Last month we included an historical article on nasal douching,^{Reference Fandino and Douglas1} and although it has become established practice in the post-operative and conservative management of inflammatory nose and sinus disease (e.g. chronic rhinosinusitis), the mechanism of action, in relation to biofilms in particular, is unclear. This month we have a systematic review of anti-biofilm topical therapy from Sydney, which looks at many topical agents (such as honey, xylitol and bacteriophages). The authors conclude, somewhat disappointingly, that ‘… some treatments showed improved outcomes, no therapy was identified as confidently efficacious beyond placebo’.^{Reference Taylor, Fuzi, Sideris, Banks and Havas2} We also have a paper on the efficiency of the douching technique, from a cadaver study, which encourages high volume methods and a vertex-down position.^{Reference Mozzanica, Preti, Bandi, Fazio, Cardella and Gallo3} The discussion of how exactly douches help in chronic rhinosinusitis, and how this relates, if at all, to the role of biofilms in chronic rhinosinusitis^{Reference Ramakrishnan, Shields, Elbadawey and Wilson4} and in ENT disorders in general, will continue, as we are now wedded to this re-discovered traditional therapy.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic related papers continue to flow in to The Journal of Laryngology & Otology. This issue has a paper from Pune, India, from Spring to Summer 2020, which evaluates 600 cases presenting to secondary ENT care,^{Reference Bhatta, Gandhi, Saindani, Ganesuni and Ghanpur5} and allows some comparison with other geographical series.^{Reference Speth, Singer-Cornelius, Oberle, Gengler, Brockmeier and Sedaghat6} Many patients had non-specific upper respiratory symptoms (sore throat, nasal discharge, sneezing and blockage), as well as more specific indicators such as breathlessness (19 per cent) and smell and taste disturbances (64 per cent and 63 per cent). Intensive care was required in around 13 per cent of cases and the mortality rate was 2.2 per cent. Surprisingly, no otological manifestations were apparent in this case series. A follow-up study from Milan, Italy, of the first 55 patients presenting to ENT with olfactory disturbance gives prognosis data for this first European cohort of Covid-19 patients.^{Reference Capelli and Gatti7} At 8 months, the majority of patients had partial or total recovery of sense of smell, with greater recovery in those aged under 50 years (almost all these patients recovered some olfactory function).

We also include an article from Cork, Ireland, on the risks of coronavirus transmission from the clinical use of flexible nasendoscopy.^{Reference Kavanagh, Connolly, Farrell, Callanan, Brinkman and Affendi8} The results are broadly reassuring, with the risk of failing to perform the procedure probably outweighing the risk to either the patient or staff member, providing adequate personal protective equipment is used. A systematic review from the US literature is cited in that paper.^{Reference Kay, Parsel, Marsh, McWhorter and Friedlander9} Management of ENT emergencies during the pandemic has been the subject of many articles in the past year.^{Reference Stansfield, Dobbs, Harrison, Lee, Sharma and Okour10} A further article in this issue, from the Royal London Hospital, focuses on guidelines for the management of ingested fish bones during the pandemic,^{Reference Michaels, Orji, Green and Nogueira11} which attempt to minimise the use of flexible endoscopy in clinic in order to reduce the risk of coronavirus transmission. By ensuring an adequate oral examination, often successful, and reserving flexible endoscopy for high risk fish bone cases, in line with ENT-UK guidelines, there seem to be acceptable outcomes.