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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 September 2025

1 The populist challenge to international law is a phenomenon that cannot be overlooked. Beyond the contemporary case of the United States, similar governmental practices can be observed in other countries that are significantly influenced by populist movements; see H. Krieger, ‘Populist Governments and International Law’ (2019) 30(3) European Journal of International Law, pp. 971–96.
2 New York, NY (United States (US)), 19 June 2023, not yet in force, available at: https://www.un.org/bbnjagreement/sites/default/files/2024-08/Text%20of%20the%20Agreement%20in%20English.pdf.
3 Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), 5 June 1992, in force 29 Dec. 1993, available at: http://www.cbd.int/convention.
4 Nagoya (Japan), 29 Oct. 2010, in force 12 Oct. 2014, available at: https://www.cbd.int/abs/doc/protocol/nagoya-protocol-en.pdf.
5 Rome (Italy), 3 Nov. 2001, in force 29 June 2004, available at: http://www.planttreaty.org.
6 N. 2 above.
7 UN General Assembly Resolution 70/1, ‘Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development’, 25 Sept. 2015, UN Doc. A/RES/70/1, available at: https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_70_1_E.pdf.
8 Montego Bay (Jamaica), 10 Dec. 1982, in force 16 Nov. 1994, available at: http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_overview_convention.htm.
9 N. 2 above.