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International Sanctions and the Rule of Law

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 July 2024

Tun Richard Malanjum
Tun Richard Malanjum*
Affiliation:
former Chief Justice of Malaysia; Ombudsperson to the UN Security Council ISIL (Da'esh) and Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee
*
Email: ombudsperson@un.org
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Type
Public Lecture
Information
Asian Journal of Comparative Law , Volume 19 , Issue 2 , August 2024 , pp. 189 - 196
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the National University of Singapore

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Footnotes

This lecture was delivered as part of the Professorial Lecture Series on the Rule of Law in Asia organised by the Jones Day Foundation and the Centre for Asian Legal Studies at the Faculty of Law of the National University of Singapore on 18 January 2024.

References

1 World Justice Project (WJP), ‘Rule of Law Index 2023’ <https://worldjusticeproject.org/rule-of-law-index/downloads/WJPIndex2023.pdf> accessed 18 Jan 2024.

2 UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, ‘Briefing on the Secretary-General's new Vision for the Rule of Law’ (Speech delivered by Volker Türk on 4 Aug 2023) <https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements-and-speeches/2023/08/briefing-secretary-generals-new-vision-rule-law> accessed 18 Jan 2024.

3 WJP, ‘Rule of Law Index 2023’ (n 1) 11.

4 WJP, ‘Rule of Law Index 2022: Ranking’ <https://worldjusticeproject.org/rule-of-law-index/global/2022> accessed 18 Jan 2024.

5 UN General Assembly, ‘2005 World Summit Outcome’, A/RES/60/1 (24 Oct 2005) [134(a)] <https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_60_1.pdf> accessed 18 Jan 2024.

6 Simon Chesterman, ‘The UN Security Council and the Rule of Law: The Role of the Security Council in Strengthening a Rules-based International System’ (Austrian Federal Ministry for European and International Affairs, Final Report and Recommendations from the Austrian Initiative 2004–2008, Feb 2008) [8] <https://www.iilj.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/unsc_and_the_rule_of_law.pdf> accessed 18 Jan 2024.

7 UN Security Council, ‘The rule of law and transitional justice in conflict and post-conflict societies’ (Report of the Secretary-General), S/2004/616 (23 Aug 2004) [6] <https://www.undocs.org/S/2004/616> accessed 18 Jan 2024.

8 ibid.

9 These elements are outlined in a non-paper written by Secretary-General Kofi Annan to the UN Security Council, which was read out by Under-Secretary-General for Legal Affairs Nicolas Michel in an address to the Security Council, see UN Security Council, ‘5474th Meeting’, S/PV.5474 (New York, 22 Jun 2006) 5 <https://www.undocs.org/S/PV.5474> accessed 18 Jan 2024.

10 United Nations, Charter of the United Nations, 1 UNTS XVI (signed 26 Jun 1945, effective as of 24 Oct 1945).

11 UN Security Council, ‘Resolution 1373’, S/RES/1373 (2001) (28 Sep 2001) <https://www.undocs.org/S/RES/1373(2001)> accessed 18 Jan 2024.

12 UN Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs (DPPA), ‘2023 Fact Sheets: Subsidiary Organs of the United Nations Security Council’ (7 Sep 2023) <https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/sanctions/information> accessed 18 Jan 2024.

13 Gary Clyde Hufbauer & Barbara Oegg, ‘Targeted Sanctions: A Policy Alternative?’ (Paper for a symposium on ‘Sanctions Reform? Evaluating the Economic Weapon in Asia and the World’, Peterson Institute for International Economics, 23 Feb 2000) <https://www.piie.com/commentary/speeches-papers/targeted-sanctions-policy-alternative> accessed 18 Jan 2024.

14 The sanctions contributed to a significant deterioration in the health and nutrition of the Iraqi population. Lack of spare parts and equipment hampered the maintenance and repair of critical water and sanitation facilities, leading to deteriorating water quality, a rise in waterborne diseases, and increased public health risks. Vulnerable populations, including children, the elderly, and people with disabilities, were particularly affected by the sanctions.

