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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 16 December 2025

Alfred de Zayas is Professor of Law at the Geneva School of Diplomacy, Switzerland, retired senior lawyer at the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, and former UN Independent Expert on International Order 2012–2018.
1 Views adopted by the Committee under Art. 5(4) of the Optional Protocol, concerning Comm. No. 3602/2019 (U.N.H.R. Committee), https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CCPR%2FC%2F142%2FD%2F3602%2F2019&Lang=en [hereinafter Views].
2 Manfred Nowak, U.N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: CCPR Commentary (1–2 edns, 1993; 2005); William Schabas, U.N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: CCPR Commentary (3rd edn., 2019). See also Jakob Möller and Alfred de Zayas, United Nations Human Rights Committee Case Law, N.P.Engel, Strasbourg 2009]
3 Views ¶ 7.11.
4 Id. ¶ 7.4, citing General Comment No. 17 (1989), ¶ 8 and D.Z. v. Netherlands (CCPR/C/130/D/2918/2016), ¶ 8.3.