In recent years dairy farmers, the dairy industry and the public have shown increasing interest in management systems that allow cow−calf contact (CCC, Sirovnik et al., Reference Sirovnik, Barth, de Oliveira, Ferneborg, Haskell, Hillmann, Jensen, Mejdell, Napolitano, Vaarst, Verwer, Waiblinger, Zipp and Johnsen2020). New rearing systems allowing CCC have the potential to improve animal health and welfare, although further investigation is needed on long-term effects on health, fertility and production (e.g. Beaver et al., Reference Beaver, Meagher, von Keyserlingk and Weary2019). Technology can be used to facilitate CCC. We performed a study investigating a novel cow-driven CCC system using computer controlled access gates (smart gates) to allow the cow to visit her calf. It is not known how cows will use a smart gate to access their calves, but previous studies have shown that the cow will push up to 90 kg to access her calf (Wenker et al., Reference Wenker, Bokkers, Lecorps, Van Reenen, Verwer and Weary2020). Compromises may be necessary in a production system and, therefore, both free and restricted cow access to the calves may be relevant. Nevertheless, new CCC systems should accommodate particular behaviours that cattle are motivated to perform, such as allogrooming and suckling. Cow−calf pairs housed in a free-suckling system spend between 10 and 60 min per 24 h on each of the behaviours suckling and allogrooming the calf (Lidfors, Reference Lidfors1996; Paranhos da Costa et al., Reference Paranhos da Costa, Albuquerque, Eler and Augusto Ii de Vasconcelos Silva2006) and it is evident that maternal contact influences the emotional development of the calf (Santo et al., Reference Santo, von Borstel and Sirovnik2020) and, in the short term only, their response to human contact (Waiblinger et al., Reference Waiblinger, Wagner, Hillmann and Barth2020). Further, cows and calves respond vocally to separation, and high-pitched vocalizations can be used as an indicator of stress at separation (Johnsen et al., Reference Johnsen, Ellingsen, Grøndahl, Bøe, Lidfors and Mejdell2015). Behavioural responses to separation should be mitigated in new CCC-systems.
The overall aim of the current study was to describe behaviour of dairy cows and their calves in two cow-driven CCC-systems differing in cows' access to the calves. Specifically, cow movement through smart gates leading to the calves, the allogrooming, cross-suckling and suckling behaviour within the pairs, the cow's resting behaviour and finally, vocal response to separation were studied. Cow and calf performance is described in a companion paper (Johnsen et al., Reference Johnsen, Kischel, Rognskog, Vagle, Johanssen, Ruud and Ferneborg2021).
Material and methods
Animals
In a parallel-group designed study four cow−calf pairs (cow parity 1–7) in each of two groups were included immediately after calving (details are provided in the online Supplementary File). All cows in the herd calving on relevant dates were eligible for inclusion. Exclusion criteria were calving difficulties, calving outside of calving pen, failure of colostrum intake or the establishment of suckling, aggression towards her calf or personnel, ignorance of own calf or signs of health problems. The cow−calf pairs were followed from birth until separation (online Supplementary Fig. S1).
The bonding phase
At signs of imminent calving, cows were moved to an individual straw-bedded calving pen (2.9 × 3.2 m). As soon as possible after parturition, the calf was offered colostrum to satiety with a teat bottle. If needed, the calf was assisted to suckle the dam until it was observed to suckle independently. The pairs were moved to the separate and specially designed CCC-compartment in the loose housing barn after a minimum of 3 d.
The suckling phase
The next 31 ± 4.1 d comprised the suckling phase. The four calves in a group (age difference 0–10 d) were housed in a calf creep (15 m2) including a lying area. Calves also had access to a meeting area (28 m2) which was the only area in which cows and calves could be together. In the calf creep, calves had access to ad libitum supplemental whole milk and concentrate from automatic feeders (CF500S, DeLaval International AB, Tumba, Sweden), hay and water.
Cows were allowed access to the meeting area (online Supplementary Fig. S2) and calves could suckle the cows once they were present in the meeting area. The cows` access to and from the meeting area was controlled by two smart gates, one for in and one for outgoing cows. The gates were ‘entry gate milking parlour art. nr 184002784 (DeLaval)’, modified as a smart gate which read the RFID tag of the cow. The cows' access to the meeting area differed between groups: while cows had free access during 24 h/d in group 1, in the second group, cows' access to the calves depended on their activity in the AMS. After a successful milking, cows had free access to the calves until the next milking permission was given (5.5 h), then access to the calves was denied. To access the cow-area with feed and saw-dust bedded cubicles with rubber mats, cows needed to exit the meeting area. Here, they had ad libitum access to grass silage from the feeding alley, access to concentrate and an automatic milking system (AMS, DeLaval VMS). If cows laid down in the meeting area, they were led out through the exit gate by a caretaker. Cows were prevented from accessing the calf creep due to a wall, but through two openings, cows could both see and nose-touch their calves in the creep.
