 95–104.
# Scholarly Discussion
Before 1644
Agostino Tassi
[Artemisia Before her Husband’s Mausoleum]
Drawing. Paris, Louvre (Inv. 12390 r).
# Artemisia
1644
Stefano della Bella
Artemise
Print. In: J. Desmarets. Jeu des reines renommées (Paris: Henri le Gras).
# Artemisia
c. 1650–1659
Bernardino Mei
[Artemisia Drinking the Ashes of Mausolus]
Painting. Siena, Monte dei Paschi di Siena (7443).
# Artemisia
c. 1650–1675
Wilhelm Schubert van Ehrenberg (after Maarten van Heemskerck)
[The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, from Painting Series of the Wonders]
Painting. Saint-Omer, Musée de l’Hôtel Sandelin (0343-CDs).
# Wonders Series # Imaginary Representation
c. 1660
Jacques Picart (after Maarten de Vos)
Le mausolée [from Print Series of the Wonders]
Print. [Paris, s.n.]
# Wonders Series # Imaginary Representation
1663
Sébastien Bourdon
[Artemisia Overseeing Construction of the Mausoleum]
Painting. Montpellier, Musée Fabre (2012.5.1).
# Artemisia
Originally a sketch for a panel in the decorative cycle ‘The Seven Moral and Heroic Virtues’ for the gallery of the Hôtel de Bretonvilliers in Paris. A print after this composition, titled ‘Magnificentia’ (Paris, Pierre Drevet), was engraved by Jacques Friquet de Vauroze soon after the painting’s completion.
Before 1664
Joseph Werner II
[Artemisia Preparing to Drink the Ashes of Mausolus]
Miniature. [Lost]
# Artemisia
Copy by Anna Maria Werner, Berlin, Nicolaas Teeuwisse Gallery; additional copy, Prague, National Gallery (O 9800); print by Franz Ertinger [s.n.].
1665
Francis Cleyn (Draughtsman?) and Wenceslaus Hollar (Printmaker) (after Maarten van Heemskerck)
The Lion and the Forester
Print. In: J. Ogilby. The Fables of Aesop Paraphras’d in Verse (London: Thomas Roycroft) pl. 50.
# Imaginary Representation
The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus appears in the background, bearing the statue discussed by the lion and the forester.
1665
Jean de Thévenot
‘[Traveller’s description of Bodrum]’
Book section. In: J. de Thévenot. Relation d’un voyage fait au Levant (Paris: Louis Billaine) 215.
# Travel # Sculptural Fragments
Thévenot’s description includes mention of the bas-reliefs from the Mausoleum that were visible at the crusader castle in Bodrum.
c. 1670s
Francesco Rossi (Draughtsman), Giuseppe Belloni (Draughtsman Tapestry Border), Lorenzo Castellani and Lamberto della Mancia (Weavers)
[Artemisia Examining Architects’ Designs for the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus]
Tapestry. Rome, Galleria Colonna.
# Artemisia
1670
Nikolaus Schiel (after Maarten van Heemskerck)
[The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, from Fresco Series of the Wonders]
Fresco. Neustift/Novacella Abbey, Fountain of the Wonders.
# Wonders Series # Imaginary Representation
c. 1670–1680
Charles Poerson (Draughtsman?) and Aubusson Royal Tapestry Workshop
[Artemisia and the Mausoleum, from a Tapestry Series on Illustrious Ancient Women]
Tapestry. Paris, Galerie Chevalier Parsua.
# Artemisia
[1674]
Chinese Artist? (after Maarten de Vos)
[The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, from Print Series of the Wonders]
Print. In: F. Verbiest. Kun yu tu shuo [s.l.]: [s.n.].
# Wonders Series # Imaginary Representation
1674
Sir Christopher Wren and Workshop
Great Model for St Paul’s Cathedral
Architectural model. London, St Paul’s Cathedral, Trophy Room.
# Inspiration
The lantern of the small dome above the nave is likely inspired by the Mausoleum.
c. 1675–1700
Pierre Valleran
Le Mausolé d’Artemise [from Fashion Print Series Featuring the Seven Wonders]
Print. Paris, Pierre Valleran.
# Wonders Series # Artemisia
1683
Gisbert Cuper
‘Disquisitio de nummo Mausoleum Artemisiae exhibente’
Book section and plan. In: G. Cuper. Apotheosis vel Consecratio Homeri (Amsterdam: Henricum and Theodori Boom) 236–243.