15 UN Security Council, ‘Resolution 1267’, S/RES/1267 (1999) (15 Oct 1999) <https://www.undocs.org/S/RES/1267(1999)> accessed 18 Jan 2024.

16 UN Security Council, ‘Resolution 1333’, S/RES/1333 (2000) (19 Dec 2000) <https://www.undocs.org/S/RES/1333(2000)> accessed 18 Jan 2024.

17 UN Security Council, ‘Thirty-second report of the Analytical Support and Sanctions Monitoring Team submitted pursuant to resolution 2610 (2021) concerning ISIL (Da'esh), Al-Qaida and associated individuals and entities’, S/2023/549 (25 Jul 2023) [76] <https://www.undocs.org/S/2023/549> accessed 18 Jan 2024.

18 Arjun Mohanakrishnan, ‘Islamic State's presence detected in M'sia, supporting local party’ (The Vibes, 5 Mar 2023) <https://www.thevibes.com/articles/news/86790/islamic-states-presence-detected-in-msia-supporting-local-party> accessed 18 Jan 2024.

19 See ibid.

20 Eric Rosand, ‘Panel Discussion on UN Terrorist Designations and Sanctions: A Fair Process and Effective Regime?' (Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington DC, 5 Jun 2008) cited in Hovell, Devika, The Powers of Process: The Value of Due Process in Security Council Sanctions Decision-Making (Oxford University Press 2016) 17CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

21 UN Security Council, ‘Resolution 2610’, S/RES/2610 (2021) (17 Dec 2021) <https://www.undocs.org/S/RES/2610(2021)> accessed 18 Jan 2024.

22 UN Security Council, ‘Resolution 1617’, S/RES/1617 (2005) (29 Jul 2005) cl 2 <https://www.undocs.org/S/RES/1617(2005)> accessed 18 Jan 2024.

23 Singapore United Nations Act 2001 [‘An Act to enable Singapore to fulfil its obligations respecting Article 41 of the Charter of the United Nations’] (enacted 29 Oct 2001, revised 31 Dec 2021).

24 Singapore Terrorism (Suppression of Financing) Act 2002 [‘An Act to suppress the financing of terrorism, to give effect to the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and for matters connected therewith’] (enacted 30 Sep 2002 (s 39), 29 Jan 2003 (ss 2–38); revised 31 Dec 2021).

25 Cf HM Treasury v Mohammed Jabar Ahmed & Ors [2010] UKSC 2; Kadi and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission [2008] C-402/05; Nada v Switzerland (2012) ECtHR GC Application no 10593/08.

26 Singapore Ministry of Home Affairs, ‘Countering the Financing of Terrorism’ <https://www.mha.gov.sg/what-we-do/managing-security-threats/countering-the-financing-of-terrorism> accessed 18 Jan 2024.

27 UN Security Council, ‘Resolution 1904’, S/RES/1904 (2009) (17 Dec 2009) <https://www.undocs.org/S/RES/1904(2009)> accessed 18 Jan 2024.

28 ibid cl 20.

29 Case T-248/13 Mohammed Al-Ghabra v Commission [2016] [179], referencing UN Security Council, ‘Resolution 2161’, S/RES/2161 (2014) (17 Jun 2014) cl 48 <https://www.undocs.org/S/RES/2161(2014)> accessed 18 Jan 2024 (insertions in the original).

30 See n 9 above.

31 UN Security Council, ‘Resolution 1730’, S/RES/1730 (2006) (19 Dec 2006) <https://www.undocs.org/S/RES/1730(2006)> accessed 18 Jan 2024; see also United Nations Security Council, ‘Focal Point for De-listing’ <https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/sanctions/delisting> accessed 18 Jan 2024.

32 UN Security Council, S/2004/616 (n 7) [4] .

33 HM Treasury v Ahmed (n 25) [6].