The separation phase
The separation phase started at the same day for all calves in a group, thus calf age at separation varied. Cows' access to the calves was gradually decreased after 31 ± 4.1 d by limiting their access through the smart gates over 6 d to certain time periods (06 : 00–21 : 00 (2 d), 06 : 00–10 : 00 and 17 : 00–21 : 00 (2 d), 06 : 00–10 : 00 (2 d)) and finally 0-access (3 d). Physical contact between cow and calf was possible along the fence separating cows from calves.
Collection of data
Smart gate passages
For each cow and day, the following smart gate data were obtained (Delpro, DeLaval): number of successful passages and attempts to pass, time of entry and duration of every visit in the meeting area.
Suckling and allogrooming
The meeting area and the calf creep were video monitored (2MP Network Mini PTZ Dome Camera, HIK Vision, No.555, Qianmo Road, Binjang District, Hangzhou District, China) 24 h/d throughout the suckling and separation phases (online Supplementary Fig. S3). To describe suckling and allogrooming behaviours of each cow-calf pair, video material was extracted for each focal pair when the calf was 14 and 15 d old. During each of these days, the pairs' behaviour was encoded during 06.00–21.00 h using the software Behavioral Observation Research Interactive Software (BORIS©, Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Via dell'Accademia Albertina, 13 I-10123 Torino, Italy).
Cow eating and resting behaviour
Cows were equipped with Nedap accelerometer and neck collar activity sensors (Nedap Livestock Management, Groenlo, the Netherlands) which registered rumination time (%), eating and lying time (h).
Vocal response to separation
An observer performed live and direct observations of cow and calf vocal behaviour (online Supplementary Table S1) during the last 2 d of the suckling phase (i.e. baseline behaviour) and the first 2 d when the cows were prevented any access from 06.00 to 10.00 h.
Statistical methods
Data handling was performed in Excel (version 2016, Microsoft). Descriptive statistics were calculated for smart gate passages and behaviours using the ‘summarize’ syntax in Stata (Stata SE/14, Stata Corp., College Station, TX, USA). Data are presented per phase and across groups, but some parameters will be shown separately for each group. To show the daily timing of the passages during the suckling phase, we calculated the percentage of passages during the time frames 06.00–09.59 h, 10.00–13.59 h, 14.00–17.59 h, 18.00–21.59 h, 22.00–01.59 h and 02.00–05.59 h. Behavioural data (i.e. durations and frequencies) is presented as means and standard deviations per d. Vocal behaviours were not normally distributed and therefore presented as median and interquartile ranges per hour.
Results and discussion
One cow−calf pair was excluded from the study due to failure of established suckling, however a new cow−calf pair was included immediately so the final sample size was 8 cow−calf pairs. The bonding phase lasted for (mean ± sd) 3 ± 0.1 d and the suckling phase lasted for 31 ± 4.1 d.
Smart gate passages
Across the two groups, cows accessed their calves mainly during daytime (20, 20, 16 and 23% of the passages occurred during 06.00–09.59 h, 10.00–13.59 h, 14.00–17.59 h, 18.00–21.59 h respectively) and less after 22.00 h (12 and 9% of the visits occurred during 22.00–01.59 h and 02.00–05.59 h respectively). Reinhardt and Reinhardt (Reference Reinhardt and Reinhardt1981) showed that cattle often perform suckling during sunrise and sunset, which may explain the timing of the visits, especially in group 1 where cows could choose when to access the calves. During the suckling phase, cows visited the calves 8.1 ± 3.91 times per d, each visit lasting for 23.1 ± 14.00 min (Table 1). With the second group, visit frequency was lower but mean visit duration longer. A high number of attempts to pass during the suckling phase of the second group may signal that the system may not have been fully intuitive to the cows. This situation may have been stressful for the cows. Knowledge on other ways to make a cow-driven CCC-system with post-milking calf access more intuitive (eg spatial closeness to AMS, use of conditioning to signal when smart gates are open) is needed. During the first days of separation, all cows attempted to pass, which may indicate unfulfilled motivation to visit the calf. The results indicate that cows are motivated to access their calves through a smart gate. As also shown by Wenker et al. (Reference Wenker, Bokkers, Lecorps, Van Reenen, Verwer and Weary2020), the motivation of a cow to visit her calf is high, and indicate that this motivation exists independently of resources such as feed and lying spaces.
Cow traffic and cow eating and resting behaviour
Cow traffic is shown as successful passages (i.e. the cow had access into the meeting area and entered the meeting area), attempts to pass (i.e. the cow was not allowed entry into the meeting area during e.g. separation or due to a milking permission in the second group) from the cow area to the meeting area and the calves and duration of the visits in a study of cow−calf contact in a cow-driven cow−calf contact system, where cows (n = 8) could visit their calves through a smart gate. Feeding and resting behaviour were registered using Nedap activity sensors. Data are presented as means and, in parentheses, standard deviations.