# Scholarly Discussion
Includes a discussion of the Mausoleum and a schematic reconstructed plan of ancient Halicarnassus.
1690–1710
Giovan Gioseffo del Sole
[Artemisia Drinking the Ashes of Mausolus]
Painting. Rome, Galleria Corsini (519).
# Artemisia
1694
Domenico d’Aulisio
‘De Mausolei Architettura’
Book section. In: D. d’Aulisio. Opuscula de Gymnasii constructione, Mausolei architectura, Harmonia timaica, Numeris medicis (Naples: Jacobi Rillard) 36–58.
# Scholarly Discussion
Late seventeenth–early eighteenth century
Nicholas Hawksmoor
[Reconstruction of the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus]
Drawing. London, Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA6255).
# Reconstruction
Drawing inserted into the heirloom copy of Sir Christopher Wren’s Parentalia.
Eighteenth century
Anonymous Artist of the Cuzco School (partly after Maarten de Vos)
[The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, from Painting Series of the Wonders]
Painting. Sold in New York, Christie’s, 22–23 November 2016, no. 87.
# Wonders Series # Imaginary Representation
c. 1711–1714
Nicholas Hawksmoor
[Architectural Drawings Including a Reconstruction of the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus and/or Designs Inspired by the Mausoleum]
Drawings. Oxford, All Souls College (AS iv.61–64).
# Inspiration # Reconstruction?
1716–1731
Nicholas Hawksmoor
[Steeple of St George’s Church, Bloomsbury]
Church. London.
# Inspiration
1721
Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach (Draughtsman) and Johann Adam Delsenbach (Printmaker)
Mausolaeum der Arthemisia
Print and text. In: J. B. F. von Erlach. Entwurff einer historischen Architectur (Vienna: [s.n.]) pl. vi.
# Imaginary Representation # Wonders Series
1726
Nicholas Hawksmoor
[Letters to Lord Carlisle, 3 September and 3 October 1726]
Letters. Castle Howard Archives.
# Cultural Reference # Scholarly Discussion
Discussing ideas for the Castle Howard Mausoleum, Hawksmoor proposed the Halicarnassus tomb as an inspiration, a suggestion that was not followed in the executed design.
1727–1728
Zacharias Longuelune
[Designs for the ‘Pyramid Building’ in Dresden-Neustadt]
Drawing. Dresden, Sächsisches Hauptstaatsarchiv (10006, OHMA P 04, no. 37, 11 and 12884, Schr. 26 F. 96, no. 12 c).
# Inspiration
1740
Jacques-Philippe Le Bas (partly after Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach)
Tombeau de Mausole
Print. In: C. Rollin. Histoire ancienne (Paris: Veuve Estienne) vol. iii, 417.
Charles Michel-Ange Challe
[Architectural Capriccio with a Monument to King Sesostris of Egypt]
Drawing. Sold in New York, Doyle, 14 October 2015, no. 107.
# Inspiration
The central background building is a probable reference to the Mausoleum.
c. 1740s
Ennemond-Alexandre Petitot
Projet d’un pont triomphal
Print. Paris, Le Gard.
# Inspiration
1749
Lord Charlemont (James Caulfeild, 1st Earl of Charlemont)
‘[On the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus]’
Book section. In: J. Caulfeild (1st Earl of Charlemont). A Traveller’s Essays: Manners of the Turks, 1749 (Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, MS 12 R 5) 90–91.
# Travel # Sculptural Fragments # Scholarly Discussion
1750
Richard Dalton
[Three Drawings of Friezes from the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus]
Drawings. London, British Museum (1955,0421.3).
# Travel # Sculptural Fragments
1750
Sir Christopher Wren
‘Of the Sepulchre of Mausolus King of Caria’
Book section. In: C. Wren [Junior]. Parentalia: or Memoirs of the Family of the Wrens (London: T. Osborn) 367–368.
# Scholarly Discussion
Posthumous publication of earlier documents.
Mid eighteenth century?
Anonymous Italian Artist (previously attributed to Charles-Louis Clérisseau)
[The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus]
Painting. Sold in Genoa, Wannenes Art Auctions, 26–27 November 2020, no. 817.
# Imaginary Representation # Reconstruction?
1752
Richard Dalton
‘[Account of a Visit to Halicarnassus]’
Book section. In: R. Dalton. Remarks on xii Historical Designs of Raphael, and the Musaeum Graecum et Aegyptiacum (London: M. Cooper) 29–32.
# Travel # Sculptural Fragments
1757
Sir William Chambers
Casino at Marino
Villa. Dublin.
# Inspiration
Designed in 1757 and built between 1758 and 1771 for Lord Charlemont, who travelled to Bodrum in 1749 (see chapter 8 in the present volume). Sir William Chambers incorporated subtle allusions to the Mausoleum into the design of this small villa on the outskirts of Dublin. Its elevation resembles that of the belfry of St George’s Bloomsbury – itself a reconstruction of the Mausoleum. Moreover, the plan of the Casino was probably inspired by Antonio da Sangallo’s reconstruction drawings (see chapter 3 in the present volume), while Chambers included some of Pliny’s measurements in the dimensions of the Casino. For a monograph on the Casino at Marino and a detailed account of its references to the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, see Martin (2023) 23–25 and Martin (forthcoming).
1757
Pierre-Louis-Philippe de la Guêpière
Autre projet d’un tombeau
Prints. In: P.-L.-P. de la Guêpière. Recueil d’esquisse d’architecture, représentant plusieurs monumens (Stuttgart: the author) [s.p.]
# Inspiration
1759
Anne-Claude de Caylus (Author and Scholarly Director), Ennemond-Alexandre Petitot (Draughtsman and Architectural Adviser) and Jérôme-Charles Bellicard (Printmaker and Architectural Adviser)
‘Dissertation sur le tombeau de Mausole’
Book section and prints. In: Mémoires de littérature tirés des registres de l’Académie royale des inscriptions et belles-lettres (Paris: Imprimerie royale) 321–334.
# Reconstruction # Scholarly Discussion
c. 1760–1769
Cluer Dicey (after Maarten de Vos)
The Tomb of Mausoleus [from Print Series of the Wonders]
Print. London, Dicey and Co.
# Wonders Series # Imaginary Representation
1760–1792
Louis-Joseph Mondhare (after Maarten van Heemskerck)
Monument de Mausoli batis par Arthemise mis au nombre d’une des 7 merveille du Monde [from Print Series of the Wonders]
Print. Paris, Mondhare.
# Wonders Series # Imaginary Representation
1760s–1790s
Étienne-Louis Boullée and Pupils
[Numerous architectural projects incorporating stepped pyramids crowned with quadrigas]
Drawings. Chiefly Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France and École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts.
# Inspiration
Drawings mostly in the Bibliothèque nationale de France (Boullée papers) and the École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts (Académie d’architecture competitions from the 1760s to the 1790s). See especially É.-L. Boullée’s designs for the Palais Bourbon (1765, Paris, Musée Carnavalet, D.8913) and for rebuilding the east façade of Versailles (1780s, Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, RESERVE AG-137-CADRE and RESERVE BOITE FT 7-AG-100), as well as Mathurin Crucy’s combination of the Villa Rotonda with a Halicarnassus motif (1773, Paris, École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts, PRA 81).
1765
Jean-Baptiste Deshays
Artémise au tombeau de Mausole
Oil sketch. [Lost]
# Artemisia
Exhibited posthumously at the 1765 Paris Salon. Known chiefly through D. Diderot’s commentary on that exhibition.
c. 1770
Georg Balthasar Probst? (after Maarten van Heemskerck)
Monument de Mausoli, quatrième miracle du Monde [from Print Series of the Wonders]
Print. Augsburg, Georg Balthasar Probst.
# Wonders Series # Imaginary Representation
1772
Michel-François Dandré-Bardon? (partly after Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach)
[The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus]
Print and book section. In: M.-F. Dandré-Bardon. Costume des anciens peuples (Paris: Charles-Antoine Jombert) vol. i, 76 and pl. 9.iii.
# Wonders Series # Imaginary Representation
1775–1779
Étienne-Louis Boullée
Hôtel de Brunoy
Private house. Paris.
# Inspiration
1777–1779
Stanislaus Potocki and Vincenzo Brenna
[Reconstruction of Pliny the Younger’s Villa Laurentina]
Drawing. Warsaw, National Library of Poland (R.5003/WAF.67).
# Inspiration for Reconstruction of another Ancient Building
Potocki and Brenna make use of the Halicarnassus motif (colonnade, stepped pyramid and quadriga) on the villa’s sea façade.
c. 1780
Louis-Jean Desprez
[Sketch of a Pyramid-Shaped Building]
Drawing. Stockholm, Nationalmuseum (NMH THC 1858).