Cow eating and resting behaviour
In the suckling phase, cows ruminated 35.7 ± 4.28% of their time, spent 6.3 ± 1.55 h eating and 10.6 ± 1.78 h lying. These behaviours changed only subtly with group and phase (cows ruminated 32.1 ± 4.75% of their time, ate for 5.2 ± 1.66 h and spent 11.3 ± 2.07 h lying during the separation phase) and lying time was within the range of what is observed in other studies (10.2–12.1 h/d, Charlton et al., Reference Charlton, Haley, Rushen and de Passillé2014).
Suckling and allogrooming
During d 14 and 15 cow-calf pairs spent 30.0 ± 17.1 min per d suckling and 29.8 ± 18.8 min per d allogrooming. There was an increased variation in time spent suckling among the pairs in group 2 (online Supplementary Fig. S4). The time spent suckling and allogrooming is within the range of what is shown by others (Lidfors, Reference Lidfors1996; Paranhos da Costa et al., Reference Paranhos da Costa, Albuquerque, Eler and Augusto Ii de Vasconcelos Silva2006; Jensen, Reference Jensen2011). Since we did not record suckling events during the night (i.e. from 21.01 to 05.59 h), the total time spent suckling and allogrooming may have been higher. Separate events of suckling and allogrooming were registered at a frequency of 13 ± 15.3 and 26 ± 12.4 events per d for suckling and allogrooming, respectively. A new suckling event was recorded if the behaviour was interrupted for more than 3 sec, which may have artificially inflated its frequency. Other studies have shown 5–10 suckling bouts per day, but both time spent suckling and number of suckling bouts varies depending on the age of the calf, milk availability and the conditions under which the cow−calf pairs are kept and studied (Lidfors, Reference Lidfors1996). Cross-suckling events mostly occurred in the second group (0.6 ± 1.19 and 4.1 ± 5.14 events/d in group 1 and group 2, respectively). In the second group, cows had been milked during the most recent 5.5 h before visiting their calf, which likely resulted in a lower udder fill. We consider that the higher variation in suckling duration in the second group indicates that calves may have been hungrier and thus more motivated to cross-suck.
Vocal response to separation
Both cows and calves vocalized at low rates before separation (ie baseline). Hourly rates of low-pitched vocalizations were almost absent: (median, IQR) 0 (0–2) and 0 (0–0) for cows and calves respectively. Similarly, hourly rates of high-pitched vocalizations were absent: 0 (0–0) and 0 (0–0). Vocal responses during the first days of gradual separation were not documented, but after separation (ie during the first two days without contact), cows and calves vocalized more, both using low pitched (4 (0–15) and 4 (0–9) vocalizations/h for cows and calves, respectively) and high-pitched vocalization (0 (0–4) and 11 (0–26) vocalizations/h for cows and calves, respectively). Similar behaviours have been shown in other studies (Johnsen et al., Reference Johnsen, Ellingsen, Grøndahl, Bøe, Lidfors and Mejdell2015), but at higher rates. Measures to mitigate behavioural stress at separation that have been described are daytime/night-time CCC (rather than whole-day contact), and gradual separation allowing physical contact (Johnsen et al., Reference Johnsen, Zipp, Kalber, de Passille, Knierim, Barth and Mejdell2016). The design of the CCC-system in this study facilitated these measures, since CCC was limited to when cows visited their calf, and separation was gradual and allowed physical contact along the fence-line which may explain the low vocalization rates (Johnsen et al., Reference Johnsen, Zipp, Kalber, de Passille, Knierim, Barth and Mejdell2016). Even though supplemental milk may decrease behavioural responses to separation, only 3 calves drank from the milk feeder after separation (see Johnsen et al., Reference Johnsen, Kischel, Rognskog, Vagle, Johanssen, Ruud and Ferneborg2021). To decide when the cow-calf pair can be separated with the least negative consequences, we need more information to balance the physiological and behavioural needs of the cow−calf pair with economic viability for the farmers.
In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that the cow is motivated to visit her calf, even though she has to pass through a smart gate. Cow−calf pairs perform particular behaviours for which they are highly motivated. Interpretation of the results should be viewed in light of the low sample size but may encourage more research into CCC-systems with a separate and safe ‘calf home area’ in combination with an AMS.
Supplementary material
The supplementary material for this article can be found at https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022029921000194.
Acknowledgements
We thank the staff members of the Norwegian University of Life Science (NMBU) s' Livestock Production Research Centre for their help in the trial. The study was funded by the Research Council of Norway (Project number 304061 ‘SmartCalfCare’) and was supported by Delaval, NMBU – The Livestock Production Research Centre, TINE and Felleskjøpet Agri.
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