# Inspiration # Imaginary Representation?
A finished drawing or print after this sketch is known through a photograph, but has not been located. The design may be inspired by the Mausoleum, or even attempt a fanciful representation of the ancient monument.
Before 1782
Martin Johann Schmidt
[Artemisia Preparing to Drink the Ashes of Mausolus]
Painting. Sankt Pölten, Landessammlungen Niederösterreich (KS-A 305/87).
# Artemisia
1782
Marie-Gabriel-Florent-Auguste de Choiseul-Gouffier (Author? and Publication Director), Jacques-Guillaume Legrand (Draughtsman and Architectural Adviser), Louis-François Cassas (Possible Architectural Adviser?) and Joseph Varin (Printmaker)
‘Conjectures sur le tombeau de Mausole’
Book section and print. In: M.-G.-F.-A. de Choiseul-Gouffier. Voyage pittoresque de la Grèce (Paris: [s.n.]) 158–161 and pl. 98.
# Reconstruction # Scholarly Discussion
1780s
Hubert Robert (partly based on the Choiseul-Gouffier reconstruction)
[The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus]
Two paintings and a sketch. One painting sold in Paris, Drouot, 7 November 2001; one painting lost; sketch in Paris, Louvre (Album Moreau-Nélaton, fol. 26, RF 11538).
# Reconstruction # Imaginary Representation
1780s
Pierre-Adrien Pâris
[The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus: Project for a Stage Set?]
Drawing. Besançon, Bibliothèque municipale (vol. 483, no. 226).
# Imaginary Representation
1786
Jean-Baptiste-Louis-François Lefebvre (or Lefevre)
[Triumphal Bridge, entry for the May 1786 ‘Concours d’émulation’ at the Académie royale d’architecture]
Drawings. Paris, École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts (PJ 73 1–3).
# Inspiration
1788–1791
Carl Gotthard Langhans
Brandenburg Gate
City Gate. Berlin.
# Inspiration
1790
Johann Heinrich Lips and/or Melchior Kraus (after the Caylus reconstruction)
Alterthümer II
Print. In: F. J. Bertuch. Bilderbuch für Kinder (Weimar: Priviligiertes Industrie Comptoir) vol. i, 69.
# Reconstruction
1791
Richard Dalton
Basso Relievo’s Discovered in Caria
Print. In: R. Dalton. Antiquities and Views in Greece and Egypt (London: Thomas King and Henry Chapman) [s.p.]
# Sculptural Fragments
1792
Jean-Jacques Lequeu
Artémise avalant les cendres de son époux
Drawing. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France (FOL-HA-80 (C, 8)).
# Artemisia # Reconstruction # Scholarly Discussion
1798–1799
Jacques Molinos (Draughtsman), Pierre Eustache L’Épine and Gallien (Printmakers)
Monument stational
Print. In: J. Cambry. Rapport sur les sépultures (Paris: Pierre Didot) pl. 9.
# Inspiration
1800
Hans Christian Genelli (Draughtsman) and Christian Haldenwang (Printmaker)
Mausoleum
Print. In: A. Rode. Marci Vitruvii Pollionis De architectura libri decem (Berlin: August Mylius) [frontispiece].
# Reconstruction
Early nineteenth century
Office of Sir John Soane
[Reconstruction of the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, Illustration for Sir John Soane’s Royal Academy Lectures]
Drawing. London, Sir John Soane’s Museum (26/5/2).
# Reconstruction
1803
Luigi Mayer
The Castle of Boudron in the Gulf of Stancio
Print. In: L. Mayer. Views in the Ottoman Empire, Chiefly in Caramania, a Part of Asia Minor Hitherto Unexplored (London: R. Bowyer) 16–17.
# Travel # Sculptural Fragments
The castle walls, represented by Mayer with a degree of artistic licence, incorporate several bas-reliefs from the Mausoleum.
1806
Louis-François Cassas (Designer) and Jean-Pierre or François Fouquet (Model Makers) (probably based on the Choiseul-Gouffier reconstruction)
Tombeau de Mausole
Architectural model. [Lost.]
# Reconstruction
The model was created for Cassas’s ‘Galerie des chefs-d’oeuvre de l’architecture des différens peuples’, a museum of architectural models in Paris. Listed in L.-F. Cassas. Notice des chefs-d’oeuvre de l’architecture des différens peuples (Paris: Cassas) 4. Another model of the Mausoleum, also by Fouquet and preserved in Sir John Soane’s Museum, is likely a copy.
1806
Jacques-Guillaume Legrand
‘Tombeau de Mausole, roi de Carie’
Book section. In: J.-G. Legrand. Collection des chefs-d’oeuvre de l’architecture des différens peuples (Paris: Leblanc) 108–109.
# Scholarly Discussion
Legrand’s text is a description and commentary on Louis-François Cassas’s museum of architectural models (see above).
c. 1800–1834
François Fouquet (after the Choiseul-Gouffier reconstruction)
The Tomb of Mausolus at Halicarnassus
Architectural model. London, Sir John Soane’s Museum (MR37).
# Reconstruction
Likely a copy of the larger model of the Mausoleum, also by Fouquet, exhibited in Louis-François Cassas’s architectural museum ‘Galerie des chefs-d’oeuvre de l’architecture des différens peuples’.
1808
Friedrich Weinbrenner (Architect) and Heinrich Geier (Copyist)
[Monument to the Grande Armée]
Drawing. Karlsruhe, saai Archiv für Architektur und Ingenieurbau.
# Inspiration
c. 1808–1811
Joseph Mallord William Turner (after Office of Sir John Soane)
[Sketch of the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus]
Drawing. London, Tate Gallery (Windmill and Lock Sketchbook, fol. 10 r, D07973).
# Reconstruction
Turner’s sketch, part of a series of notes on funerary architecture, is visibly based on a drawing of the Mausoleum used by his friend Sir John Soane as an illustration for his lectures at the Royal Academy (London, Sir John Soane’s Museum, 26/5/2).
c. 1808–1820
Francisco de Goya y Lucientes
[Drawing of a Stepped Pyramid over a Peristasis, Possibly a Project for a Monument]
Drawing. Madrid, Prado (D04328).
# Inspiration
1809
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
‘[Discussion of an Imaginary Drawing of the Mausoleum]’
Book section. In: J. W. von Goethe. Die Wahlverwandtschaften (Tübingen: Cotta) vol. ii, 55–60.
# Artemisia
One of the characters in Goethe’s novel, a young aristocratic woman who wishes to perform the role of Artemisia in a ‘tableau vivant’, asks an architect to draw the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus as a background. The design is then commented upon. Goethe’s inclusion of the Mausoleum in his novel was likely connected to his contemporary correspondence with Aloys Ludwig Hirt, which discussed the Carian tomb and a reconstruction drawing.
1811
Pedro José Márquez
‘[Reconstruction of the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus]’
Book section and print. In: G. A. Guattani. Memorie enciclopediche romane sulle belle arti, antichità etc (Rome: Carlo Mordacchini) vol. v, 129–139.
# Reconstruction # Scholarly Discussion
1814
Karl Friedrich Schinkel
Das Grabmal des Königs Maussollos in Karien [For a Diorama of the Seven Wonders]
Drawing. [Lost during WWII] Formerly Berlin, Kupferstichkabinett (SM 22e.71).
# Wonders Series # Imaginary Representation
Preparatory drawing for a diorama of the Seven Wonders originally exhibited at the Optisch-Mechanisches Figurentheater in Berlin. A copy of the diorama painting, also made for the Optisch-Mechanisches Figurentheater, is now in St Petersburg, Russian Academy of Arts (Ж-2804).
1814
Friedrich Weinbrenner
Ideen zu einem Teutschen National-Denkmal des entscheidenden Sieges bey Leipzig
Pamphlet. Karlsruhe: Gottlieb Braun.
# Inspiration
This booklet presents Weinbrenner’s project for a national monument in Leipzig that would have commemorated the Battle of the Nations (1813). It contains several prints based on watercolours by Weinbrenner, preserved at the Staatliche Kunsthalle Karlsruhe (1944–44, 1944–45, 1944–46, 1944–47).
1817
William John Bankes
[Plan of Halicarnassus and Documentation of Archaeological Fragments, Including the Mausoleum Bas-Reliefs]
Drawings. Dorchester, Dorset History Centre (XV F 01-F 18).
# Travel # Site # Sculptural Fragments
1818
Office of John Nash
[London Church Design for the Church Commissioners]
Drawing. London, Royal Institute of British Architects (PB471/1(1–20)).
# Inspiration
The roof of this church project is based on the Choiseul-Gouffier reconstruction of the Mausoleum.
c. 1824–1825
Utagawa Kuninaga (indirectly after Maarten van Heemskerck)
Shimpan Oranda uki-e Ajiashu Maurirya-o keibo [from Print Series of the Wonders]
Print. Edo, Izumiya Ichibei.
# Wonders Series # Imaginary Representation
A literal translation of the Japanese title would be ‘The Tomb of King Mausolus in Asia’, and nineteenth-century Japanese viewers would have taken this to be a representation of the Mausoleum, although the image is mistakenly based on a Chinese copy of a print, after Heemskerck, representing the temple of Artemis in Ephesus.
1825
Karl Friedrich Schinkel
Blick in Griechenlands Blüte
Painting. [Lost during WWII]
# Inspiration
Known through several copies, including an 1836 canvas by August Wilhelm Julius Ahlborn (Berlin, Alte Nationalgalerie, NG 2/54) and an 1846–1847 print by Wilhelm Witthöft. A pyramidal building in the centre middleground recalls the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus.
1827
Aloys Ludwig Hirt
‘[Scholarly Discussion and Reconstruction of the Mausoleum]’
Book section and print. In: A. L. Hirt. Die Geschichte der Baukunst bei den Alten (Berlin: Georg Reimer) vol. ii, 69–71, pl. x, Fig. 14.
# Reconstruction # Scholarly Discussion
1834
Friedrich Weinbrenner
‘Das Grabmal des Königs Mausolus’
Book section and prints. In: F. Weinbrenner. Entwürfe und Ergänzungen Antiker Gebäude (Karlsruhe / Baden: D.R. Marx) 1–7, pl. i–ii.
# Reconstruction # Scholarly Discussion
1836
Antoine-Chrysostome Quatremère de Quincy
‘Dissertation sur le tombeau de Mausole, accompagnée d’un essai de restitution de ce célèbre monument’
Book section and prints. In: A.-C. Quatremère de Quincy. Recueil de dissertations archéologiques (Paris: Adrien le Clere) 109–142.
# Reconstruction # Scholarly Discussion
1840s–1850s
Charles Robert Cockerell
[Several Reconstruction Drawings and Studies of Sculptural Fragments]
Drawings. London, Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA95203) and British Museum (reconstruction drawings: 2012,5001.659; 2012,5001.660; studies of sculptural fragments: 2012,5001.684; 2012,5001.685; 2012,5001.639; 2012,5001.710).
# Reconstruction # Sculptural Fragments
1841
Luigi Canina
‘Sepolcro di Mausolo in Alicarnasso’
Book section and print. In: L. Canina. L’architettura antica II: L’architettura greca (Rome: the author) 103–108 and pl. clviii.
# Reconstruction # Scholarly Discussion
1844
William Martin Leake
‘The Inscribed Stele at Xanthus. Letter from W. Martin Leake, Esq., to the Secretary’
Paper read at the Royal Society of Literature. Published (1847) in: Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature of the United Kingdom (London: John Murray) 27–49.
# Scholarly Discussion
1846
Sir Stratford Canning
[Acquisition and Transfer of Fragments of the Mausoleum to the British Museum]
# Event # Site # Sculptural Fragments
The fragments, acquired by Sir Stratford Canning, had been integrated into the walls of the castle of St Peter by the Knights Hospitallers in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
1846
Joseph Bonomi
‘Note on the Budrúm Marbles in the British Museum’
Paper read at the Royal Society of Literature. Published (1847) in: Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature of the United Kingdom (London: John Murray) 308–309.
# Scholarly Discussion # Sculptural Fragments
1846
Josiah Forshall
‘[Letter from the Trustees of the British Museum to the British Parliament, Concerning the Acquisition of Sculptural Fragments of the Mausoleum]’
Letter. Published (1848) in: [Parliamentary Papers:] Reports from Committees (London: House of Commons of the United Kingdom) vol. 12.2, 214.
# Sculptural Fragments
1846
William Richard Hamilton
‘The Budrúm Marbles’
Paper read at the Royal Society of Literature. Published (1847) in: Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature of the United Kingdom (London: John Murray) 251–257.
# Scuptural Fragments # Scholarly Discussion
1847
Anonymous
‘[Earliest Mention of Sculptural Fragments from the Mausoleum in a British Museum Catalogue]’
Book section. In: Synopsis of the Contents of the British Museum (London: The British Museum/G. Woodfall and Son) 120.
# Sculptural Fragments
1848?
Eduard Gerhard
‘Halikarnaß und das Mausoleum’
Journal contribution. In: Archäologische Zeitung (Berlin: Georg Reimer), xii, 177–185 and pl. xii [elevation after Cockerell’s plate in Newton and Cockerell 1848].
# Scholarly Discussion
The journal issue bears the date 1847 but the article quotes Charles Newton’s 1848 publication on the Mausoleum.
1848
William Watkiss Lloyd
‘Halikarnass und das Mausoleum [letter to the editor]’
Journal contribution. In: Archäologische Zeitung (Berlin: Georg Reimer), Supplement vi, 81–83.
# Scholarly Discussion
1848
Charles Thomas Newton and Charles Robert Cockerell
‘On the Sculptures from the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus’
Journal contribution. In: The Classical Museum. A Journal of Philology, Ancient History and Literature (London: Taylor and Walton) 170–201.
# Scholarly Discussion # Reconstruction # Sculptural Fragments
1849
James Fergusson
‘Mausoleum at Halicarnassus’
Book section. In: J. Fergusson. An Historical Inquiry into the True Principles of Beauty in Art, More Specifically with Reference to Architecture (London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans) 320–323.
# Scholarly Discussion
1851
Edward Falkener
‘On the Mausoleum, or Sepulchre of Mausolus, at Halicarnassus’
Book section. In: E. Falkener. The Museum of Classical Antiquities (London: J. W. Parker and Son) 157–189.
# Scholarly Discussion
1853
[Several Designers]
Les sept merveilles du monde [Act vi: ‘Le tombeau de Mausole’]
Stage set and costumes. Paris, Bibliothèque-musée de l’opéra (MAQ A-234).
# Wonders Series # Imaginary Representation
Designed for the first production (Paris, Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin, 1853) of a musical on the Seven Wonders (libretto: A. d’Ennery and E. Grangé. Les sept merveilles du monde (Paris: Michel Lévy frères)). The Mausoleum itself was impersonated by an actress.
1856–1857
Charles Thomas Newton
‘Papers Respecting the Excavations at Budrum. Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty’
Letters. Published (1858) in: [Parliamentary Papers:] Accounts and Papers […] Session 3 December 1857–2 August 1858 (London: Harrison and Sons) vol. lx, [s.p.]
# Site # Sculptural Fragments # Travel
1857
Charles Thomas Newton
[Rediscovery of the Foundations of the Mausoleum and Transfer of Sculptural Fragments to the British Museum]
# Event # Site # Sculptural Fragments # Travel
Charles Newton’s team, who had begun searching for the Mausoleum’s remains in 1856, finally identified them on 1 January 1857. They continued their excavations for most of that year, sending the works of sculpture they uncovered back to London, where their arrival was greeted with excitement.
1857–1859
Charles Thomas Newton
‘Further Papers Respecting the Excavations at Budrum and Cnidus […] Presented to the House of Commons by Command of Her Majesty’
Letters. Published (1859) in: [Parliamentary Papers:] Accounts and Papers […] Session 2, 31 May–13 August 1859 (London: Harrison and Sons) vol. xxv, [s.p.]
# Site # Sculptural Fragments # Travel
1858
Edward Hawkins
‘Further Paper Respecting the Excavations at Budrum. Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty’
Report. Published in: [Parliamentary Papers:] Accounts and Papers […] Session 3 December 1857–2 August 1858 (London: Harrison and Sons) vol. lx, [s.p.]
# Site # Sculptural Fragments # Travel
1858
William Tite
‘Observations on the Recent Discoveries of the Remains of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus’
Paper read at the Royal Institute of British Architects. Published (1859) in: Papers Read at the Royal Institute of British Architects, Session 1858–59 (London: Royal Institute of British Architects) 1–12.
# Scholarly Discussion # Site # Sculptural Fragments
1862–1863
Charles Thomas Newton and Richard Pullan
A History of Discoveries at Halicarnassus, Cnidus and Branchidae
Book. London, Day and Son.
# Reconstruction # Scholarly Discussion # Site # Sculptural Fragments # Travel
Newton and Pullan’s complete study and reconstruction of the site and remains of the Mausoleum. Halicarnassus is covered in vol.i; see especially 72–264.
Open access